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Objetivo: Estimar la tasa de uso de las Garantías Explícitas de Salud (GES) dental de la embarazada entre 2010 a 2019 en todas las regiones de Chile. Pacientes y métodos: Diseño: descriptivo, observacional. Participantes: mujeres embarazadas, atendidas en el sistema público. Se estudió un total de 1 854 621 gestantes, 1 445 903 de gestantes con ingreso al GES y 1 257 775 de gestantes con alta dental integral pertenecientes a cada región y año analizado. Mediciones: estimación de tasas de uso del GES odontológico, análisis de las tasas de eficacia y de la evolución de las tasas de uso del GES mediante series de tiempo. Resultados: Las medias del uso del GES y la eficacia de la atención por GES fue inferior al valor óptimo (100 %). Ambas tasas difieren del valor meta de la autoridad sanitaria. Los valores de las tasas del uso del GES varían por año y región. La forma de las curvas fue predominantemente no lineal. Conclusión: El uso y la eficacia del GES odontológico en embarazadas chilenas no está en correspondencia con los objetivos del Ministerio de Salud Pública. Se requieren nuevos estudios para explicar las causas de estos resultados.

Objective. Estimate the rate of use of the Explicit Dental Health Guarantees (GES) by pregnant women from 2010 to 2019 in the regions of Chile. Patients and methods. Design: Descriptive, observational. Participants: Pregnant women, cared for in the public system. The total of pregnant women (1,854,621), pregnant women admitted to the GES (1,445,903), and pregnant women with full dental discharge (1,257,775) belonging to each of the regions and years analyzed (2010-2019) were studied. Measurements: estimation of dental GES use rates, evolution of rates over time using time series (regressions). Results. The means of the use of the GES and the effectiveness of the care by the GES was less than the optimal value (100%). Both rates differ from the target value of the health authority. The value of usage fees varies by year and region. The shape of the curves was predominantly non-linear. Conclusions. The use and effectiveness of the dental GES in Chilean pregnant women is not in correspondence with the objectives of the Ministry of Public Health. New studies are required to explain the causes of these results.

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Framed on Self-Determination Theory, this study sought to examine the interplay between parents' and adolescents' need satisfaction and need frustration, as well as to investigate the potential mediating role of autonomy-supportive and psychologically controlling parenting. Whether parents' dispositional mindfulness moderated the relation between parental need frustration and parenting was also investigated. Participants were 213 clinically referred adolescents between 12 and 17 years (Mage = 14.36; 55.9% girls) and 225 parents (85.3% mothers). Findings from structural equation models revealed a bright and a dark pathway linking parents' and adolescents' need-based experiences through parenting. Specifically, parental need satisfaction was positively related to autonomy-supportive parenting, which, in turn, contributed to greater adolescents' need satisfaction. In contrast, parents' need frustration yielded a positive association with psychologically controlling parenting, which, in turn, positively related to adolescents' need frustration. Latent moderation analyses also indicated that parents' mindfulness played a role as a moderator of the relationship between parental need frustration and psychological control; the association was attenuated when parents reported higher levels of mindfulness. Implications for the promotion of positive parenting among families of adolescents with mental health problems are outlined. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

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Depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation are common internalizing problems during adolescence. Numerous studies have explored the role of certain demographic, social, and economic factors in their development in referred or non-referred adolescents, but not simultaneously in both groups. In this study, we examined the association between age, gender, parents' educational level, and socioeconomic status (SES) and depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation in a referred group (n = 211) and a non-referred (n = 1401) group of adolescents. We also examined the moderating role that these factors play in the relationships between both internalizing problems. The results showed: higher levels of depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation in the referred group; an increase in both problems during early-to-middle adolescence in the non-referred group; an association between low SES and suicidal ideation in both groups; an association between low father's education level and depressive symptoms in the non-referred group; and no gender differences in either of these two internalizing problems. The moderation analyses showed that age, in referred adolescents, and SES, in non-referred adolescents, moderated the relationship between depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation. This study contributes to the identification of groups of vulnerable adolescents that could constitute the target populations of preventive programs.

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Over the last few years, the protective role of parental monitoring on adolescent adjustment (i.e., active parental efforts aimed at setting limits and tracking adolescents' activities and whereabouts) has been challenged. Recent research has shifted attention to the conditions under which monitoring may be more or less effective. Grounded in Self-Determination Theory, this study investigated the role of parents' autonomy-supportive and psychologically controlling parenting in effects of parental monitoring on adolescents' adjustment. It also considered the role of adolescents' clinical status (i.e., clinically referred vs non-referred). Adopting a person-centered approach, we aimed to identify naturally occurring profiles of monitoring, autonomy-support, and psychological control and to examine differences between these profiles in terms of life satisfaction, positive affect, and internalizing and externalizing problems. Participants included 218 referred (Mage = 14.44, 56% girls) and 218 matched adolescents from a larger sample of 1056 community (Mage = 14.83, 52.9% girls). Multigroup Latent Profile Analyses revealed five parenting profiles which were structurally equivalent in both samples: high monitoring with either high autonomy support or high psychological control, low monitoring with either high autonomy-support or high psychological control, and an average profile. Referred youth were significantly more present in the average profile and in the profiles characterized by high levels of psychological control. As hypothesized, profiles showed a differential association with adolescents' self-reported adjustment, with the high monitoring-high autonomy support profile yielding the most optimal and the low monitoring-high psychological control profile yielding the worst outcomes. Associations between profiles and outcomes were similar for referred and non-referred adolescents. These findings highlight the importance of considering the parenting climate (i.e., autonomy-supportive versus psychologically controlling) to understand effects of parental monitoring during adolescence.

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Over the past decade, the Uses and Gratifications theory has driven research on the motives behind social media use. The three most commonly explored motives have been: maintaining relationships, seeking information, and entertainment. The aim of this study was to develop and validate the Scale of Motives for Using Social Networking Sites (SMU-SNS), a measure to assess a wider range of motives for using Social Networking Sites than have previously been researched. A multi-method design with different samples of high-school and university students was used. First, to develop the pool of items, a literature review and a focus group study (n = 48, age range = 16-21) was conducted. Second, to reduce and refine the pool of items a pilot study (n = 168, age range = 14-24) was performed. Third, a validation study (n = 1102, age range = 13-25) was conducted to assess the validity and reliability of the SMU-SNS. Cross-validation using EFA and CFA resulted in a final version comprising 27 items distributed in nine factors (Dating, New Friendships, Academic Purposes, Social Connectedness, Following and Monitoring Others, Entertainment, seeking Social Recognition, Self-expression, and seeking Information). Internal consistency was excellent and evidence of measurement invariance across gender and age was largely achieved. The SMU-SNS scores significantly correlated with other relevant variables, including age, gender, certain personality traits, social support, loneliness, and life satisfaction. Overall, findings supported the SMU-SNS as a valid and reliable measure to assess youth's motives for using Social Networking Sites. Psychometric and general implications are discussed.

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This study explores the relationships of self-control with age and psychological maladjustment in adolescents and young adults. The sample consisted of 1,600 randomly selected Spanish adolescents and young adults, aged 12-34 years (M = 22.28, SD = 6.94). Measures of self-control, Internet addiction, and anxiety-depressive symptoms were administered. Control variables included age and sex. Results indicated that adolescents between 15 and 19 years old showed the lowest self-control scores, while older participants showed greater scores. Low scores in self-control were significantly associated with greater substance consumption, more anxiety-depression symptoms, and higher scores on the Internet addiction scale. Also, participants with high scores on the addiction scale scored lower on self-control. These results evidence associations between self-control and some emotional-behavioral problems, and suggest the importance of promoting self-control to prevent Internet addiction, substance consumption, and anxiety-depression in adolescents and young adults

Este estudio explora las tendencias evolutivas en el autocontrol y su relación con el desajuste psicológico en adolescentes y jóvenes adultos. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 1,600 adolescentes y jóvenes adultos españoles de entre 12 y 34 años (M = 22.28, DT = 6.94) seleccionados aleatoriamente. Se administraron medidas de autocontrol, adicción a internet y síntomas de ansiedad-depresión. El sexo y la edad fueron utilizados como variables de control. Los resultados indicaron que los adolescentes con edades comprendidas entre los 15 y 19 años mostraron las puntuaciones más bajas en autocontrol, mientras que los participantes de más edad puntuaron más alto. Puntuaciones bajas en autocontrol estuvieron significativamente asociadas con mayor consumo de sustancias, más síntomas de ansiedad-depresión y puntuaciones más elevadas en la escala de adicción a internet. Además, los participantes con puntuaciones más altas en la escala de adicción puntuaron más bajo en autocontrol. Estos resultados evidencian las relaciones entre el autocontrol y algunos problemas emocionales y conductuales y sugieren la importancia de promover el autocontrol para prevenir la adicción a internet, el consumo de sustancias y los problemas de ansiedad-depresión en adolescentes y jóvenes adultos

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The aim of this study was to examine a model on the contribution of school assets on the development of adolescent´s well-being and school success. The sample comprised 1944 adolescents (893 girls and 1051 boys) aged between 12 and 17 years (M = 14.4; SD = 1.13), from secondary schools in Western Andalusia, which completed some self-report questionnaires. The results of structural equation modeling showed the goodness of fit of the initial theoretical model. This model confirmed the importance of school connectedness as a key factor in the relationships between other school assets (social climate; clarity of the rules and values, and positive opportunities and empowerment) and commitment to learning, academic performance and life satisfaction. However, the re-specification of the initial model considered two complementary paths with theoretical sense: first, a direct influence between clarity of the rules and values and commitment to learning, and second, between academic performance and life satisfaction. This model obtained better goodness of fit indices than the first one: χ2 = 16.32; gl = 8; p = .038; χ2/gl = 2.04; SRMR = .018; RSMEA = .023 (95% C.I. = .005; 040); NNFI = .98; CFI = .99. From our study, the need to invest in initiatives focused on the promotion of adolescents' links with their school emerges as a key goal to contribute towards, at the same time, both a good academic performance and a better life satisfaction.

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The aim of this study was to examine a model on the contribution of school assets on the development of adolescent´s well-being and school success. The sample comprised 1944 adolescents (893 girls and 1051 boys) aged between 12 and 17 years (M = 14.4; SD = 1.13), from secondary schools in Western Andalusia, which completed some self-report questionnaires. The results of structural equation modeling showed the goodness of fit of the initial theoretical model. This model confirmed the importance of school connectedness as a key factor in the relationships between other school assets (social climate; clarity of the rules and values, and positive opportunities and empowerment) and commitment to learning, academic performance and life satisfaction. However, the re-specification of the initial model considered two complementary paths with theoretical sense: first, a direct influence between clarity of the rules and values and commitment to learning, and second, between academic performance and life satisfaction. This model obtained better goodness of fit indices than the first one: χ2 = 16.32; gl = 8; p = .038; χ2/gl = 2.04; SRMR = .018; RSMEA = .023 (95% C.I. = .005; 040); NNFI = .98; CFI = .99. From our study, the need to invest in initiatives focused on the promotion of adolescents’ links with their school emerges as a key goal to contribute towards, at the same time, both a good academic performance and a better life satisfaction (AU)

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La incorporación de la parentalidad positiva al trabajo con familias ha supuesto la adopción de un enfoque de intervención proactivo y capacitador que sitúa los programas de educación parental en el ámbito de la prevención y promoción como punta de lanza en el apoyo a las familias, para que cumplan adecuadamente las tareas relacionadas con el cuidado y la educación de sus hijos e hijas. En este trabajo se describe el programa Apego, una iniciativa de carácter psicoeducativo dirigida a promover la parentalidad positiva desde el contexto sanitario en el ámbito de la promoción y prevención primaria. A la luz de las características del programa, se discuten sus fortalezas y debilidades según los estándares de calidad actuales en el trabajo con familias

The inclusion of a positive parenting approach in family support has translated into the stimulus of active and strengthening interventions, placing preventive and promoting parent education programmes as valuable initiatives in supporting families regarding their childrearing tasks. In this paper, the programme Apego (Attachment in English) is described. This is a psychoeducational program aimed at enhancing positive parenting from health services at a preventive level. From Apego programme characteristics, its strengths and weakness are discussed according to current quality standards in family support area

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Las recomendaciones nacionales e internacionales en materia de promoción de parentalidad positiva reconocen la necesidad de apoyar a las familias para un ejercicio adecuado de sus funciones educativas, particularmente a aquellas que se encuentran situaciones de riesgo psicosocial. Estas recomendaciones sitúan a los servicios municipales como las instituciones idóneas para garantizar dicho apoyo. En este trabajo se presenta el Programa de Promoción de Parentalidad Positiva en Polígono Sur (5P’s), una iniciativa de carácter psicoeducativo y comunitario que surge, fundamentalmente, por la necesidad de disponer de materiales y recursos específicos para familias que, por su situación de particular vulnerabilidad, por sus propios valores culturales, así como por las particularidades del barrio en el que habitan (una zona de necesidad de transformación social), no se beneficiarían de otros programas ya existentes. A lo largo de este trabajo se describen los contenidos del programa, su estructura y el diseño de evaluación previsto y se discuten sus fortalezas y retos futuros

Both national and international recommendations on positive parenting recognize the need for supporting families in their childrearing tasks, particularly in psychosocial-risk situations. These recommendations highlight local services as the best source to support families. In this paper the Program for Promoting Positive Parenting in Polígono Sur (5P’s) is described. 5P’s is a psycho-educational and community initiative starting from the need for specific materials for vulnerable families because of: (1) their psychosocial profile, (2) their cultural values; (3) living in a neighborhood with at-risk conditions. The contents, the format and the evaluation design of the program are introduced. Strengths and future challenges are discussed

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En este trabajo se presenta el diseño de un proyecto de investigación que cuenta con una doble finalidad. Por un lado, contribuir al conocimiento sobre las competencias y las necesidades de apoyo que presentan las familias con hijos adolescentes que padecen problemas de salud mental, tanto atendiendo al análisis de la literatura científica existente, como analizando las necesidades y las competencias que presentan este tipo de familias en nuestro contexto socio-cultural. Por otro lado, obtener la información necesaria para diseñar un programa de intervención destinado a apoyar y promover la parentalidad positiva en estas familias. De la información presentada se concluye que este proyecto se sitúa en consonancia con las recomendaciones nacionales e internacionales que instan al cambio desde modelos de la evaluación e intervención familiar centrados en el déficit hacia enfoques más positivos y capacitadores. Igualmente, se concluye que este proyecto puede representar un nuevo marco de intervención para la mejora de la calidad de vida de este colectivo que surge como fruto de un trabajo conjunto y coordinado que, mediante un enfoque multi-método y multi-informante, integra las aportaciones de los expertos, el conocimiento de los profesionales de salud mental y las vivencias y percepciones de los propios adolescentes y sus familias

This paper presents the design of a project with a twofold aim. Firstly, to contribute to the knowledge about the competences and support needs experienced by families of adolescents with mental health problems, both reviewing the available literature and studying the specific competences and needs experienced by these families in our context. Secondly, to obtain information to design an intervention programme to support and promote positive parenthood in these families. From the information presented can be drawn that this project is in accordance with the national and international recommendations that urge a change from deficit models to a strength-based perspective of family assessment and intervention. Likewise, the presented project provides a new intervention framework to improve the quality of life of these families. It resulted from a coordinated effort that, using a multi-method and multi-informant approach, integrates the contributions of experts, the knowledge and views of mental health professionals and the experiences and perceptions of adolescents affected by mental health problems and their families

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The main objective of this study was to learn whether emotional autonomy is truly part of a developmental stage for Spanish adolescents and young adults or if it is an indicator of difficult family relationships. Using a longitudinal design, a sample of ninety young people was followed for ten years, from their initial adolescence until their first years of adulthood. At four observation points, the participants completed various questionnaires to evaluate their emotional autonomy, the cohesion in their family relationships and their life satisfaction. There were no gender differences in the development of emotional autonomy. Family cohesion and life satisfaction showed significant negative associations with emotional autonomy and these associations became more pronounced as participants moved from adolescence into adulthood. Based on our results, emotional autonomy from parents does not seem to be a developmental stage taking place during adolescence, but rather, an indicator of difficult family relationships.

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En este estudio se analizan las diferencias de género que se observan en la adolescencia con respecto a diferentes aspectos de los estilos de vida relacionados con la práctica de actividades físicas y deportivas, implicación en actividades extraescolares, utilización de las TIC, tiempo destinado a estar con los amigos y a estudiar, consumo de sustancias y rutinas relacionadas con el sueño. Para ello se han estudiado las diferencias por curso y sexo, en una muestra de 2400 adolescentes, 55.5% de chicas y 44.5% de chicos, con edades comprendidas entre los 12 y 17 años (media de 14.73 y deviación típica de 1.24) pertenecientes a 20 centros educativos de Andalucía. Los resultados obtenidos, mediante la realización de análisis de correlaciones, ANOVA y prueba de Tukey, confirman que existen correlaciones significativas entre la mayoría de las variables que conforman los estilos de vida, casi todas de tipo positivo a excepción de las relacionadas con consumo de sustancias en donde la mayoría fueron negativas. También se encontraron grandes diferencias de género en los estilos de vida ya que de las 15 variables analizadas 10 de ellas presentan diferencias significativas con respecto al género y una disminución significativa, con el aumento de la edad, en una serie de variables que conforman los estilos de vida saludables: práctica de la actividad física y deportiva, participación en actividades extraescolares y horas de sueño (AU)

This research analyzes gender differences observed in different aspects of adolescent lifestyles, such as physical activities and sports, involvement in extracurricular activities, use of ICT's, time spent with friends and time spent studying, substance use, and sleep-related routines. Bearing this in mind, we analyzed differences by year and gender in a sample of 2400 adolescents, 55.5 percent girls and 44.5 percent of boys, aged between 12 and 17 (mean age =14.73 and SD = 1.24) in 20 schools from Andalusia. The results from correlation analysis, ANOVA, and Tukey test confirm significant correlations between most variables making up lifestyle, most of them positive except those related to substance use (most correlations were negative). We also found significant gender differences in lifestyles: 10 out of the 15 variables analyzed have significant gender differences. A significant negative correlation with age was found in a number of variables making up healthy lifestyles, such as the practice of sport and physical activity, participation in extracurricular activities and sleep (AU)

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El presente artículo se centra en el análisis del consumo de sustancias de los escolares andaluces de los cuatro cursos de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria de dos estudios diferentes: el Estudio Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) en su edición de 2006 y un estudio que evalúa la implementación del programa Prevenir para vivir en el ámbito educativo. Para ello, analiza, por un lado, el consumo de tabaco, alcohol y cannabis de todos los adolescentes andaluces de secundaria del Estudio HBSC, y, por otro, selecciona a dos grupos de adolescentes escolarizados para examinar y comparar su consumo: un grupo de adolescentes del Estudio HBSC que no había formado parte de ningún programa de prevención de drogodependencias y en cuyos centros educativos no había personal que hubiera recibido formación en estos temas (llamado grupo control del HBSC) y otro grupo que había formado parte del programa de prevención de drogodependencias Prevenir para vivir y lo había hecho, además, con personal especializado (denominado grupo experimental Prevenir para vivir). Los resultados indican, por un lado, un mayor consumo en todas las sustancias en los cursos más altos de la Secundaria; y, por otro, al comparar a ambos grupos, no siempre se observa la tendencia de ser los adolescentes que han recibido programas de prevención de drogodependencias con personal especializado los que presentan con más frecuencia un patrón de consumo más saludable. Por lo que, estos resultados deben interpretarse como un apoyo limitado a los programas de prevención de drogodependencias (AU)

This article examines the analysis of drug use among Secondary Education students in Andalusia from two different studies: the Health Behavior in School-aged Children Study (HBSC), in its 2006 edition, and a study assessing the implementation of the Prevenir para Vivir (“Prevent to Live”) drug use prevention program in the education field. To this end, on the one hand the paper analyzes the use of tobacco, alcohol and cannabis among Andalusian adolescents on the HBSC Study, and on the other, selects two groups of adolescents to examine and compare their drug use: a group from the HBSC Study who had not participated in any drug use prevention program and in whose schools the staff had not received training in relation to these issues (called HBSC Control Group),and a group of adolescents who had participated in the Prevenir para Vivir drug use prevention program working with specialized staff (called Prevenir para Vivir Experimental Group). The results indicate, first, higher levels of drug use in older students than in younger ones; and, second, on comparing the two groups, that adolescents who have received drug prevention programs with specialized staff are not always those most likely to present healthier drug use. These results must therefore be interpreted as offering only limited support to drug use prevention programs (AU)

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This article examines the analysis of drug use among Secondary Education students in Andalusia from two different studies: the Health Behavior in School-aged Children Study (HBSC), in its 2006 edition, and a study assessing the implementation of the Prevenir para Vivir ("Prevent to Live") drug use prevention program in the education field. To this end, on the one hand the paper analyzes the use of tobacco, alcohol and cannabis among Andalusian adolescents on the HBSC Study, and on the other, selects two groups of adolescents to examine and compare their drug use: a group from the HBSC Study who had not participated in any drug use prevention program and in whose schools the staff had not received training in relation to these issues (called HBSC Control Group), and a group of adolescents who had participated in the Prevenir para Vivir drug use prevention program working with specialized staff (called Prevenir para Vivir Experimental Group). The results indicate, first, higher levels of drug use in older students than in younger ones; and, second, on comparing the two groups, that adolescents who have received drug prevention programs with specialized staff are not always those most likely to present healthier drug use. These results must therefore be interpreted as offering only limited support to drug use prevention programs.

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Revista en la que se abordan diferentes temas relacionados con la adolescencia : desarrollo, psicología, educación, relaciones padres-hijo, etc.

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The purpose of the present paper was to study the development of emotional autonomy through adolescence analysing its association with family relationships. The development of emotional autonomy involves an increase in adolescents' subjective sense of his or her independence, especially in relation to parents. From some scholars emotional autonomy is a normative manifestation of the detachment process from parents, however, others point out that detachment from parental ties is not the norm, so high level of adolescent emotional autonomy is the consequence of negative family relationships. In our study a sample of 101 adolescents were followed for 5 years, from early to middle adolescence, and completed questionnaires to measure their emotional autonomy and the quality of their family relationships. Our results showed that over the course of adolescence some dimensions of emotional autonomy increase, meanwhile others decrease, so the global level of emotional autonomy global level remains stable. On the other hand, emotional autonomy is associated with negative family relationships, so emotional autonomy, more than a necessary process to become adult, could be indicating an insecure attachment to parents.

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