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This study investigated the effect of a resistance training (RT) period at terrestrial (HH) and normobaric hypoxia (NH) on both muscle hypertrophy and maximal strength development with respect to the same training in normoxia (N). Thirty-three strength-trained males were assigned to N (FiO2 = 20.9%), HH (2,320 m asl) or NH (FiO2 = 15.9%). The participants completed an 8-week RT program (3 sessions/week) of a full body routine. Muscle thickness of the lower limb and 1RM in back squat were assessed before and after the training program. Blood markers of stress, inflammation (IL-6) and muscle growth (% active mTOR, myostatin and miRNA-206) were measured before and after the first and last session of the program. Findings revealed all groups improved 1RM, though this was most enhanced by RT in NH (p = 0.026). According to the moderate to large excess of the exercise-induced stress response (lactate and Ca2+) in HH and N, results only displayed increases in muscle thickness in these two conditions over NH (ES > 1.22). Compared with the rest of the environmental conditions, small to large increments in % active mTOR were only found in HH, and IL-6, myostatin and miR-206 in NH throughout the training period. In conclusion, the results do not support the expected additional benefit of RT under hypoxia compared to N on muscle growth, although it seems to favour gains in strength. The greater muscle growth achieved in HH over NH confirms the impact of the type of hypoxia on the outcomes.

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CONTEXT: Hypoxic exposure has been associated with a metabolic perturbation that might affect basal energy expenditure (BEE). OBJECTIVE: The aim was to examine the metabolic response during hypoxic exposure of men and women adults. DESIGN: Crossover design with two experimental trials: normoxic and hypoxic exposure. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty-nine healthy subjects (14 women) participated in (1) control study (NOR), subjected first to normoxic exposure (FiO2 = 20.9%) and (2) after that, to passive normobaric hypoxic exposure study (HYP) (FiO2 = 15%). Respiratory gases and blood glucose samples were recorded every hour in hypoxia chamber (8 points in total), and blood lactate samples were collected at baseline, at 4 and 7 h to exposure. RESULTS: In females, basal energy expenditure was significantly higher at 2h, 4h, 6h and 7h compared with NOR group. Also, BEE was lower in females compared with men from 2h of hypoxia exposure. In the HYP group the blood lactate concentration increased significantly at 4h and 7 h relative to NOR group (P < 0.05) in males. CONCLUSION: An exposure to moderate normobaric hypoxia did not alter metabolic response, but induced a different response on substrate oxidation in adults men and women.

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Recent acute studies have shown that high-intensity resistance circuit-based (HRC) training in hypoxia increases metabolic stress. However, no intervention studies have yet proven their effectiveness. This study aimed to analyze the effect of 8 weeks of HRC in hypoxia on aerobic performance, resting energy expenditure (REE), repeat sprint ability (RSA) and hematological variables. Twenty-eight subjects were assigned to hypoxia (FiO2  = 15%; HRChyp : n = 15; age: 24.6 ± 6.8 years; height: 177.4 ± 5.9 cm; weight: 74.9 ± 11.5 kg) and normoxia (FiO2  = 20.9%; HRCnorm : n = 13; age: 23.2 ± 5.2 years; height: 173.4 ± 6.2 cm; weight: 69.4 ± 7.4 kg) groups. Each training session consisted of two blocks of three exercises (Block 1: bench press, leg extension, front pull down; 2: deadlift, elbow flexion, ankle extension). Each exercise was performed at 6 repetitions maximum. Participants exercised twice weekly for 8 weeks and before and after the training program blood test, REE, RSA and treadmill running test were performed. Fatigue index in the RSA test was significantly decreased in the HRChyp (-0.9%; P < .01; ES = 2.75) but not in the HRCnorm . No changes were observed in REE and hematological variables. Absolute (4.5%; P = .014; ES = 0.42) and relative (5.2%; P = .008; ES = 0.43) maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max), speed at VO2 max (4%; P = .010; ES = 0.25) and time to exhaustion (4.1%; P = .012; ES = 0.26) were significantly increased in HRChyp but not in the HRCnorm . No significant differences between groups were found. Compared with normoxic conditions, 8 weeks of HRC training under hypoxic conditions efficiently improves aerobic performance and RSA without changes in REE and red blood O2 -carrying capacity.

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Este estudio pretende evaluar los efectos de la ingesta de fosfato sódico a corto plazo, sobre la composición corporal, serie roja y parámetros ergoespirométricos máximos y submáximos. A una muestra de 20 sujetos físicamente activos, separados en dos grupos, se les suministró fosfato sódico durante 7 días (50 mg/kg masa magra) o placebo. Ambos grupos realizaron una prueba de esfuerzo incremental máxima en cicloergómetro, siguiendo el protocolo Fatmax, se les determinó la composición corporal y se les realizó un hemograma antes y después de la suplementación. En el grupo experimental, se observó una disminución en el peso e índice de masa corporal (IMC), un aumento en la potencia máxima alcanzada y una mejor eficiencia energética en la zona Fatmax. No se observaron cambios en parámetros hematológicos. Estos resultados pueden atribuir un efecto ergogénico al fosfato sódico en actividades aeróbicas y aquellas donde el peso corporal influya en el rendimiento (AU)

This study aims to evaluate the effects of short-term sodium phosphate intake upon body composition, haemogram, maximal ergospirometer parameters and submaximal ones in the maximal fat oxidation zone (Fatmax). 20 active subjects participated in this study randomly divided into two groups: The experimental group which ingested sodium phosphate for 7 days (50 mg/kg lean mass) and the placebo group. Both performed an incremental maximal cycle ergo meter test following the Fatmax protocol, body composition assessment and blood analysis (CBC) before and after the supplementation period. In the experimental group, phosphate supplementation produced a decrease in weight and body mass index (BMI), an increase in maximal power output and it also improved energy efficiency in the Fatmax zone. No changes were observed in the parameters listed in the CBC. These results may attribute an ergogenic effect of sodium phosphate in aerobic activities and sports where body weight is considered to be an important factor for performance (AU)

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OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of excessive intake at weekends, on different parameters in young university students. STUDY DESIGN: Cross sectional, descriptive study. METHODS: A group of 180 subjects were selected (young males between 18 and 22 years old) and were classified into three groups by their alcohol consumption habits: The control group of non-drinkers (ND; n = 60), the group of one day/weekend drinkers (1D/W, n = 60) and the group of two day/weekend drinkers (2D/W, n = 60). An evaluation of the body composition, a spirometry test (FVC, PEF and MVV), a maximal cycle ergometer test (Heart rate, blood pressure, VO2 max, total watts and time test until exhaustion), a blood sample (GOT, Triglycerides, Total Cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and Glucose) were performed. RESULTS: It was observed that 2D/W group presented significantly higher levels than ND in the following parameters: total cholesterol [185.66 (16.06) compared to 154.28 (25.53) mg/dl]; triglycerides [113.66 (22.47) compared to 45.75 (12.76) mg/dl]; systolic blood pressure [130 (9.50) compared to 115 (5.77) mmHg] and waist to hip ratio [0.92 (0.08) compared to 0.84 (0.05)], and 1D/W group also showed significantly higher levels of triglycerides [71.04 (24.31) compared to 45.75 (12.76) mg/dl] than ND. Moreover, it was confirmed that the accumulation of triglycerides in weekend drinkers is influenced by smoking and the lack of physical activity, and that the relationship between alcohol drinking and systolic blood pressure could be modified by smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Young people's abusive intake of alcohol at weekends can cause negative changes in various health parameters, similar to those observed in alcoholics that drink regularly during the week.

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AIM: Modern day, tennis matches are characterized by shorter and more intense efforts with players enduring great physical and psychological stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate acute changes in the urinary steroid profile of elite tennis players following professional tournament matches. METHODS: Eight professional male tennis players participated in this study. Urine samples were collected before and after tennis matches corresponding to the quarter finals of the Spanish Tennis Masters. RESULTS: After the match, there was a significant fall (P<0.05) in testosterone, androsterone, etiocholanolone, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Cortisone increased whereas tetrahydrocortisone (THE) decreased. The anabolic/catabolic hormone ratio also decreased, although only the fall in total suprarenal androgen (TSA)/total corticosteroid (TC) and DHEA/(THE+THF) ratios had a significant decrease (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: These results indicate that a professional tennis match modifies the urine steroid profiles of players, increasing corticosteroid and decreasing androgen excretion in urine, suggesting an important adrenal activation.

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Traditionally, physical activity has been associated with beneficial effects on the organism. However, exercise has been shown to increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to a point that can exceed antioxidant defences, causing oxidative stress. Characteristics of exercise such as the intensity or duration seem to be associated with oxidative damage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of exercise of two different cycling intensities on oxidative stress and antioxidant response in trained males. Twenty male trained cyclists participated in this study. The maximal exercise test consisted of an incremental cycling test until voluntary exhaustion, and the submaximal test was a steady state at 75% VO(2max) for 30 min on a cycloergometer. In maximal exercise test (16+/-4 min of cycling), the results showed an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) from 40.6+/-2.0 to 45.4+/- 18.4 microM (p<0.05) in plasma and from 0.21+/-0.10 to 0.23+/-0.12 micromol/g Hb (P<0.05) in erythrocytes, also vitamin C increased in plasma from 3.80+/-1.60 to 5.20+/-2.16 mg/mL (P<0.05) and it decreased from 130.5+/-34.7 to 83.4+/-30.0 mg/g hemoglobin (P<0.05) in erythrocytes, whereas there were no changes in vitamin E concentrations. In submaximal exercise, no significant differences were obtained in MDA, vitamin C or vitamin E. In conclusion, short time of high intensity cycling leads to oxidative stress increasing plasma and decreasing erythrocyte vitamin C levels.

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Es obvio que el entrenamiento físico juega un papel fundamental en la consecución del éxito deportivo. Los mejores resultados deportivos, corresponden a aquellos sujetos con unas condiciones anatómicas más favorecedoras para la práctica del deporte en cuestión (Hoare, 2000). De este modo las características antropométricas son parte del conjunto de variables biológicas relacionadas con el rendimiento y el éxito deportivo en este deporte. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar los parámetros antropométricos en jóvenes jugadores de baloncesto y establecer valores de referencia para entrenadores e instituciones de interés. Se pretende además analizar las posibles diferencias antropométricas existentes entre ambos sexos, así como también las diferencias existentes entre diferentes categorías inferiores, y la evolución de las mismas (AU)

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El baloncesto puede definirse como una actividad acíclica y explosiva en la que está inicialmente determinado el tiempo de duración de la misma (Apostolidis, Nassis, Bolatoglou, & Geladas, 2004). Al hablar de factores de rendimiento dentro de este deporte, se considera la condición física como factor fundamental en el éxito (Apostolidis, Nassis, Bolatoglou, & Geladas, 2004) El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar parámetros de condición física (fuerza de prensión manual, fuerza del tren inferior y flexibilidad anterior y posterior del tronco) en jóvenes deportistas pertenecientes a las selecciones extremeñas de baloncesto (infantiles y cadetes) con el fin de aportar valores de referencia, así como analizar las diferencias existentes entre género y categorías (AU)

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High intensity strength training causes changes in steroid hormone concentrations. This could be altered by the muscular contraction type: eccentric or concentric. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of the completion of a short concentric (CON) and concentric/eccentric (CON/ECC) trial on the urinary steroid profile, both with the same total work. 18 males performed the trials on an isokinetic dynamometer (BIODEX III) exercising quadriceps muscles, right and left, on different days. Trial 1 (CON): 4 x 10 Concentric knee extension + relax knee flexion, speed 600/second; rest 90 seconds between each series and 4 minutes between each leg exercise. Trial 2 (CON/ECC): 4 x 5 concentric knee extension + Eccentric knee flexion under similar conditions. Urine samples were taken before the exercise and one hour after finishing it. Androsterone, Etiocholanolone, DHEA, Androstenedione, Testosterone, Epitestosterone, Dehydrotestosterone, Estrone, B-Estradiol, Tetrahydrocortisone, Tetrahydrocortisol, Cortisone and Cortisol (free, glucoconjugated and sulfoconjugated) urinary values were determined using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry techniques. No significant differences were noted in Total Work and Average Peak Torque, although Maximum Peak Torque in the CON/ECC trial was higher than in the CON trial. These results demonstrate no changes in the steroid profile before and after trials, or when comparing CON to CON/ECC trials. The data suggest that eccentric contractions do not cause hormonal changes different to the ones produced by concentric contractions, when they are performed in strength short trials with the same total workload.

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High intensity strength training causes changes in steroid hormone concentrations.This could be altered by the muscular contraction type: eccentric or concentric.The aim of this study was to compare the effect of the completion of a short concentric(CON) and concentric/eccentric (CON/ECC) trial on the urinary steroidprofile, both with the same total work. 18 males performed the trials on an isokineticdynamometer (BIODEX III) exercising quadriceps muscles, right and left, on differentdays. Trial 1(CON): 4x10 Concentric knee extension + relax knee flexion,speed 60º/second; rest 90 seconds between each series and 4 minutes between each legexercise. Trial 2(CON/ECC): 4x5 concentric knee extension + Eccentric knee flexionunder similar conditions. Urine samples were taken before the exercise and onehour after finishing it. Androsterone, Etiocholanolone, DHEA, Androstenedione,Testosterone, Epitestosterone, Dehydrotestosterone, Estrone, B-Estradiol, Tetrahydrocortisone,Tetrahydrocortisol, Cortisone and Cortisol (free, glucoconjugated andsulfoconjugated) urinary values were determined using gas chromatography/massspectrometry techniques. No significant differences were noted in Total Work andAverage Peak Torque, although Maximum Peak Torque in the CON/ECC trial washigher than in the CON trial. These results demonstrate no changes in the steroidprofile before and after trials, or when comparing CON to CON/ECC trials. Thedata suggest that eccentric contractions do not cause hormonal changes different tothe ones produced by concentric contractions, when they are performed in strengthshort trials with the same total workload(AU)

El entrenamiento de fuerza de alta intensidad provoca variaciones en la concentración de esteroides. El tipo de contracción muscular, excéntrica o concéntrica, podría ser un factor que la alterase. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar el efecto de la realización de una sesión corta de ejercicio concéntrico (CON) y otra concéntrica/excéntrica (CON/EXC), con la misma carga de trabajo total, sobre el perfil esteroideo urinario. 18 hombres realizaron dos sesiones de ejercicio de corta duración utilizando una máquina isocinética (BIODEX III) en días diferentes y trabajando los músculos cuádriceps de ambas piernas. La sesión de ejercicio 1 (CON) fue un 4 x 10 rep de extensión concéntrica de rodilla más relajación en el movimiento de flexión, a una velocidad de 60º/segundo y con una recuperación de 90 seg. entre cada serie y 4 minutos entre cada una de las piernas. La sesión de ejercicio 2 (CON/EXC) fue un 4x 5 rep. de extensión concéntrica de rodilla más flexión excéntrica de rodilla, con las mismas condiciones de velocidad y recuperación. Muestras de orina fueron se tomaron antes del ejercicio y una hora después de finalizarlo. Los niveles urinarios (fracción libre, glucoconjugada y sulfoconjugada) de Androsterona, Etiocolanolona, DHEA, Androstenodiona, Testosterona, Epitestosterona, Dehidrotestosterona, Estrona, β-estradiol, Tetrahidrocortisona, Tetrahidrocortisol, Cortisona y Cortisol, se determinaron usando técnicas de cromatografía de gases espectrometría de masas. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en los valores de Trabajo Total y de Pico Torque Medio, aunque los valores de Pico Torque Máximo fueron más alto en el CON/EXC ejercicio que en el CON(AU)

Tampoco se observó ningún cambio en el perfil esteroideo urinario entre antes y después de las sesiones de ejercicio, o comparando las sesiones CON/EXC con la CON. Por tanto, los datos sugieren que las contracciones excéntricas no producen alteraciones hormonales diferentes a las producidas por las contracciones concéntricas, cuando se trata de sesiones de ejercicio de fuerza de corta duración con similar carga de trabajo total(AU)

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AIM: A regular and intense physical exercise significantly modifies hormonal metabolism and there are many reports of a change in urine steroid levels accompanying the practice of sport. The aim of this study was to compare the urinary steroid profile between highly trained cyclists and untrained subjects. METHODS: Urine levels of testosterone (T), epitestosterone (Epit), androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), androsterone (A), etiocholanolone (E), beta-estradiol (E2), estrone (E1) and the most abundant urine metabolites of cortisol and cortisone, tetrahydrocortisone (THE) and tetrahydrocortisol (THF) were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in urine samples from a group of professional cyclists (n=15) submitted to maximum level training for several years and compared with urine samples from sedentary subjects (n=15). The relationships between T/Epit, A+E/ THE, A+E/ THF, DHEA/THE and DHEA/THF were also studied. RESULTS: Cyclists showed lower urine levels of T, A, E and E2 and higher urine levels of androstenedione and E1 than sedentary individuals. A+E/THE and A+E/ THF ratios were higher in sedentary subjects than in cyclists. CONCLUSION: We conclude that cyclists showed a urinary steroid profile different from sedentary individuals, probably due to an adaptation to regular and intense physical training .

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La producción y excreción de hormonas esteroideas en el organismo se puede ver alterada por múltiples factores, uno de ellos es la realización de ejercicio físico de alta intensidad. En el presente estudio se propone a un grupo de universitarios (n=15), no deportistas, la realización de una rutina de ejercicios de fuerza (al 70-75 por ciento de la fuerza máxima). Se trata de ver la variación del perfil esteroideo urinario (andrógenos, estrógenos y corticosteroides) entre antes y después de la sesión de ejercicio.La cuantificación de la concentración urinaria de las diferentes hormonas se llevó a cabo a través de técnicas cromatográficas y la detección se realizó por espectrometría de masas o de masas/masas. Se analizaron, tras finalizar la sesión, una serie de parámetros hormonales de interés para valorar el estado anabólico o catabólico de los sujetos de estudio. Se observó que la excreción urinaria de Testosterona y Dehidroepiandrosterona descendió significativamente (p<0.05) y la de Tetrahidrocortisol aumentó de forma significativa (p<0.05). Por otro lado, todas las relaciones andrógenos/corticosteroides estudiadas también descendieron de forma significativa. Estos resultados podrían ser reflejo del estado catabólico y de cansancio en el que se encuentran los sujetos una vez finalizada la rutina de ejercicios (AU)

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