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Alternative splicing as a mean to control gene expression and diversify function is suspected to considerably influence drug response and clearance. We report the quantitative expression profiles of the human UGT genes including alternatively spliced variants not previously annotated established by deep RNA-sequencing in tissues of pharmacological importance. We reveal a comprehensive quantification of the alternative UGT transcriptome that differ across tissues and among individuals. Alternative transcripts that comprise novel in-frame sequences associated or not with truncations of the 5'- and/or 3'- termini, significantly contribute to the total expression levels of each UGT1 and UGT2 gene averaging 21% in normal tissues, with expression of UGT2 variants surpassing those of UGT1. Quantitative data expose preferential tissue expression patterns and remodeling in favor of alternative variants upon tumorigenesis. These complex alternative splicing programs have the strong potential to contribute to interindividual variability in drug metabolism in addition to diversify the UGT proteome.

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La piel es uno de los órganos importantes que con mayor frecuencia sufre estrés oxidativo por la radiación ultravioleta (UV), proveniente de la radiación solar, por su longitud de onda se clasifica en: UVA, UVB, y UVC. La UVB es la que mayor daño biológico produce en la piel causando estrés oxidativo, el cual se da por una excesiva producción de Especies Reactivas del Oxígeno (ERO's) y su corrección está mediado por diferentes mecanismos enzimáticos endógenos como: Superóxido Dismutasa (SOD), Glutatión Peroxidasa (GPX), Catalasa y sistemas exógenos no enzimáticos como la vitamina E y la vitamina C. Los ERO's causan daños como oxidación de proteínas, ADN y lípidos, dando como consecuencia múltiples fenómenos inflamatorios, cáncer, inmunosupresión, daños celulares y estructurales. Para la realización de este artículo se hizo una revisión sistemática en bases de datos bibliográficas (PubMed/MEDLINE, Science) y a través de internet en revistas públicas, se definieron criterios de inclusión y exclusión (afecciones de la piel provocadas por la exposición de luz UV, ERO´s, antioxidantes) y un conjunto de variables para analizar las características de los artículos seleccionados como Respuesta celular en piel producida por exposiciones a la luz solar. Es importante estar actualizado en estos mecanismos, por el aumento del número de personas que se exponen a diario a la luz solar

The skin is one of the most important organs can undergo oxidative stress by ultraviolet radiation (UV), this come from solar ultraviolet radiation and is classified by its wavelength: UVA, UVB, and UVC. It is UV-B that causes greater biological damage to the skin causing oxidative stress, which occurs by excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS's) and its correction is mediated by different mechanisms such as endogenous enzyme; Superoxidedismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase and exogenous systems non-enzymatic include vitamin E, vitamin C. The ROS's cause oxidative damage to proteins, DNA, and lipids, giving due multiple inflammatory phenomena, cancer, immunosuppression and structural and damage cells. We performed a systematic review in bibliographic databases (PubMed / MEDLINE, Science) and through internet in public journals, Inclusion and exclusion criteria (skin disorder caused by exposure to UV light, ROS's, antioxidants) and a set of variables were defined to analyze the characteristics of selected items as skin cell response by exposure to sunlight. It is Important to be updated on these mechanisms by increasing the number of people who are exposed daily to sunlight

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In Colombia, dengue has been a target for public health interventions since the 1950s, with inadequate results. Furthermore, during the last few years in Colombia, the reported cases of dengue have increased. The social and cultural realities of the disease has been shown to be important and has not been considered when creating and implementing prevention and control programs. The paper draws on qualitative research of low- and high-income communities in the vicinity of Villaviecencio, South East Colombia to describe changing practices and direction of dengue prevention and control. It can be clearly observed from individuals' therapeutic itineraries and their perception of disease that public policies advertised in booklets and flyers and on television differ radically from people's everyday reality. This difference influences the success or failure of these policies.

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Many therapists are unsure of how to respond to reports of sexual abuse of patients by previous therapists. The results of strategies developed in Minnesota and other jurisdictions suggest ways to handle the reporting, management, and rehabilitation of offenders in therapist-patient sexual abuse cases.

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State legislators and mental health professionals in Minnesota have been active in developing strategies to improve reporting, management, and rehabilitation of sexually exploitive therapists. In 1985 and 1986, the legislature criminalized sexual contact by a therapist with a current or emotionally dependent former patient, established sexual exploitation by a therapist as a statutory cause of action, and required that all licensed health professionals report to the Board of Medical Examiners any physician who engages in sexual or sexually suggestive contact with a patient. The Walk-In Counseling Center, a nonprofit agency in Minneapolis, has taken an active role in evaluating exploitive therapists for licensing boards and employers to determine their rehabilitation potential. Mental health professionals and lawmakers have also collaborated in the development of strategies for preventing sexual exploitation and abuse by therapists.

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In a national survey of PGY-4 psychiatric residents, 4.9% of the 548 respondents indicated that they had been sexually involved with psychiatric educators and 0.9% reported that they had been sexually involved with patients. Most residents reported no or minimal instruction in their residency programs about educator-resident and resident-patient sexual contact. The authors compare these results with those from previous surveys of psychologists. They discuss the need for expanding training curricula to include specific education on sexual exploitation.

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In a national random-sample survey of 1,423 practicing psychiatrists, the overwhelming majority of the respondents (98%) said that therapist-patient sexual contact is always inappropriate and usually harmful to the patient. However, 29.6% said that such contact after termination of therapy might sometimes be acceptable. Psychiatrists who acknowledged having had sexual contact with one or more patients (N = 84) differed markedly from their peers in their attitudes. The majority (74%) of these offenders believed that sexual contact could be appropriate after termination; many apparently rationalized their behavior in this manner. The authors discuss the need for systematic professional education on the subject.

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In a nationwide survey of U.S. psychiatrists, 7.1% (N = 1,057) of the male and 3.1% (N = 257) of the female respondents acknowledged sexual contact with their own patients. Eighty-eight percent of the sexual contacts occurred between male psychiatrists and female patients. All offenders who had been involved with more than one patient were male. Forty-one percent of the offending psychiatrists sought consultation because of their sexual involvement with patients. The authors compare these results with those of previous surveys of psychiatrists and psychologists and discuss the need for addressing this problem within the psychiatric profession.

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The records of 76 bipolar (DSM-III) patients were reviewed for a history of previous misdiagnosis of schizophrenia. Multivariate analyses identified three variables significantly associated with previous misdiagnosis--auditory hallucinations, early age at onset, and ethnicity. Ethnicity remained significantly associated with misdiagnosis of bipolar patients as schizophrenic even after all other significant variables were partialled out of the equation. It appears from these data that black and Hispanic (Puerto Rican) bipolar patients may be at a higher risk than whites for misdiagnosis as schizophrenic, particularly if they are young and experience auditory hallucinations during affective episodes.

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We examined 153 psychiatric outpatients, on a maintenance regimen of neuroleptics, for tardive dyskinesia (TD) and parkinsonism. Demographic, clinical, and drug history data were collected to assess whether any of these factors were significantly associated with TD. After initial univariate screening, significant variables were analyzed by multivariate statistical methods. Tardive dyskinesia was significantly associated with the use of high-potency or high-dosage neuroleptics and depot fluphenazine, whereas low-potency neuroleptics were negatively correlated with moderate TD. Age, but not sex, correlated significantly with TD, as did histories of incoherence, grandiose delusions, and teeth or denture problems. Parkinsonism and TD were strongly associated. Although the prevalence of TD was quite high, there were no severe involvements of any of the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale body areas.

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In an adult outpatient department of a hospital serving a severely disadvantaged population, coffee groups have become an effective means of treating chronic, treatment-resistant patients and reinforcing their compliance with medication regimens. In dealing with the patients, many of whom have problems communicating needs and information, the therapists have developed such approaches as using concrete language, recognizing that many patients use medication transactions to reflect dissatisfaction with changes in group routine, anticipating common problems related to medication, and at times accepting patients' idiosyncratic chemotherapeutic preferences. Important elements of the coffee groups are the caring attitude of the co-therapists, a nonpressured atmosphere, and the presence of a familiar peer group.

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Economically disadvantaged and minority patients often are viewed as being reluctant to use outpatient mental health services, especially psychoanalytically oriented ones. They are also believed to have high rates of dropout from treatment. A community mental health center in New York City's Spanish Harlem studied its clientele over a year and found that center usage and client outcome were unrelated to social, ethnic, or cultural factors, but depended on clinical considerations. A small percentage of the patients consumed more than half of the center's services over the study period. A very low initial dropout rate also was noted. The authors found no significant evidence of the so-called "machismo" effect among Hispanic males that would reduce their participation in mental health services.

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