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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between vitamin D status and hypertriglyceridemic-waist (HTW) phenotype and cardiometabolic markers in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) living in regions with high solar incidence (10° south). METHODS: An observational, cross-sectional study, with 122 individuals with T2DM, of both sexes, aged between 19 and 59 years, residing in Sergipe/Brazil. Measurements included serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D), glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, LDL-c, HDL-c, triacylglycerols, blood pressure, body mass index, %body fat, and waist circumference. Participants were classified by the presence or absence of the HTW phenotype, according to increased waist circumference and triacylglycerols concentrations. Logistic and linear regression models were applied to verify the association among the concentration of 25(OH)D, HTW phenotype, and lipid profile variables. RESULTS: Triacylglycerols concentrations (p = .013) and %body fat (p = .011) were higher in women with serum 25(OH)D insufficient/deficient than in those with adequate 25(OH)D levels. Individuals with serum 25(OH)D insufficiency/deficiency were 2.595 times more likely to present the HTW phenotype than those with adequate 25(OH)D levels (p = .021). Additionally, a negative association was observed between the concentration of 25(OH)D and total cholesterol (Beta = -0.204, p = .049). CONCLUSION: Insufficiency/deficiency of serum 25(OH)D in individuals with T2DM increases the chances of developing the HTW phenotype.

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Hypomagnesemia and unhealthy eating patterns are associated with poor glycemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study aimed to associate magnesium status and dietary patterns with glycemic control in T2DM individuals. This cross-sectional study included 147 individuals with T2DM, aged between 19 and 59 years, of both sexes, residents in Sergipe/Brazil. The BMI, waist circumference, %body fat, plasma magnesium, serum glucose, insulin, %HbA1c, triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, LDL-c, and HDL-c were analyzed. Eating patterns were identified using a 24-h recall method. Logistic regression models were used to verify the association of magnesium status and dietary patterns with markers of glycemic control by adjusting for sex, age, time of T2DM diagnosis, and BMI. A P value < 0.05 was considered significant. Magnesium deficiency increased the chance of elevated %HbA1c by 5.893-fold (P = 0.041). Three main dietary patterns were identified: mixed (MDP), unhealthy (UDP), and healthy (HDP). UDP also increased the chance of elevated %HbA1c levels (P = 0.034). T2DM individuals' who presented magnesium deficiency had a higher chance of elevated %HbA1c levels (8.312-fold) and those in the lowest quartile (Q) of the UDP (Q1: P = 0.007; Q2: P = 0.043) had a lower chance of elevated %HbA1c levels. However, the lower quartiles of the HDP were associated with a greater chance of alterations in the %HbA1c level (Q1: P = 0.050; Q2: P = 0.044). No association was observed between MDP and the variables studied. Magnesium deficiency and UDP were associated with a higher chance of inadequate glycemic control in T2DM individuals.

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INTRODUCTION: The measurement of the adductor pollicis muscle thickness (APMT) has been investigated as an index for muscle mass and undernutrition. OBJECTIVE: However, there are few studies related to community-living older adults. METHODS: Cross-sectional study carried out with community-dwelling older adults, of both sexes. The APMT, the body mass index (BMI), arm circumference (AC), arm muscle circumference (AMC), and calf circumference (CC) were evaluated. For APMT classification, the 25th percentile value (P25 ≤9 mm) of the sample was considered to identify muscle mass deficit. Chi-square test, Pearson's correlation, and Poisson regression were performed, with a significance level of p<0.05. RESULTS: Among men, APMT showed a correlation with AC (r=0.350; p<0.01), and among women it was with BMI (r=0.337; p=0.01). There was an association between the BMI classification and the APMT percentile (p=0.020). Older adults with BMI<23 kg/m² were 1.28 times more likely to have APMT≤P25 (p=0.007) and older adults with adequate BMI were 1.23 times more likely (p=0.023). Older adults with reduced CC have a 1.18 times more chance of presenting APMT≤P25 (p=0.064). CONCLUSION: APMT has been associated with BMI in older adults, proving to be a good parameter for the assessment of malnutrition.

INTRODUÇÃO: A espessura do músculo adutor do polegar (EMAP) tem sido sugerido como um índice de massa muscular e desnutrição. OBJETIVO: Verificar a associação da EMAP com indicadores antropométricos convencionais em idosos da comunidade. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado com 159 idosos da comunidade, de ambos os sexos, com média de idade de 70,9±29,4 anos. Foram avaliados a EMAP, o índice de massa corporal (IMC), as circunferências do braço (CB), muscular do braço (CMB) e da panturrilha (CP). Para classificação da EMAP se considerou o valor do percentil 25 (P25≤9 mm) da amostra para identificar déficit de massa muscular. Teste Qui-quadrado, Correlação de Pearson e Regressão de Poisson foram realizados, sendo adotado um nível de significância de p<0,05. RESULTADOS: Entre os homens, a EMAP apresentou correlação com a CB (r=0,350; p<0,01) e entre as mulheres foi com o IMC (r=0,337; p=0,01). Houve associação entre a classificação do IMC e o percentil da EMAP (p=0,020). Os idosos com IMC<23 kg/m² tinham 1,28 vezes mais chances de possuir EMAP≤P25 (p=0,007) e idosos com IMC adequado tinham 1,23 vezes mais chance (p=0,023). Idosos com CP reduzido apresentaram 1,18 vezes mais chance de apresentar EMAP≤P25 (p=0,064). Conclusão: A EMAP apresentou associação com o IMC em idosos, demostrando ser um bom parâmetro para a avaliação da desnutrição.

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INTRODUCTION: Phase angle (PhA) is a Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) parameter representing an indicator of cellular health and has been suggested as a biomarker of nutritional status. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between PhA and nutritional parameters in older adults. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with community-dwelling older adults. Body mass index (BMI), arm muscle circumference (AMC), calf circumference (CC), body fat percentage (BF%), appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASMM), serum albumin, mini-nutritional assessment (MNA), and PhA were assessed. Kolmogorov­Smirnov test, Spearman's correlation coefficient, chi-square test, and Poisson regression models were performed. RESULTS: 144 participants were included in the study, and most of them were female, aged ≥80 years, and underweight. Most older adults with lower PhA were women, aged range 80­89 years, and with reduced ASMM (p<0.05). PhA presented a significant correlation with age (r=­0.417; p<0.001), ASMM (r=0.427; p<0.001), AMC (r=0.195; p=0.019) and BF% (r=­0.223; p=0.007). Older adults with lower PhA present reduced ASMM (PR: 1.25; 95%CI: 1.04­1.50), and hypoalbuminemia (PR: 1.50; 95%CI: 1.11­2.03). CONCLUSION: PhA is related to commonly nutritional indicators used in clinical practice and could be an important biomarker of muscle mass reserves in community-living older adults of both sexes.

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BACKGROUND: To determine whether biological and sociodemographic factors at birth and current factors are associated with insufficient physical activity during leisure among Brazilian adolescents. METHODS: A school-based cross-sectional study with national coverage was conducted involving Brazilian adolescents 12 to 17 years of age in municipalities with more than 100 thousand residents. The sample consisted of 74,589 adolescents who participated in the Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents. Insufficient leisure-time physical activity was categorized based on total volume (<300 minutes/week = insufficiently active; >300 minutes/week = sufficiently active). Poisson regression models were used to assess associated factors. RESULTS: Most adolescents were classified as insufficiently active (54.8%; 95%CI: 53.7-55.9). The variables associated with insufficient physical activity during leisure were the female sex (70.4%; 95%CI: 68.8-71.9), age between 15 and 17 years (57.8%; 95%CI: 56.3-59.2), pertaining to the low or middle class (54.5%; 95%CI: 52.8-56.1), and not being overweight (55.9%; 95%CI: 54.6-57.1). CONCLUSION: Contrary to our hypothesis, birth related factors (e.g., low birth weight, preterm birth and exclusive breastfeeding until 6 months of age) are not associated with physical inactivity. The prevalence of insufficient physical activity during leisure was high among the adolescents evaluated and was associated with sociodemographic characteristics as well as nutritional status. It is necessary to implement strategies focused on physical activity at schools.

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The aim of the present study was to determine associations between biological and behavioral factors in early life and food consumption in Brazilian adolescents. The sample was composed of 36,956 adolescents (12-17 years of age) who participated in the "Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents". Sociodemographic, biological, and behavioral variables were collected using questionnaires self-administered by the adolescents. Early-life factors were assessed using a questionnaire administered to the parents/guardians of the adolescents. Dependent variables related to food consumption (total energy intake and percentages of macronutrient intake [carbohydrates, lipids and proteins]) were measured using the 24-hour recall method and compared to dietary reference intakes. Data analysis was performed with the aid of STATA 14.0, using multiple linear regression analysis with respective ß coefficients. The level of significance was set at 5% (p ≤ 0.05). Adolescents born with low weight had lower energy intake (-94.8 kcal, 95%CI: -177.2; -12.3, p = 0.024) and 1.25% higher carbohydrate intake (95%CI: 0.15; 2.34, p = 0.025) compared to those born with adequate weight. Those who received exclusive breast breastfeeding for three to six months ingested 1.32% more lipids than those who received exclusive breast breastfeeding for less than three months (95%CI: 0.37; 2.26, p = 0.006). In conclusion, low birth weight was associated with lower energy intake and a higher percentage of carbohydrate intake, whereas breastfeeding three to six months was associated with a higher percentage of lipid intake.

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INTRODUCTION: The body composition of an older adult person is characterized by an increase in body fat, as well as by a reduction in both muscle mass and total body water. The bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) overcomes the limits imposed by bioelectrical impedance, since it only requires the resistance (R) and reactance (Xc) values, standardized by the individual's height, which makes the method more individualized and accurate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the body composition using the BIVA of the community-living older adults, with regard to sex and body mass index (BMI) classification, and compare the results with the reference population. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with the community-living older adults of both sexes. Bioimpedance was carried out and the R and Xc data analyzed, based on height, and plotted on RXc graphs. RESULTS: One hundred and forty-four older adults (n = 33 men; n = 111 women; mean age of 80.2 ± 9.2 years) participated in the study. Low weight (<23 kg/m2) was the most prevalent in BMI classification. The older adult women presented a higher average BMI, body fat percentage and R/Height values, while the older adult men presented a higher average for fat-free mass and the phase angle (p < 0.05). The older adult, regardless of their BMI, located in the right quadrant, indicated cachexia; those with low weight were dehydrated, and those with overweight (BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2) presented hyperhydration. CONCLUSION: The majority of the older adults with normal weight or overweight has impedance vectors indicating loss of muscle mass and water imbalance (dehydration or hyperhydration).

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