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Os óleos essenciais de P. arboreum, P. dilatatum e P. divaricatum foram obtidos por hidrodestilação e analisados por CG-DIC e CG-EM. Extratos etanólicos foram preparados por extração exaustiva. A atividade antioxidante de óleos e extratos foi avaliada por meio do método de sequestro de radicais livres usando 2,2-difenil-1-picril-hidrazila. Os teores de óleos essenciais foram de 0,98%, 1,50% e 0,99% para P. arboreum, P. dilatatum e P. divaricatum, respectivamente. Esses óleos demonstraram riqueza em sesquiterpenos, sendo os principais componentes: biciclogermacreno (28,7%) e ß-copaen-4-α-ol (13,3%) para P. arboreum; germacreno D (16,7%), α-alaskeno (18,9%) e viridiflorol (12,5%) para P. dilatatum; e germacreno D (9,4%), valenceno (11,1%) e γ-cadineno (11,0%) para P. divaricatum. No teste de atividade antioxidante, com base nas percentagens de sequestro de radicais, foram determinados a concentrações efetivas (CE50) e o Índice de Atividade Antioxidante (IAA). Os seguintes valores de CE50 e IAA foram encontrados: ácido ascórbico (usado como referência) 226,84 µg.mL-1 e 5,30; extrato de P. arboreum 239,60 µg.mL-1 e 4,90, e extrato de P. dilatatum 367,70 µg.mL-1 e 3,20, respectivamente. A metodologia utilizada para a atividade antioxidante mostrou-se inadequada para o extrato da P. divaricatum. Os óleos essenciais não apresentaram atividade antioxidante significativa, entretanto, os extratos etanólicos de P. arboreum e de P. dilatatum apresentaram atividade antioxidante expressiva.

were obtained by means of hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. The ethanolic extracts were prepared by exhaustive extraction. The antioxidant activity of the oils and extracts were evaluated by applying the free radical scavenging method using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical. The yields of the essential oils were 0.98%, 1.50% and 0.99% for P. arboreum, P. dilatatum and P. divaricatum, respectively. The oils are rich in sesquiterpenes, and the main components of P. arboreum are the bicyclogermacrene (28.7%) and ß-copaen-4-α-ol (13.3%); of P. dilatatum, the germacrene D (16.7%), α-alaskene (18.9%) and viridiflorol (12.5%); and of P. divaricatum, the germacrene D (9.4%), valencene (11.1%) and γ-cadinene (11.0%). The antioxidant activity test, based on the percentages of radical scavenging, determined the effective concentrations (CE50) and the Antioxidant Activity Index (AAI). The following CE50 and AAI values were found: 226.84 µg.mL-1 and 5.30 for ascorbic acid (used as the reference), 239.60 µg.mL-1 and 4.90 for P. arboreum, and 367.70 µg.mL-1 and 3.20 for P. dilatatum. The antioxidant evaluation using this methodology is not applicable for the P. divaricatum extract. These essential oils did not present a significant antioxidant activity. However, the ethanolic extracts of P. arboreum and P. dilatatum did show a strong antioxidant

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In Brazil, Ocimum species are commonly known as aromatic and restorative herbs. The present research aimed to study the chemical composition of the essential oils of fresh and dry basil (Ocimum sp) leaves obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. The obtained yield was 0.70% for dry leaves and 0.26% for fresh leaves. The major compounds were: linalool (29.50-32.26%) and methyl chavicol (36.81-41.62%). Eucalyptol could also be detected (9.99-7.68%). The oil from dry leaves presented a more complex chemical composition. This study serves to contribute to the knowledge of medicinal plants occurring in Brazil.

No Brasil, as espécies de Ocimum são conhecidas como ervas aromáticas e restaurativas. Nesse trabalho foi estudado a composição química dos óleos essenciais das folhas frescas e secas de manjericão (Ocimum sp) obtido por hidrodestilação e analisados por CG-FID e CG-EM. Os teores encontrados foram de 0,70% para as folhas secas e 0,26% para as folhas frescas. Os componentes majoritários foram: Linalol (29,50-32,26%) e metil-chavicol (36,81-41,62%). Eucaliptol também foi detectado (9,99-7,68%). O óleo das folhas secas apresentou composição química mais complexa. Esse trabalho contribui para o conhecimento das plantas medicinais de ocorrência no Brasil.

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The spatial and temporal distribution of organisms is a fundamental aspect of biological communities. The present study focused on three remnants of arboreal Caatinga in northeastern Brazil between May, 2009 and April, 2010. A total of 627 euglossine males were captured in traps baited with artificial aromatic compounds. The specimens belonged to 14 species and four genera: Euglossa Latreille, Eulaema Lepeletier, Eufriesea Cockerell, and Exaerete Hoffmannsegg. Eulaema nigrita Lepeletier (41.6), Euglossa carolina Nemésio (15.3%), Eulaema marcii Nemésio (13.6%), and Euglossa melanotricha Moure (12.8%) were the most common species sampled. The distribution of collected specimens per fragment was as follows: Braúna (280 ha)--259 individuals belonging to 14 species; Cambuí (179 ha)--161 individuals from eight species; and Pindoba (100 ha)--207 individuals represented by seven species. Braúna had the highest diversity (H' = 1.91) and estimated species richness. The largest fragment was the main source of the observed variation in species richness and abundance, indicating a non-random pattern of spatial distribution. The analysis of environmental factors indicated that seasonal variation in these factors was the principal determinant of species occurrence and abundance.

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INTRODUCTION: There is now evidence that magnesium sulfate can prevent and control eclamptic seizures. For women with pre-eclampsia, magnesium sulfate reduces by more than one half the risk of eclampsia. After Magpie Trial [1] our clinical practice has been modified in terms of more liberal use of MgSO4, but the evidence regarding the benefit-to-risk ratio of MgSO4 prophylaxis in mild preeclampsia remains uncertain [2]. Thus we consider important to evaluate whether there are specific characteristics between patients who received the medicine that might signal risk and justify our decisions. OBJECTIVES: To identify in a group of hypertensive patients who used magnesium sulfate, clinical and/or laboratory characteristics that can be defined as specific risk factors and be useful to base clinical decisions. METHODS: The study was conducted at the Maternity School of Vila Nova Cachoeirinha, a public institution located in the north of the city of São Paulo (Baazil) between 01/07 and 31/12/2011. This is a retrospective study of a series of 103 pregnant women with hypertensive disorders, defined according to NHBPEP. We excluded patients admitted in labor. Patients were assigned into two groups according to the use of MgSO4. We compared clinical and laboratory characteristics between the two groups. RESULTS: Of 103 patients included, 31 (30.1%) received MgSO4. Among the outcomes analyzed, there were significant differences in the group that received MgSO4 in terms of blood pressure equal to or greater than 110mmHg, clinical symptoms (eg headache and visual disturbance) and at least some evidence of organ dysfunction (hepatic, renal, haematologic, or central nervous system) (Table 1). Table 1. Variables associated with theuse of magnesium sulfate. CONCLUSION: We can say that in our institution over the years was an increase in the use of magnesium sulfate. Our results support the hypothesis that about one in three patients treated at this institution receive the medication. Although our protocol admits that the decision may be based on subjective criteria, we identified some objective characteristics that supported their application, and that these criteria do not differ from the classic recommendations. We can also conclude that in our clinical experience we do not have identified a clear justification for support the routinely use of magnesium sulphate for all women with preeclampsia.

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Avaliaram-se dois protocolos para a produção de plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) com o sangue de 20 cães adultos. Foram coletados três frascos de sangue em que um deles foi usado para produção do PRP por meio do protocolo A - centrifugação única a 1200rpm/10min -, o outro para fabricação do PRP pelo protocolo B - primeira centrifugação a 1200rpm/10min e a segunda centrifugação a 1600rpm/10min - e o terceiro para realização da contagem plaquetária no sangue total, que serviu de parâmetro para os valores alcançados no PRP. O protocolo no qual foi possível alcançar maior concentração plaquetária foi testado em outros 20 cães para avaliar sua reprodutibilidade. Constatou-se que o protocolo B resultou em maior plaquetometria em 100 por cento das amostras e concluiu-se ser ele eficiente para a produção do PRP em cães.

The objective of this paper was to analyze two protocols for the production of platelet rich plasma (PRP) in dogs. Peripheral blood of 20 adult dogs was collected into three tubes. The first was processed through protocol A - single centrifugation at 1200rpm for 10min - , the second was submitted to protocol B - a first centrifugation at 1200rpm for 10min and a second centrifugation at 1600rpm for 10min - and the third was used to perform platelet count in whole blood, which served as a parameter for values obtained in PRP. The protocol in which it was possible to achieve a higher platelet count was tested in other 20 dogs to evaluate its reproducibility. Protocol B resulted in a superior platelet count in 100 percent of the samples, concluding that the referred protocol is effective for PRP production in dogs.

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Avaliaram-se dois protocolos para a produção de plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) com o sangue de 20 cães adultos. Foram coletados três frascos de sangue em que um deles foi usado para produção do PRP por meio do protocolo A - centrifugação única a 1200rpm/10min -, o outro para fabricação do PRP pelo protocolo B - primeira centrifugação a 1200rpm/10min e a segunda centrifugação a 1600rpm/10min - e o terceiro para realização da contagem plaquetária no sangue total, que serviu de parâmetro para os valores alcançados no PRP. O protocolo no qual foi possível alcançar maior concentração plaquetária foi testado em outros 20 cães para avaliar sua reprodutibilidade. Constatou-se que o protocolo B resultou em maior plaquetometria em 100 por cento das amostras e concluiu-se ser ele eficiente para a produção do PRP em cães.(AU)

The objective of this paper was to analyze two protocols for the production of platelet rich plasma (PRP) in dogs. Peripheral blood of 20 adult dogs was collected into three tubes. The first was processed through protocol A - single centrifugation at 1200rpm for 10min - , the second was submitted to protocol B - a first centrifugation at 1200rpm for 10min and a second centrifugation at 1600rpm for 10min - and the third was used to perform platelet count in whole blood, which served as a parameter for values obtained in PRP. The protocol in which it was possible to achieve a higher platelet count was tested in other 20 dogs to evaluate its reproducibility. Protocol B resulted in a superior platelet count in 100 percent of the samples, concluding that the referred protocol is effective for PRP production in dogs.(AU)

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OBJECTIVE: To establish whether vascular aphasic syndromes can predict stroke outcomes. METHOD: Thirty-seven adults were evaluated for speech and language within 72 hours after a single first-ever ischemic brain lesion, in blind association to CT and/or MR. RESULTS: Speech or language disabilities were found in seven (87.5 percent) of the eight deceased patients and twenty-six (89.7 percent) of the twenty-nine survivors. Global aphasia was identified in eleven patients, all with left hemisphere lesions (nine mute; five deceased), consisting on a risk factor for death in the acute stroke phase (ρ=0.022). Age (z=1.65; ρ>0.09), thrombolysis (ρ=0.591), infarct size (ρ=0.076) and side (ρ=0.649) did not significantly influence survival. Absence of aphasia did not predict a better evolution, regardless of the affected hemisphere. Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors was similar for all patient groups. CONCLUSION: Global aphasia in acute stroke can adversely affect prognosis, translated into impairment of dominant perisylvian vascular territories, with mutism as an important semiological element.

OBJETIVO: Determinar se síndromes afásicas na fase aguda do infarto cerebral influenciam o prognóstico. MÉTODO: Avaliação para fala e linguagem de 37 adultos dentro de 72 horas após um primeiro infarto cerebral, em associação topográfica cega com TC e/ou RM. RESULTADOS: Detectaram-se afasias ou disartria em 7 (87,5 por cento) dos 8 pacientes falecidos, e em 26 (89,7 por cento) dos 29 sobreviventes. Afasia global foi identificada em 11 pacientes, todos com lesões no hemisfério esquerdo (cinco óbitos; mutismo em nove), consistindo em fator de risco para mortalidade na fase aguda do acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico (ρ=0,022). Idade (z=1,65; ρ>0,09), trombólise (ρ=0,591), dimensões da lesão (ρ=0,076) e lado (ρ=0,649) não afetaram significativamente a sobrevivência. Ausência de afasia não prenunciou melhor evolução. Fatores de risco cardiovascular tiveram similar prevalência para todos os grupos de pacientes. CONCLUSÃO: Afasia global na fase aguda do infarto cerebral pode aumentar mortalidade, demonstrando envolvimento de território vascular perisylviano dominante, tomando-se mutismo como importante elemento semiológico.

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Nesse trabalho foi investigado a composição química de óleos essenciais de duas plantas medicinais cultivadas em Ilhéus, Brasil, Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng. (hortelã-grosso) e Mentha pulegium L. (poejo). Os óleos essenciais foram extraídos das folhas frescas por hidrodestilação e foram analisados por CG/FID e CG-EM, na primavera e no inverno. P. amboinicus forneceu, tanto na primavera como no inverno, 0,10 por cento de óleo sendo timol o componente majoritário. M. pulegium forneceu na primavera 0,20 por cento de óleo e no inverno 0,09 por cento. Os componentes majoritários dos óleos foram pulegona e trans-cariofileno; borneol, mentol e piperitona foram identificados em menores quantidades. No inverno foram observados maiores quantidades de mentol e isomentol. Acetatos de neoisomentila, de mentila e de isometila foram observados somente no inverno. Esse trabalho contribui para o conhecimento das espécies vegetais cultivadas na região do sul da Bahia.

This work investigated the chemical composition of the essential oils of two medicinal plants grown in Ilhéus Municipality, Bahia State, Brazil: Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng (Mexican mint) and Mentha pulegium L. (pennyroyal). The essential oils were extracted from fresh leaves by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS, in the spring and in the winter. In both seasons, P. amboinicus yielded 0.10 percent oil and had thymol as major component. M. pulegium yielded 0.20 percent and 0.09 percent oil in the spring and winter, respectively. The major components were pulegone and trans-caryophyllene, whereas borneol, menthol and piperitone were identified at small quantities. Higher menthol and isomenthol levels were detected in the winter. In addition, neoisomenthyl, menthyl and isomenthyl acetates were only observed in the winter. This work contributes to the knowledge of plant species grown in southern Bahia.

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This review, with 350 references, gives information on the chemical study of 234 naturally occurring tetraoxygenated xanthones in 12 families, 53 genus and 182 species of higher plants, and two which are described as fungal and lichen metabolites. The value of these groups of substances in connection with pharmacological activity and therapeutic use of some species is described. The structural formulas of 135 isolated compounds, and their distribution, are also given.

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