RESUMEN
Patients with surgical wounds have been reported to be at high risk of MRSA carriage and infection. The prevalence and antibiotic resistance pattern of this organism in the orthopaedic ward of Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital (ABUTH), Zaria-Nigeria, a 547-bed Nigerian hospital, were thus studied. A total of 185 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were confirmed from 217 samples taken from the orthopaedic wards of the hospital using standard isolation methods. Out of these, 44 (23.8%) were from the wounds of patients and 70 (37.8%) from the skin. The remaining 65 (35.1%) and 6 (3.2%) were from their beds and the atmospheric air, respectively. Out of these, 33 (75%), 36 (51.4%), and 48 (73.8%) from wounds, skin, and bed, respectively, were found to be methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) using the disc-sensitive test methods. None was detected from the atmosphere. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern results showed the level of resistance to be ampicillin 100% in all the three sites, pefloxacin 90.9%, 72.2%, 66.7%, ceftriaxone 69.7%, 72.2%, 70.8%, gentamicin 54.5%, 52.8%, 37.5%, and ciprofloxacin 51.5%, 47.2%, 35.4% at the wound, skin, and bed sites, respectively. Results confirm that MRSA continues to pose a threat to the hospitalized patients, especially those with bone and wound infections.
Asunto(s)
Infección Hospitalaria/epidemiología , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente a Meticilina , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/epidemiología , Infección de la Herida Quirúrgica/epidemiología , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Infección Hospitalaria/tratamiento farmacológico , Infección Hospitalaria/microbiología , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana/genética , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple/genética , Genes Bacterianos , Hospitales Universitarios , Humanos , Resistencia a la Meticilina/genética , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente a Meticilina/efectos de los fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente a Meticilina/genética , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente a Meticilina/aislamiento & purificación , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Nigeria/epidemiología , Procedimientos Ortopédicos/efectos adversos , Proteínas de Unión a las Penicilinas , Prevalencia , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/microbiología , Infección de la Herida Quirúrgica/tratamiento farmacológico , Infección de la Herida Quirúrgica/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Purpose: An investigation of the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from healthy women to ten commonly used antimicrobial drugs was carried out as a basis for a guide for empirical antimicrobial treatment using urine samples. Method: The samples collected from healthy women volunteers in Zaria were cultured and screened for S. aureus using standard microbiological procedures. The antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates was investigated using disc diffusion technique. Result: A total of 54(36) S. aureus isolates were isolated from 150 urine samples collected. Of the 54 isolates; 16 (29.6); 15 (27.8) and 23 (42.6) were from married but not pregnant; pregnant and single women respectively. The isolates were highly susceptible to ciprofloxacin; gentamicin; ofloxacin; sparfloxacin and pefloxacin in both groups (married and single). The differences observed in all the antimicrobial drugs tested for both groups were not statistically significant (p0.05). A total of 34 (63) of the isolates showed multi-drug resistance and only 6 (11) were susceptible to all the antimicrobial drugs tested. Conclusion: This observation calls for measures to reduce the reservoir of antimicrobial resistant organisms in healthy populations
Asunto(s)
Antiinfecciosos , Staphylococcus aureus , Salud de la MujerRESUMEN
The physicochemical surface property of two Staphylococcus aureus isolates obtained from urine (isolates B and C) and a standard strain ATCC 13709 (isolate A) were compared. Isolate B was the most hydrophobic while isolate A was least hydrophobic as determined by bacterial adherence to hydrocarbon (BATH). Isolate A was most adherent to silicone urinary catheter and least adherent to both glass and intravenous catheter placement unit. Isolate B was most adherent to glass while isolate C was most adherent to the intravenous catheter. The clinical isolates B and C were generally more adherent and more hydrophobic than the standard strain ATCC 13709. There was no direct correlation between hydrophobicity of isolates and their adherence to biomedical materials and glass in this work.
Asunto(s)
Adhesión Bacteriana , Cateterismo/instrumentación , Vidrio , Siliconas , Staphylococcus aureus/fisiología , Orina/microbiología , Técnicas de Cultivo de Célula , Humanos , Interacciones Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Staphylococcus aureus/aislamiento & purificación , Propiedades de SuperficieRESUMEN
The effect of subminimum inhibitory concentration (subMIC) of ceftriaxone on adherence of two isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa onto inert surfaces (catheter, plastic and glass) was studied. It was found that the phase of growth of Ps. aeruginosa and the nature of the inert surfaces affected the adherence. One-twenty fourth of the M.I.C. increased the adherence of the clinical isolate in the exponential phase of growth but decreased it during the stationary phase; the reverse was the case for the wild type isolate. When the inert surfaces were coated with serum, the adherence of the clinical isolate also increased during the exponential phase of growth, while that of the wild type increased in the stationary phase. Changes in the surface properties of the test organisms indicated that the subMIC of Ceftriaxone mediated increase in hydrophobicity at both phases of growth. These results suggest that sub-inhibitory levels of Ceftriaxone may decrease the virulence of P. aeruginosa since a good polymorphnuclear leucocytebacterium contact will result in the bacterium being strongly phagocytosed because adherence has also been implicated in the process of phagocytosis.
Asunto(s)
Adhesión Bacteriana/efectos de los fármacos , Ceftriaxona/farmacología , Cefalosporinas/farmacología , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/efectos de los fármacos , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos , Farmacorresistencia Microbiana , Humanos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Fagocitosis , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/patogenicidad , Propiedades de Superficie , VirulenciaRESUMEN
The cross-resistance between the aminoglycoside antibiotics, gentamycin, tobramycin, kanamycin and streptomycin was tested using clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus obtained from Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Zaria, Nigeria (ABUTH). The antibiotics can be classified into two groups: the kanamycin and streptomycin group on one hand to which isolates easily acquired resistance, and the amikacin, gentamycin and tobramycin group on the other to which the isolates did not easily develop resistance. There seems not to be any hard and fast rule that can be applied to the cross-resistance between these aminoglycoside antibiotics. The isolates varied markedly in their pattern of cross-resistance towards the different antibiotics.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/efectos de los fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/efectos de los fármacos , Aminoglicósidos , Antibacterianos/clasificación , Farmacorresistencia Microbiana , Humanos , Resistencia a la Kanamicina , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , NigeriaRESUMEN
Stock and diluted 'in-use' solutions of chlorhexidine gluconate 0.3w/v and cetrimide 3w/v (savlon) and chlorinated lime and boric acid solution (Eusol) in three hospitals in Zaria were tested for contamination using standard methods. Both solutions of savlon were found to be heavily contaminated; but Eusol was not found to be so contaminated. The bacteria contaminants isolated include pseudomonas aeruginosa; escherichia coli; staphylococcus aureus; micrococcus sp. and bacillus subtilis
Asunto(s)
Antiinfecciosos , DesinfectantesRESUMEN
The presence of R-plasmid RP1 increased the adhesion of chemostat-grown iron- and carbon-limited Proteus mirabilis to the surfaces of various medical prostheses and to glass. Similar results were obtained with iron-limited Pseudomonas aeruginosa and anaerobically-grown Escherichia coli. Changes in the surface properties of P. mirabilis indicated that the R-plasmid-mediated increase in negative charge was one of the factors that promoted adhesion.
Asunto(s)
Adhesión Bacteriana , Bacterias Gramnegativas/fisiología , Plásmidos , Prótesis e Implantes , Carbono/metabolismo , Vidrio , Bacterias Gramnegativas/patogenicidad , Hierro/metabolismo , Proteus mirabilis/patogenicidad , Proteus mirabilis/fisiología , Propiedades de SuperficieRESUMEN
The bactericidal action of non-immune whole blood on Proteus mirabilis was increased when the bacteria contained the R-plasmid RP1. This effect was due mainly to increased phagocytosis. Iron-depleted stationary-phase cells were more sensitive than carbon-depleted cells. The contribution of serum was usually negligible but was increased during a minor non-specific infection. Most plasmid-containing phenotypes were more sensitive than were those without plasmids but there were considerable differences between stationary and exponentially-growing cells. The R-plasmid-mediated increase in sensitivity to phagocytosis may be due in part to the presence of additional glycosylated proteins in the outer membrane.
Asunto(s)
Plásmidos , Proteus mirabilis/inmunología , Animales , Proteínas de la Membrana Bacteriana Externa/fisiología , Actividad Bactericida de la Sangre , Glicoproteínas/metabolismo , Cobayas , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Hierro/metabolismo , Mediciones Luminiscentes , Peso Molecular , Fagocitosis , Proteus mirabilis/patogenicidad , RatasRESUMEN
The presence of R-plasmid RP1, as well as the conditions of growth, affected the surface hydrophobicity of a clinical isolate of Proteus mirabilis. However, results depended upon the method of assessment. Stationary phase plasmid-containing cells appeared to be less hydrophobic than plasmid-free cells when hydrophobicity was measured by the contact angle method, but more hydrophobic when measured by bacterial adherence to hydrocarbons or hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Cells growing in a chemostat differed in hydrophobicity from stationary phase cells and results varied with the growth rate. Plasmid-mediated effects were greatest in iron-depleted cells, and differences between plasmid-containing and plasmid-free cells were virtually eliminated by pre-treatment with antiserum.