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OBJECTIVES: Aedes-borne viruses (ABV) affect humans on every inhabited continent and frequently cause epidemics. Recent epidemics of chikungunya and Zika viruses (ZIKV) highlight that preparedness for future epidemics requires assessment of susceptibility, particularly among high-risk groups. We sought to determine immunity against the three major circulating ABV among pregnant women in an ABV-endemic area of Colombia. METHODS: A cross-sectional seroprevalence study was performed, enrolling women presenting to Labor and Delivery. Cord blood and maternal peripheral blood samples were obtained. IgG seroprevalence to flaviviruses and chikungunya was determined by ELISA. An abbreviated neutralization test was used to estimate the frequency and magnitude of immunity to Zika and four dengue serotypes. Cluster analyses explored epidemiologic factors associated with seroprevalence. RESULTS: Most women exhibited high levels of neutralizing antibodies to one or more ABV; however, nearly 20% were seronegative for flaviviruses. Our research took place after the epidemic peak of the ZIKV outbreak in Colombia in 2016. However, only 20% of pregnant women had high levels of Zika-neutralizing antibodies consistent with likely protective immunity to ZIKV. CONCLUSION: Hence, a high proportion of pregnant women in Risaralda remain susceptible to one or more ABV including the teratogenic ZIKV, indicating a risk for future epidemics in this region.
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Aedes , Fiebre Chikungunya , Virus del Dengue , Dengue , Infección por el Virus Zika , Virus Zika , Animales , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes , Anticuerpos Antivirales , Fiebre Chikungunya/epidemiología , Colombia/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Dengue/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Embarazo , Mujeres Embarazadas , Estudios SeroepidemiológicosRESUMEN
Objectives Latin America is among several regions of the world that lacks robust data on injuries due to neurotrauma. This research project sought to investigate a multi-institution brain injury registry in Colombia, South America, by conducting a qualitative study to identify factors affecting the creation and implementation of a multi-institution TBI registry in Colombia before the establishment of the current registry. Methods Key informant interviews and participant observation identified barriers and facilitators to the creation of a TBI registry at three health care institutions in this upper-middle-income country in South America. Results The study identified barriers to implementation involving incomplete clinical data, limited resources, lack of information and technology (IT) support, time constraints, and difficulties with ethical approval. These barriers mirrored similar results from other studies of registry implementation in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Ease of use and integration of data collection into the clinical workflow, local support for the registry, personal motivation, and the potential future uses of the registry to improve care and guide research were identified as facilitators to implementation. Stakeholders identified local champions and support from the administration at each institution as essential to the success of the project. Conclusion Barriers for implementation of a neurotrauma registry in Colombia include incomplete clinical data, limited resources and lack of IT support. Some factors for improving the implementation process include local support, personal motivation and potential uses of the registry data to improve care locally. Information from this study may help to guide future efforts to establish neurotrauma registries in Latin America and in LMICs.
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BACKGROUND: Zika virus (ZIKV) infection has emerged as a significant threat for pregnant women and newborns in populations living in or visiting Latin America. We previously reported a preliminary analysis in Sucre, Colombia, as the first group of pregnant women with RT-PCR-confirmed ZIKV (ZIKa enEmbarazadas yReciénNacidos enCOLombia, ZIKERNCOL). METHODS: In this second report, findings of the first 86 pregnant women from La Virginia and Dosquebradas (municipalities), Risaralda, Colombia, with RT-PCR-confirmed ZIKV infection are reported. Clinical, demographical and obstetrical findings are described. RESULTS: All women reported ZIKV symptoms during pregnancy: 79.1% rash, 55.8% fever, among others. In addition to ZIKV, RT-PCR was positive for dengue in 18.6%; 45.3% Dengue IgM+; 5.8% RT-PCR positive for chikungunya; 3.6% Chikungunya IgM+. STORCH screening in mother: 11.6% IgG + anti-Toxoplasma gondii, 6% IgG + anti-rubella, 4.7% IgG + CMV. The rest of STORCH tests were negative. Microcephaly was observed in 2.4% of the newborns. No calcifications or other CNS alterations were detected. One newborn had cleft palate and one had bilateral renal ectopy. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of microcephaly in our cohort was consistent with other studies. Pregnant women in endemic areas should be followed and tested according to standard protocols, and asymptomatic ZIKV infection should be considered. Long-term follow-up of children is required in the congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) assessment.
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Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/virología , Infección por el Virus Zika/diagnóstico , Infección por el Virus Zika/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anticuerpos Antivirales , Fiebre Chikungunya/inmunología , Estudios de Cohortes , Colombia/epidemiología , Dengue/diagnóstico , Dengue/inmunología , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina G , Recién Nacido , Microcefalia/virología , Embarazo , Estudios Retrospectivos , Rubéola (Sarampión Alemán)/inmunología , Toxoplasmosis , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Infection of the brain with Taenia solium larvae (neurocysticercosis) is a leading cause of preventable epilepsy worldwide. Effective and sustainable strategies to control parasite transmission in rural endemic communities are needed to prevent the disease. Surveillance and targeted intervention around infected pigs (ring control strategy) have been shown to be effective when carried out by research teams. However, this strategy has not been implemented or tested as a community-based program. In this small trial in northern Peru, eight villages were randomly assigned to community-led surveillance and treatment (five villages, 997 residents) or control (three villages, 1,192 residents). In intervention villages, community-led surveillance and reporting were promoted by community health workers, radio advertisement, and school and household education. Each suspected pig infection was verified, with confirmed cases resulting in treatment with niclosamide for taeniasis and oxfendazole for pigs in clusters of homes nearby. No incentives beyond human and pig treatment were offered. Control villages received basic disease education but no treatment intervention in response to reports. Despite 14 case reports, community-based replication of ring control strategy did not replicate prior results. After 12 months, there was no change in seroincidence in intervention villages between the baseline and study end, and no difference compared with control villages. There was no difference in prevalence of taeniasis or porcine cysticercosis at study end. Community members described lack of knowledge as the main reason for not reporting infected pigs. Further exploration of methods to transfer ring strategy and other control interventions for cysticercosis to the community is needed.
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Cisticercosis/epidemiología , Enfermedades Endémicas , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/epidemiología , Taenia solium/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Agentes Comunitarios de Salud , Cisticercosis/parasitología , Cisticercosis/transmisión , Cysticercus/aislamiento & purificación , Notificación de Enfermedades , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Tamizaje Masivo , Perú/epidemiología , Proyectos Piloto , Prevalencia , Estudios Prospectivos , Población Rural , Porcinos , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/transmisión , ZoonosisRESUMEN
Resumen Como revisamos en la primera parte1 hay algunos conceptos que deben ser considerados para el adecuado manejo médico por parte del equipo clínico que recibe el reporte de patología, de esta misma manera existen aspectos por parte del patólogo que este debe conocer, los cuales tienen impacto terapéutico. En esta segunda parte queremos revisar algunos conceptos que son de importancia por parte del patólogo que aplican directamente sobre la interpretación del clínico, como: procesamiento macroscópico; estudio de la citología por aspiración con aguja fina (FNA) vs. biopsia trucut, utilidad de la biopsia por congelación y de la inmunohistoquímica, así como los métodos e imágenes diagnósticas.
Abstract As was reviewed in the first part, there are some concepts that should be considered for the appropriate medical management by the medical team that receives the pathology report. Similarly, there are some aspects that the pathologist should know, such as those that can have therapeutic impact. In this second part, a short review is presented on some of the concepts that are of importance to the pathologist that apply directly to the interpretation by the clinician, such as the macroscopic processing, the cytology study of the fine-needle aspirate (FNA) vs. "tru-cut" biopsy, the usefulness of the frozen biopsy, and immunohistochemistry, as well as diagnostic methods and diagnostic images.
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Humanos , Enfermedades de la Tiroides , Biopsia , Tomografía Computarizada por Tomografía de Emisión de Positrones , Agujas , Patología , TerapéuticaRESUMEN
Resumen El cáncer de la glándula tiroides es una neoplasia cuya detección, diagnóstico y tratamiento se realiza de manera interdisciplinaria, por lo tanto el diagnóstico definitivo histopatológico debe ser completo y claro; de modo que pueda ser interpretado de la misma manera por parte del grupo médico tratante. De manera frecuente, los médicos no patólogos que reciben el reporte de un estudio histopatológico de tiroides se enfrentan con dificultades al momento de interpretar el reporte histopatológico y，por lo tanto, en definir la posterior conducta médica. El objetivo de este primer artículo es revisar de manera breve algunos de los diferentes temas que más generan dudas en la interpretación del reporte histopatológico y de las técnicas diagnósticas usadas en patología por parte de los médicos tratantes que tienen un impacto en las decisiones clínicas originadas a partir de la clasificación, estadificación, pronóstico y seguimiento de la enfermedad.
Abstract Cancer of the thyroid gland is a neoplasia for which its detection, diagnosis and treatment is interdisciplinary. For this reason, the definitive diagnosis by histopathology should be complete and clear so that it can be interpreted in the same way by the treating medical group. Non-pathology physicians who receive the report of a histopathological study of the thyroid often have difficulties when interpreting the report and therefore in defining the subsequent medical behaviour. The objective of this first article is to review briefly some of the different subjects that generate most doubts in the interpretation of the histopathology report, and the diagnostic techniques used in pathology by the attending physicians that have an impact on clinical decisions arising from the classification, staging, prognosis, and follow-up of the disease.
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Humanos , Glándula Tiroides , Neoplasias de la Tiroides , Métodos , Diagnóstico , Terapéutica , Carcinoma PapilarRESUMEN
Zika virus (ZIKAV) is classically described as causing minor symptoms in adult patients, however neurologic complications have been recognized. The recent outbreak in Central and South America has resulted in serious illness in some adult patients. We report adult patients in Latin America diagnosed with ZIKAV infection admitted to Intensive Care Units (ICUs). METHODS: Multicenter, prospective case series of adult patients with laboratory diagnosis of ZIKAV in 16 ICUs in 8 countries. RESULTS: Between December 1st 2015 and April 2nd 2016, 16 ICUs in 8 countries enrolled 49 critically ill patients with diagnosis of ZIKAV infection. We included 10 critically ill patients with ZIKAV infection, as diagnosed with RT-PCR, admitted to the ICU. Neurologic manifestations concordant with Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) were present in all patients, although 2 evolved into an encephalitis-like picture. 2 cases died, one due to encephalitis, the other septic shock. CONCLUSIONS: Differing from what was usually reported, ZIKAV infection can result in life-threatening neurologic illness in adults, including GBS and encephalitis. Collaborative reporting to identify severe illness from an emerging pathogen can provide valuable insights into disease epidemiology and clinical presentation, and inform public health authorities about acute care priorities.
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Brotes de Enfermedades , Encefalitis Viral/complicaciones , Síndrome de Guillain-Barré/complicaciones , Infección por el Virus Zika/epidemiología , APACHE , Adulto , Anciano , Cuidados Críticos , Enfermedad Crítica/epidemiología , Encefalitis Viral/virología , Femenino , Síndrome de Guillain-Barré/virología , Humanos , Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Prospectivos , América del Sur/epidemiología , Adulto Joven , Virus Zika , Infección por el Virus Zika/complicacionesRESUMEN
Introduction. Patient safety is an important topic. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the perceived versus observed patient safety measures (PSM) in critically ill patients in a teaching hospital in Latin America. Materials and Methods. The level of perceived patient safety was evaluated with the patient safety hospital survey. Three months later, a qualitative study was conducted, including video recording of procedures, graded according to adherence to PSM. Levels of adherence were scored during patient mobilization (PM), placement of central catheters (PCC), other invasive procedures (OIP), infection control (IC), and endotracheal intubation (ETI). Results. The perceived adherence of PSM in the prestudy survey was considered fair by 89.1% of the ICU staff. After the survey, 829 ICU procedures were video-recorded. Mean observed adherence for fair patient safety measures was 20.8%. Perceived adherence was higher than the real patient safety protocol measures observed in the videos. Conclusion. Perception of PSM was higher than observed in the management of critically ill patients in a teaching hospital in southern Colombia.
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El linfoma leptomeníngeo primario (LLMP) es una entidad con baja frecuencia de presentación, representa del 1% al 2,4% de los linfomas primarios del sistema nervioso central; las variedades histológica más observadas son el linfoma de la zona marginal tipo MALT, el linfoma B de célula grande difuso y el linfoma linfoblástico de células B. La localización y su extensión determinan las manifestaciones clínicas; en radiología se prefieren las imágenes con medios de contraste, ya que tienden a confundirse con meningiomas como la primera impresión diagnóstica y son la cirugía y los estudios de patología los que confirman el diagnóstico. La quimioterapia es la base del tratamiento en esta entidad, la radioterapia se deja como una opción secundaria. El propósito de este trabajo es presentar tres casos clínicos representativos de LLMP y las variantes por imágenes de radiología, la revisión enfocada de la literatura y el tratamiento de esta infrecuente patología.
Primary Leptomeningeal lymphmoma (PLML) is a low frequency neoplasm representing 1% to 2,4% of primary lymphomas of the central nervous system (CNS). The most frequent histological variety is the extranodal marginal zone lymphoma (MALT lymphoma), but other variants are reported such as diffuse large cell B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). The location and extent determine the clinical manifestations. In radiology, images with contrast are preferred to difference from meningiomas which are the main differential diagnosis; nevertheless surgery and histology confirm the diagnosis. Chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment and radiation therapy is a secondary alternative. The purpose of this paper is to present three cases of PML, the radiological variants and to conduct a focused literature review with treatment of this pathology.
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Los tumores anficrinos de la glándula mamaria son lesiones duales muy poco frecuentes con diferenciación epitelial y neuroendocrina de una misma célula. Nosotros presentamos el caso de una mujer con masa en el seno derecho. El estudio histopatológico mostró un tumor maligno constituido por células pequeñas entremezcladas con algunas células con aspecto en anillo de sello. El uso de anticuerpos monoclonales mostró inmunoreactividad para marcadores epiteliales y neuroendocrinos en las células malignas. Estas características permitieron hacer el diagnóstico de un tumor anficrino basado en la expresión en la misma célula de marcadores epiteliales y neuroendocrinos. El diagnóstico diferencial debe realizarse con los tumores de colisión o con metástasis. La interpretación rigurosa de la inmunohistoquímica en las células neoplásicas en un tumor anficrino es útil para distinguir esta entidad de otras patológicas con características morfológicas similares.
Amphicrine tumours of the mammary gland are very rare dual lesions with epithelial and neuroendocrine differentiation in the same cell. We report the case of a woman with a mass in the right breast. The histopathology study showed a malignant tumour formed by small cells inter-mixed with some cells with a signet ring appearance. The use of antibodies showed immunoreactivity for epithelial and neuroendocrine markers in the malignant cells. These characteristics enable the diagnosis of an amphicrine tumour, based on the expression of epithelial and neuroendocrine markers in the same cell. The differential diagnosis must be made with collision tumours or with metastasis. The rigorous interpretation of the immunohistochemistry in the malignant cells in an amphicrine tumour is useful in order to distinguish this tumour from other diseases with similar morphological characteristics.
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Humanos , Femenino , Mujeres , Carcinoma , Células , Glándulas Mamarias Humanas , Mama , Anticuerpos Monoclonales , Metástasis de la NeoplasiaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The prevalence of epilepsy added to inadequate treatment results in chronic morbidity and considerable mortality in poor populations. Neurocysticercosis (NCC), a helminthic disease of the central nervous system, is a leading cause of seizures and epilepsy in most of the world. METHODS: Taking advantage of a cysticercosis elimination program, we performed two community-based cross-sectional studies between 2006 and 2007 in 58 rural communities (population 20,610) to assess the prevalence and characteristics of epilepsy and epileptic seizures in this endemic region. Serological and computed tomography (CT) data in individuals with epilepsy were compared to previous surveys in general population from the same region. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In two surveys, 17,450 individuals were evaluated. Lifetime prevalence of epilepsy was 17.25/1000, and prevalence of active epilepsy was 10.8/1000 inhabitants. The prevalence of epilepsy increased after age 25 years and dropped after age 45. Only 24% (45/188) of patients with active epilepsy were taking antiepileptic drugs, all at sub-therapeutic doses. Antibodies to cysticercosis were found in approximately 40% of individuals with epilepsy in both studies. In one survey only individuals presenting strong antibody reactions were significantly associated with having epilepsy (OR 5.74; p<0.001). In the second, the seroprevalence as well as the proportion presenting strong antibody reactions were both significantly higher in individuals with epilepsy (OR 2.2 and 4.33, respectively). Brain CT showed NCC-compatible images in 109/282 individuals with epilepsy (39%). All individuals with viable parasites on CT were seropositive. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of epilepsy in this cysticercosis endemic region is high and NCC is an important contributor to it.
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Epilepsia/epidemiología , Neurocisticercosis/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios Transversales , Enfermedades Endémicas , Epilepsia/etiología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neurocisticercosis/complicaciones , Perú/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Población Rural , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The anaplastic ganglioglioma (AG) is the high-grade counterpart of ganglioglioma, a rare mixed tumor composed of neuronal/ganglion and glial cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We describe the histopathology and immunohistochemistry in 7 cases of AG and correlate them with the clinical and radiological features. RESULTS: Our AG patients correspond to 2.5% of the central nervous system tumor patients evaluated in our institution. The mean age at presentation was 25.7 years, with a male predominance. The most common clinical presentation was generalized tonic-clonic seizures (3/7 cases), in correlation with frequent cortical/subcortical location (6/7 cases). Histopathologically, all our cases showed high-grade features in glial (glial fibrillary acid protein-positive) and neuron-ganglion cells (synaptophysin, PGP-9.5, neurofilament, NSE and CD56-positive), as well as moderate cellularity, frequent mitotic figures and a Ki-67 labeling index >5%. All our patients had poor survival. CONCLUSION: We found that a typical histopathological and immunohistochemical profile is constant and can be useful in early diagnosis of these aggressive neoplasms.
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Neoplasias Encefálicas/patología , Ganglioglioma/patología , Adulto , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Masculino , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most highly aggressive neoplasms of the central nervous system. Extra-cranial metastases in GBM are rare. Here we present the case of a 26-year-old man with extra-cranial metastasis of a frontal lobe GBM to the parotid gland, cervical lymph nodes, and bones, with initial diagnosis made by fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of the parotid gland. FNAC is a reliable technique in the study of primary and secondary parotid gland neoplasms, allowing a presumptive diagnosis in difficult cases. We correlate the cytologic, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical findings in this case and discuss previous literature reports.
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Neoplasias Encefálicas/patología , Glioblastoma/secundario , Neoplasias de la Parótida/secundario , Adulto , Biopsia con Aguja Fina , Neoplasias Óseas/secundario , Citodiagnóstico , Humanos , Metástasis Linfática/patología , Masculino , Neoplasias de la Parótida/cirugíaRESUMEN
Introducción. La colecistectomía ha sido objeto de varios estudios clínicos y de costos a nivelmundial. Objetivo. Evaluar el costo-efectividad de la colecistectomía abierta y de la laparoscópica desde laperspectiva del tercer pagador. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio de costo-efectividad en dos hospitales de Bogotá. Se obtuvieron los datos de efectividad de las cirugías a partir de un estudio de cohortes, y se obtuvo enforma retrospectiva el tipo de colecistectomía y en forma prospectiva, el resultado. Se incluyeron 376 pacientes intervenidos por colecistitis o litiasis de mayo de 2005 a junio de 2006; 156 pacientes fueron intervenidos por colecistectomía abierta y 220 por laparoscopia. Los resultados que se analizaron fueron los siguientes: frecuencia de complicaciones, estancia hospitalaria, reincorporación a las labores cotidianas y duración de la cirugía. Los costos se recolectaron según el tipo de estudio económico y sólo se incluyeron los costos directos. Posteriormente, se planteó un estudio de costo-efectividad a un año desde la perspectiva del tercer pagador; se propuso un modelo de árbol de decisiones y se calcularon las razones de incremento de costo-efectividad para cada uno de los desenlaces propuestos. Resultados. Los resultados de la colecistectomía abierta frente a la laparoscópica fueron: OR ajustado de complicaciones: 2,02 (IC95% 0,94-4,37); conversión quirúrgica (tasa): 3,2%; estancia: 2,2 Vs. 1,6,p=0,003; reincorporación a cotidianidad: 32,5 Vs. 9,6, p<0,001; duración quirúrgica: 22 minutos (p<0,001) menor en la colecistectomía abierta; desde la perspectiva del tercer pagador, costo promedio: US$995 Vs. US$ 1.048; incremento del costo-efectividad: US$ 7,4 favoreciendo la laparoscópica; desde la perspectiva paciente, costo promedio: US$ 53.2 Vs. US$ 104,8; incremento del costo-efectividad: US$-7.3 favoreciendo la laparoscópica; cero mortalidad. La variable que más impactó tiene en la toma de decisiones en términos de costos es el costo del procedimiento quirúrgico. Conclusiones. Hubo mayor estancia hospitalaria en la colecistectomía abierta frente a la mayor duración quirúrgica en la laparoscópica; en el costo directo de la laparoscópica: menor para IPS y pacientes; y en costo-efectividad equiparable para ambos procedimientos.
Introduction. Cholecystectomy has been the subject of several clinical and cost comparison studies. Objective. The results of open or laparoscopy cholecystectomy were compared in terms of cost and effectiveness from the perspective of health care institutions and from that of the patients. Materials and methods. The cost-effectiveness study was undertaken at two university hospitals in Bogotá, Colombia. The approach was to select the type of cholecystectomy retrospectively and then assess the result prospectively. The cost analysis used the combined approach of micro-costs and daily average cost. Patient resource consumption was gathered from the time of surgery room entry to time of discharge. A sample of 376 patients with cholelithiasis/cystitis (May 2005-June 2006) was selected--156 underwent open cholecystectomy and 220 underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The following data were tabulated: (1) frequency of complications and mortality, post-surgical hospital stay, (2) reincorporation to daily activities, (3) surgery duration, (4) direct medical costs, (5) costs to the patient, and (6) mean and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. Results. Frequency of complications was 13.5% for open cholecystectomy and 6.4% for laparoscopic cholecystectomy (p=0.02); hospital stay was longer in open cholecystectomy than in laparoscopic cholecystectomy (p=0.003) as well as the reincorporation to daily activities reported by the patients (p<0.001). The duration of open cholecystectomy was 22 min longer than laparoscopic cholecystectomy (p<0.001). The average cost of laparoscopic cholecystectomy was lower than open cholecystectomyand laparoscopic cholecystectomy was more cost-effective than open cholecystectomy (US$ 995 vs. US$ 1,048, respectively). The patient out-of-pocket expenses were greater in open cholecystectomy compared to laparoscopic cholecystectomy (p=0.015). Mortality was zero. Conclusions: The open laparoscopy procedure was associated with longer hospital stays, where asthe cholecystectomy procedure required a longer surgical duration. The direct cost of the latter was lower for both for the health care institution and patients. The cost-effectiveness for both procedures was comparable.
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Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Colecistectomía/economía , Análisis Costo-Beneficio , Colecistectomía Laparoscópica/economía , Estudios Prospectivos , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
Los tumores del estroma gastrointestinal GIST, se originan en la pared del tracto digestivo desde el esófago al ano. Aproximadamente 25% de los GIST gástricos son clínicamente malignos y desarrollan metástasis principalmente al hígado, menos comúnmente a tejidos blandos y hueso. Se presenta el caso de un paciente con GIST gástrico y metástasis al hígado e inusualmente al cráneo.
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) originate in the wall of the digestive tract from the esophagus to the anus. Approximately 25% of gastric GISTs are clinically malignant. Most often they metastasize to the liver, less commonly to soft tissues and bone. The clinical case of a patient with a gastric GIST, liver and unusual cranial metastasis is presented.
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Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Neoplasias Craneales , Inmunohistoquímica , Tumores del Estroma GastrointestinalRESUMEN
Spindle cell oncocytoma of the adenohypophysis (SCO) is defined as spindle to epithelioid cells with oncocytic appearance presenting in the adenohypophysis. In contrast to pituitary adenomas, the SCO does not show immunoreactivity for neuroendocrine markers and pituitary hormones but co-expressed vimentin, S-100 protein, epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), and antimitochondrial antibody MU213-UC clone 131-1. We describe an SCO in an adult, a 42-year-old woman whose magnetic resonance (MR) images documented an intrasellar lesion located in the hypophysis. Histopathological examination showed a tumor composed predominantly of spindle cells. Immunohistochemical studies showed positivity for vimentin, S10, EMA, and antimitochondrial antibody MU213-UC clone 131. Cytokeratin (CK) (AE1/AE3), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), chromogranin, synaptophysin, PGP9.5, CD57, desmin, D2-40, smooth muscle actin (SMA), Bcl-2, progesterone receptor, and CD34 were negative. Neuropeptides were negative. With electron microscopy, the neoplastic cells appear filled with mitochondria, well-formed desmosomes, but lacked secretory granules. SPO is a rare non-endocrine neoplasm of the adenohypophysis with benign biological behavior corresponding to WHO grade I.
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Adenoma Oxifílico/patología , Adenohipófisis/patología , Neoplasias Hipofisarias/patología , Adulto , Femenino , HumanosRESUMEN
Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) was first described in the pleura by Lietaud in 1767; later in 1870, Wagner described the localized nature of this type of tumor and Klemperer and Rabin classified pleural tumors into two types: diffuse mesotheliomas and localized mesotheliomas. Recent years have seen the redefinition of this neoplasm, due to better technology; it is now proven that this neoplasm may have multiple different extrapleural origins including the head and neck regions. This diversity of locations is related to the particular mesenchymal histogenesis of SFT which allows its development from very unusual sites such as the salivary glands (SGs). In this particular site, this neoplasm is very infrequent and most of reported cases refer to benign disease, with just one case informed so far of primary malignant SFT.
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Hemangiopericitoma/secundario , Neoplasias Pulmonares/secundario , Neoplasias de la Parótida/patología , Tumores Fibrosos Solitarios/secundario , Anciano , Biomarcadores de Tumor/análisis , Femenino , Hemangiopericitoma/química , Hemangiopericitoma/diagnóstico , Hemangiopericitoma/diagnóstico por imagen , Hemangiopericitoma/patología , Hemangiopericitoma/cirugía , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/diagnóstico por imagen , Proteínas de Neoplasias/análisis , Neoplasias de la Parótida/química , Neoplasias de la Parótida/diagnóstico , Neoplasias de la Parótida/cirugía , Tumores Fibrosos Solitarios/química , Tumores Fibrosos Solitarios/diagnóstico , Tumores Fibrosos Solitarios/diagnóstico por imagen , Tumores Fibrosos Solitarios/patología , Tumores Fibrosos Solitarios/cirugía , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos XRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Neoplasms originating from the urachus are rare. The most common urachal malignancy is adenocarcinoma, whereas extragonadal germ cell tumors, primarily of the urachus, are an extremely rare finding. OBJECTIVE: To describe a primary yolk sac tumor (YST) of the urachus in an adult. CASE REPORT: A 44-year-old woman presented with 6 months of pelvic pain associated with a sensation of progressive mass growth. At the time of tumor resection, the tumor was found to be attached by a pedicle to the dome of the bladder, with no injury to the adjacent organs. Pathological study showed a neoplasm with epithelioid cells, pseudocysts, a myxomatous background, and Schiller-Duval body formations. Immunohistochemistry stains showed positivity to AE1/AE3, α-1-fetoprotein, and α-1-antitrypsin and negativity to other markers. CONCLUSION: An unusual case of a YST in the urachus is presented. This is the first reported adult case based on the authors' bibliographic search.
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Tumor del Seno Endodérmico/patología , Uraco/patología , Adulto , Biomarcadores de Tumor/análisis , Tumor del Seno Endodérmico/metabolismo , Femenino , Humanos , InmunohistoquímicaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Cholecystectomy has been the subject of several clinical and cost comparison studies. OBJECTIVE: The results of open or laparoscopy cholecystectomy were compared in terms of cost and effectiveness from the perspective of health care institutions and from that of the patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The cost-effectiveness study was undertaken at two university hospitals in Bogotá, Colombia. The approach was to select the type of cholecystectomy retrospectively and then assess the result prospectively. The cost analysis used the combined approach of micro-costs and daily average cost. Patient resource consumption was gathered from the time of surgery room entry to time of discharge. A sample of 376 patients with cholelithiasis/cystitis (May 2005-June 2006) was selected--156 underwent open cholecystectomy and 220 underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The following data were tabulated: (1) frequency of complications and mortality, post-surgical hospital stay, (2) reincorporation to daily activities, (3) surgery duration, (4) direct medical costs, (5) costs to the patient, and (6) mean and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. RESULTS: Frequency of complications was 13.5% for open cholecystectomy and 6.4% for laparoscopic cholecystectomy (p=0.02); hospital stay was longer in open cholecystectomy than in laparoscopic cholecystectomy (p=0.003) as well as the reincorporation to daily activities reported by the patients (p<0.001). The duration of open cholecystectomy was 22 min longer than laparoscopic cholecystectomy (p<0.001). The average cost of laparoscopic cholecystectomy was lower than open cholecystectomy and laparoscopic cholecystectomy was more cost-effective than open cholecystectomy (US$ 995 vs. US$ 1,048, respectively). The patient out-of-pocket expenses were greater in open cholecystectomy compared to laparoscopic cholecystectomy (p=0.015). Mortality was zero. CONCLUSIONS: The open laparoscopy procedure was associated with longer hospital stays, where as the cholecystectomy procedure required a longer surgical duration. The direct cost of the latter was lower for both for the health care institution and patients. The cost-effectiveness for both procedures was comparable.
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Colecistectomía/economía , Colecistectomía Laparoscópica/economía , Análisis Costo-Beneficio , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Prospectivos , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
La infección urinaria es frecuente durante el embarazo; la Escherichia coli es el patógeno más común, seguido por Klebsiella pneumoniae, diferentes tipos de Enterobacter, estreptococos y estafilococos. La ampicilina ha sido ampliamente usada como primera elección, sin embargo, la resistencia bacteriana a este antibiótico es alta. Objetivo: determinar el perfil de resistencia microbiana para los gérmenes más frecuentemente implicados en la infección de vías urinarias durante el embarazo. Metodología: se estudiaron los resultados de urocultivo y antibiograma realizados a mujeres embarazadas, en un periodo de 15 meses desde enero de 2004 hasta abril de 2005. Resultados: un total de 45 pacientes tuvieron urocultivo positivo. El germen más frecuentemente aislado fue Escherichia Coli eun un 64 por ciento, seguido de Klebsiella pneumoniae, con un porcentaje de resistencia de Escherichia Coli a la ampicilina del 82 por ciento y a la gentamicina del 3 por ciento.