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Background: Significant bacteriuria is commonly reported in pregnancy which greatly predisposes pregnant women to urinary tract infection (UTI), one of the commonest health challenges in pregnancy worldwide especially in developing countries such as Nigeria. The objectives of this study are to determine the prevalence of and factors associated with significant bacteriuria among pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic (ANC) of Adeoyo Maternity Hospital, Yemetu, Ibadan, Nigeria, as well as determine the bacterial aetiology and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the isolates. Methodology: This is a laboratory-based cross-sectional study of 206 pregnant women between the ages of 15 and 47 years attending the ANC of the hospital, selected by simple random sampling method. Demographic and clinical data were obtained from the subjects using a structured questionnaire. Clean-catch specimen of mid-stream voided urine was collected from each subject participant. Urine samples were processed for culture and isolation of significant bacterial pathogens using standard bacteriological methods, and isolates identified to species level by the combination of colony morphology, Gram reaction, conventional biochemical tests and Analytical Profile Index (API) 20E test kits. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of the isolates to selected antibiotics was performed using the disk diffusion method. Results: The prevalence of significant bacteriuria in the study population was 8.7% (18/206), with 27.8% (5/18) symptomatic and 72.2% (13/18) asymptomatic. All isolated bacteria were Gram-negative with the most frequent being Escherichia coli 9 (50.0%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae 6 (33.3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1 (5.6%), Acinetobacter haemolyticus 1 (5.6%) and Enterobacter aerogenes 1 (5.6%). The isolates were most sensitive to gentamicin (100%) and nitrofurantoin (94.4%), while they demonstrated highest resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (33.3%). Significant bacteriuria was associated with pyuria (p=0.01) and past history of UTI (p=0.004). Conclusions: The high prevalence of asymptomatic significant bacteriuria in this study necessitates the need for screening and treatment of pregnant women for this entity to prevent the subsequent development of UTI that may have grave consequences on pregnancy outcome.
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Humanos , Embarazo , Bacteriuria , Infecciones Urinarias , Mujeres Embarazadas , NigeriaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Patients admitted into the intensive care unit (ICU) usually have impaired immunity and are therefore at high risk of acquiring hospital associated infections. Infections caused by multidrug resistant organisms now constitute a major problem, limiting the choice of antimicrobial therapy. OBJECTIVES: This study was aimed at determining the antimicrobial resistance pattern of pathogens causing ICU infections in University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan, Nigeria. The aetiological agents, prevalence and types ICU infections were also determined. METHODS: One year hospital associated infections surveillance was conducted in the ICU of UCH, Ibadan. Blood, urine, tracheal aspirate and wound biopsies specimens were collected under strict asepsis and sent to the Medical Microbiology laboratory of the same institution for immediate processing. All pathogens were isolated and identified by standard microbiological methods. Disk diffusion antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed and interpreted according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of ICU infections was 30.9% out of which 12.9% were bloodstream infections, 31.5% urinary tract infections, 38.9% pneumonia, and 16.7% skin and soft tissue infections. Klebsiella species andEscherichia coli were the predominant pathogens. Multidrug resistant organisms constituted 59.3% of the pathogens, MDR Klebsiella spp and MDR E. coli were 70.8% and 71.4% respectively. Resistance to Cefuroxime was the highest (92.9%) while Meropenem had the least resistance (21.4%). CONCLUSION: There is a high prevalence of multidrug resistant bacteria causing ICU infections. Application of more stringent infection control procedures and institution of functional antimicrobial stewardship are recommended to combat this problem.
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BACKGROUND: Initial antibiotic therapy in upper and lower respiratory tract infections is usually empirical. However, the decreasing susceptibility of respiratory pathogens to antibacterials have raised concerns about the decreasing efficacy of currently available antibiotics. OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to compare the efficacy and safety of cefixime and ciprofloxacin in the empirical treatment of community-acquired pneumonia among adult Nigerian patients in Ibadan. METHOD: This was an open-labelled, randomized, parallel-group study of seventy-three (73) radiologically and bacteriologically confirmed adult cases of community-acquired pneumonia, between July 1 and September 31, 2011 at two health care facilities in Ibadan, Nigeria. All of these patients had severity index (CURB 65) scores of either 1 or 2. They were treated with either Cefixime, 400mg twice daily or Ciprofloxacin 500mg twice daily for 14 days. They were evaluated four times during the course of their treatment for clinical responses, radiological and bacteriological clearances and safety of therapy. RESULTS: There were 39 (53.4%) patients in the Cefixime group and 34(46.6%) in Ciprofloxacin group. On day 7, patients on cefixime had a statistically significant lower temperature than patients on ciprofloxacin (P<0.01). By day 14, only 10.3% of patients in cefixime group still had persistent residual radiological changes compared to 38.2% in the ciprofloxacin group (P < 0.01). Bacteria cure was obtained in 96% of the patients in the cefixime group and 83% in the ciprofloxacin group. CONCLUSION: Cefixime was found to be superior to ciprofloxacin in terms of efficacy in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in adults in Nigeria. However, both antibiotics were well-tolerated by all the patients as there were no reports or documentation of adverse events.
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BACKGROUND: Studies relating the baseline characteristics of patients with community-acquired pneumonia and the bacterial etiological agents to the mortality of the disease are scanty in our environment. This study therefore aimed at determining the contribution of the baseline characteristics of patients with community-acquired pneumonia, the bacterial etiological agents to the mortality in our environment. METHODS: Data of patients with community-acquired pneumonia were retrieved and the effects of these on mortality were studied retrospectively. These data included age, gender, occupations, marital status, smoking, severity assessment using CURB 65 score, alcohol use, sources of referral, and bacterial etiological agents. These were subjected to statistical analysis using the SPSS version 15. RESULTS: The age groups with the highest mortality frequencies were those below 30 years (41.1%) and above 60 years (29.4%). Marital status, gender of patients, use of alcohol and smoking did not seem to affect the mortality rates. Eight patients had concomitant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and four died (50.0%) while 12 patients had bronchial asthma, none of whom died. Patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections had the highest mortality rates (5.9% and 17.6%) in cases of single and multiple pathogens respectively. None of the patients had severity score documented on admission. CONCLUSION: This is a preliminary study and further studies are necessary to determine the relationship of smoking, alcohol and etiological agents to mortality in community-acquired pneumonia using a larger population as study size.
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Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/epidemiología , Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas , Neumonía Bacteriana , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/aislamiento & purificación , Fumar/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Niño , Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas/diagnóstico , Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas/microbiología , Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas/mortalidad , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Mortalidad , Nigeria/epidemiología , Neumonía Bacteriana/diagnóstico , Neumonía Bacteriana/microbiología , Neumonía Bacteriana/mortalidad , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Factores SocioeconómicosRESUMEN
Recent studies suggest that the epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is changing and it is no longer only hospital-acquired but may also be community-acquired. Community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) strains are emerging threats and are becoming important public health problem because they have been associated with high morbidity and mortality in the community. This review aims at highlighting the characteristics of these emergent strains of Staphylococcus aureus with a view to better management and control. The review, which consists of literature search of journals and chapters in books, provides an insight to the emergence of strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the community. It focuses on the changing epidemiology, molecular basis of resistance, pathogenesis, laboratory investigations and treatment of infections caused by these new strains. It is interesting to note that as a result of the emergence of these strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the community, the treatment options for MRSA is changing. This is due to the fact that these community strains have unique combinations of resistance traits and virulence factors which have enhanced their ability for colonization and pathogenesis. Their emergence in the community heralds a need for new approaches to the management of both suspected and confirmed staphylococcal infections. Since CA-MRSA constitutes a public health problem, there should be increased vigilance in the diagnosis and management of suspected and confirmed staphylococcal infections.
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Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas , Resistencia a la Meticilina/genética , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente a Meticilina , Infecciones Estafilocócicas , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas/epidemiología , Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas/microbiología , Humanos , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente a Meticilina/efectos de los fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente a Meticilina/aislamiento & purificación , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente a Meticilina/patogenicidad , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Prevalencia , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/epidemiología , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/microbiología , VirulenciaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Various studies have indicated Escherichia coli to be the most prevalent pathogen isolated in urine specimens. OBJECTIVES: This study was therefore conducted to find out whether the same holds in this environment. The study will also determine the resistance pattern of uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates to available antibiotics. METHODS: Two hundred consecutive urine samples collected from patients with clinical diagnosis of urinary tract infections (UTI) and which have significant bacteriuria were included in this study. These were analysed using standard bacteriological techniques. Escherichia coli isolated from the urine specimens were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing because many cases of resistance to commonly available antibiotics here have been encountered in the course of management of patients with UTI. RESULTS: Klebsiella species (40%) were found to be the most prevalent uropathogen in this environment, followed by E. coli (25%), Staphylococcus aureus (25%), Proteus species (4%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2.5%), and Enterococcus faecalis (3.5%). Resistance of E. coli to antibiotics commonly used in our environment for UTI, namely, amoxicillin/ clavulanate, cotrimoxazole and amoxicillin were 100% each. Resistance rates to other antibiotics such as ofloxacin, gentamycin, nalidixic acid and tetracycline were 70%, 92%, 96% and 88% respectively. CONCLUSION: The high antibiotic resistance rates recorded in this study therefore calls for urgent review of existing and implementation of effective antibiotic policy in this community.
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Antibacterianos/farmacología , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones Urinarias/tratamiento farmacológico , Escherichia coli Uropatógena/efectos de los fármacos , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribución por Edad , Anciano , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/microbiología , Femenino , Hospitales de Enseñanza , Humanos , Masculino , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Persona de Mediana Edad , Nigeria/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Distribución por Sexo , Infecciones Urinarias/diagnóstico , Infecciones Urinarias/microbiología , Escherichia coli Uropatógena/aislamiento & purificación , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Despite the huge burden of tuberculosis (TB) in Nigeria, case detection rate of infectious cases still remain low, thus constituting obstacle to eradication of the disease in the community. We carried out a 15 month (1st January 2008 to 30th March 2009) retrospective review of epidemiology of clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis isolated at TB regional reference laboratory at the department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. Fifty isolates were recovered from 720 specimens during the period of study with a recovery rate of 6.9%. Sixty- two (8.6%) of the specimens were contaminated. Thirty eight (76.0%) isolates were from the specimens of male subjects and 12 (24.0%) from female subjects giving a male to female ratio of 3.2: 1.0 Majority (62.0%) of the isolates were from subjects aged 20 years and above with an isolation rate of 7.3% while only two clinical isolates (4.0%) were recovered from specimens from children. A high yield of 20.8% was recovered from specimen collected from Hausa ethnic group who predominantly domiciled in a particular part of the metropolis. In terms of socio-economic status, clinical isolates recovered from specimens from unskilled workers (76.0%) was more than thrice from that obtained from the professionals (24.0%). Seven (14.0%) of the total isolates were recovered from extra-pulmonary lesions while the majority 43 (86.0%) were for pulmonary TB. The isolation rate from children and extra-pulmonary sites are low. This suggests a need to pay more attention to diagnosis of childhood and extra-pulmonary TB in Ibadan, Nigeria.
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculosis Pulmonar , Humanos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/aislamiento & purificación , Nigeria/epidemiología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Tuberculosis , Tuberculosis Pulmonar/diagnósticoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: In bacterial conjunctivitis, clinical presentations are not diagnostic of the causative agent, therefore, microbiological analysis is mandatory for specific treatment option. This study was undertaken to determine the microbiology profile of bacterial conjunctivitis in our environment. METHODOLOGY: This is a laboratory-based study carried out in the Medical Microbiology Laboratory of University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. Conjunctival swabs collected from 365 patients with clinically diagnosed conjunctivitis, were analysed by standard bacteriological methods. RESULTS: Bacterial pathogens were detected in 342 (93.7%) conjunctival samples while 23(6.3%) were sterile. Of the pathogens, 256 (74.9%) were Staphylococcus aureus, 35(10.2%) Coagulase- negative staphylococci, 22 (6.4%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa , 11(3.2%) Escherichia coli, 7(2.1%) Klebsiella species, 5(1.5%) Streptococcus pneumoniae , 4(1.2%) Haemophilus influenzae, 1(0.3%) Proteus mirabilis, and 1(0.3%)Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The highest rate of conjunctivitis 96(26.3%) was found among infants and children (0-10years).Resistance rates to most of the tested antibiotics were high. However, 67% of them were susceptible to ceftriaxone while only 39.2% were susceptible to chloramphenicol. CONCLUSION: This study has recorded high antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens of conjunctivitis in this environment; therefore, determining the susceptibility pattern of these pathogens to available antibiotics is crucial to effective management of bacterial conjunctivitis.
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Previous studies done on wound infections in this environment had been mostly on the surgical variety rather than the non-surgical. However,few studies available on the non-surgical type have indicated that changes do occur in the pattern and antibiogram of the bacterial isolates of these non-surgical wound infections. This study was therefore designed to investigate the bacteriology of non-surgical wound infections in this environment. A retrospective review of seven hundred and fifty four cases of non-surgical wound infections was conducted between September 2002 and February 2005 at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. A total number of 871 bacterial, and seven fungal isolates were obtained from these wound cultures. In 477 (70.3%) cases, cultures were monomicrobial and 202 (29.8%) polymicrobial. Staphylococcus aureus (38%) was the predominant pathogen, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18.7%), Klebsiella species (17%), Escherichia coli (10.6%), Proteus species (7.4%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (4.4%), Streptococcus species (1.6%), Enterococcus faecalis (1.4%), and Candida albicans (0.8%). High rates of antibiotic resistance were recorded among these isolates. 53.4% of them were sensitive to ceftriaxone, 42.5% to gentamycin and 39.3% to ofloxacin. This high antibiotic resistance gives credence to the value of determining the antibiogram of these pathogens in their management. Continuous interaction between the wound care practitioners and microbiology department is also advocated.
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Bacterias/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones Bacterianas/microbiología , Infección de Heridas/microbiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Bacterias/efectos de los fármacos , Infecciones Bacterianas/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones Bacterianas/epidemiología , Técnicas Bacteriológicas/métodos , Niño , Preescolar , Recuento de Colonia Microbiana , Femenino , Humanos , Incidencia , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Nigeria/epidemiología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Infección de Heridas/tratamiento farmacológico , Infección de Heridas/epidemiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to determine the bacterial aetiology of lower respiratory tract infections in this environment as well as update the clinicians in the various antimicrobial alternatives available in the treatment. METHODS: Between September 2002 and February 2005, 157 bacterial pathogens from 556 patients with lower respiratory tract infections were isolated from sputum specimens, and subjected to susceptibility testing, using standard bacteriologic techniques. RESULTS: Out of the 556 cases, only 150 (27%) had an established bacterial aetiology. One pathogen was demonstrated in 143 (95.3%) patients and seven (4.7%) had mixed infections. The most prevalent single pathogen was Klebsiella pneumoniae (38%) while the most prevalent bacterial combination was Klebsiella and Pseudomonas species (2%). Isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and ceftriaxone. CONCLUSIONS: Bacteriological diagnosis and antibiotic resistance surveillance are indispensable in the effective management of lower respiratory tract infections.
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Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/microbiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Niño , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Femenino , Humanos , Klebsiella/aislamiento & purificación , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pseudomonas/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Using a qualitative amplified enzyme-linked immunoassay, two hundred and eighty-nine male patients with symptoms and signs suggestive of urethritis were investigated for Chlamydia trachomatis as a cause of non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU). Ninety-one (31.49%) of the 289 male patients investigated had gonococcal urethritis whilst 198 (68.51%) had NGU out of which 112 (56.60%) had chlamydial urethritis and 14 (7.1%) had Trichomonal urethritis. Two (6.7%) of the control subjects had C. trachomatis in their urethral swabs. The difference in the occurrence of C. trachomatis between the patients and the controls was highly statistically significant (P<0.001). The age range of peak incidence among the patients investigated was 20-29 years. Thirteen of the men treated for gonorrhoea still had watery urethral discharge and irritation and were diagnosed as having post-gonococcal urethritis (PGU), eleven (84.6%) of whom had C. trachomatis demonstrated in their urethral swabs. We were able to demonstrate a significant difference in clinical symptoms in men with gonorrhoea and NGU but only a slight difference between men with chlamydia-positive NGU and chlamydia-negative NGU.
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Infecciones por Chlamydia , Chlamydia trachomatis , Uretritis/diagnóstico , Uretritis/microbiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribución por Edad , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Niño , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática/métodos , Gonorrea/diagnóstico , Gonorrea/epidemiología , Gonorrea/microbiología , Hospitales Universitarios , Humanos , Incidencia , Masculino , Estado Civil/estadística & datos numéricos , Tamizaje Masivo/métodos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Nigeria/epidemiología , Vigilancia de la Población , Factores de Riesgo , Parejas Sexuales , Tricomoniasis/diagnóstico , Tricomoniasis/epidemiología , Tricomoniasis/microbiología , Salud Urbana/estadística & datos numéricos , Uretritis/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
This is a prospective study spanning a period of six months where stools of 400 diarrhoeic children and 100 non-diarrhoeic children aged 0-5 years were screened for Aeromonas hydrophila and other enteric pathogens. Out of the 400 diarrhoeic stools only three (0.75%) were positive for Aeromonas hydrophila while none was positive in the control group. No other enteric pathogen was isolated from these positive samples, indicating that Aeromonas hydrophila is responsible for their diarrhoea. Continuous surveillance of this agent of diarrhoea in this environment will further reveal any threat the organism may poise in the nearest future.
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Aeromonas hydrophila/aislamiento & purificación , Diarrea/microbiología , Gastroenteritis/microbiología , Aeromonas hydrophila/efectos de los fármacos , Resistencia a la Ampicilina , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Preescolar , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Nigeria , Estudios ProspectivosRESUMEN
All patients, who presented at the Sexually Transmitted Disease clinic of the University College Hospital, Ibadan, between the period of August 1996 and January 1998 were included in this study. They were examined for genital infections in order to determine the prevalence rate of Human papilloma virus genital infection (genital warts) among them. Out of the 1,373 patients seen in the clinic during the period, 861 (62.71%) had STD while the remaining 512 (37.29%) had other conditions. Out of these 861 cases, 69 (8.01%) had HPV genital infection, while the remaining 792 (91.9%) had other STDS. Of these 69 cases of genital warts, 35 (50.7%) were males while 34 (49.3%) were females. Their ages ranged between 17 and 74 years, with the peak incidence in the 20-29 years age group. 32 (46.4%) had concurrent genital infections with non-gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis 9(13%) constituting the most common type. The highest incidence (36.2%) of this condition was found among petty traders while the lowest was found among the business executives and applicants. In 67 (97%) of these patients, the nature of sexual intercourse was vaginal, while in 1 (1.5%) it was oral and another 1 (1.5%) both vaginal and oral. 26 (37.7%) of the patients had just one sexual partner, while 7 (8.1%) had 2 or more. Only 2 (2.9%) admitted to have had any sexual contact with commercial sex workers. The sites of warts in males include the shaft of the penis, the glans penis, perineum and intrameatum. In females, warts were found in the vulva, vagina, cervix, perineum and perianal regions. 42 (60.9%) of these patients were placed on 20% podophyllin on tincture of benzoin, 17 (24.6%) on cryotherapy and 1 (1.5%) on both. They all did well on the different treatment regimens except for 1 (1.5%) that had to change from podophyllin to cryotherapy when there was no reduction in size. 11 (15.9%) were however lost to follow up.
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Condiloma Acuminado/epidemiología , Papillomaviridae , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribución por Edad , Anciano , Niño , Condiloma Acuminado/diagnóstico , Condiloma Acuminado/terapia , Condiloma Acuminado/virología , Crioterapia , Femenino , Hospitales Universitarios , Humanos , Incidencia , Queratolíticos/uso terapéutico , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Nigeria/epidemiología , Servicio Ambulatorio en Hospital , Podofilino/uso terapéutico , Vigilancia de la Población , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Distribución por Sexo , Conducta Sexual/estadística & datos numéricos , Salud Urbana/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
Genital ulcer disease (GUD) is a risk factor in the transmission of human immuno deficiency virus (HIV). The goal of this study is to estimate proportion, identify risk factors, and improve prevention and control of GUD. This is a retrospective study of 211 cases of GUD seen between 1993 and 1997 in an urban public sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic. Genital ulcers form 7.6% of all STDs seen. Overall, genital herpes was commonest (89 or 42.25%). It was the predominant infection (84 or 44.7%) in the males, while lymphogranuloma venereum (52 or 24.7%) was in females. The peak incidence in both sexes occurred in the 20-29 age group. Males out numbered females by a ratio of 8:1. Most of the patients were single 114 (68.3%) and most 70 or 33.3% were students. Risk markers identified were: casual sex (103 or 53.5%) and multiple sexual partners (77 or 36.5%). Both were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in single patients. Self-treatment, use of multiple drugs and incomplete course of antibiotics were also common. The need to intensify STDS education programmes to all occupational groups and to students in particular is highlighted. Commercial sex workers require periodic education, screening and treatment.
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Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual/epidemiología , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual/microbiología , Úlcera Cutánea/epidemiología , Úlcera Cutánea/microbiología , Salud Urbana/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribución por Edad , Instituciones de Atención Ambulatoria/estadística & datos numéricos , Chancroide/complicaciones , Países en Desarrollo , Femenino , Infecciones por VIH/etiología , Herpes Genital/complicaciones , Humanos , Incidencia , Linfogranuloma Venéreo/complicaciones , Masculino , Estado Civil/estadística & datos numéricos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Evaluación de Necesidades , Nigeria/epidemiología , Prevención Primaria/métodos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Distribución por Sexo , Conducta Sexual/estadística & datos numéricos , Parejas Sexuales , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual/complicaciones , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual/terapia , Úlcera Cutánea/complicaciones , Úlcera Cutánea/terapia , Sífilis/complicacionesAsunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Resistencia a la Meticilina , Staphylococcus aureus/efectos de los fármacos , Infección Hospitalaria/epidemiología , Infección Hospitalaria/microbiología , Humanos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana/estadística & datos numéricos , Nigeria/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/epidemiología , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/microbiologíaRESUMEN
In a study of 188 cases of wound infection seen in the University College Hospital, Ibadan, between December 1994 and April 1995, 78 strains of Staphylococcus aureus were methicilin resistant (MRSA). The disc sensitivity pattern of the MRSA was determined using the method of Kirby et al., and the MICs of common antibacterial agents to the MRSA were determined by agar dilution method. Vancomycin, ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin offered the best effective treatment for MRSA wound infections, and are recommended as reserved drugs while gentamicin and cotrimoxazole are first line drugs.
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Infección Hospitalaria/microbiología , Resistencia a la Meticilina , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/microbiología , Staphylococcus aureus , Infección de Heridas/microbiología , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Recuento de Colonia Microbiana , Infección Hospitalaria/tratamiento farmacológico , Infección Hospitalaria/epidemiología , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Hospitales Universitarios , Humanos , Control de Infecciones , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana/métodos , Nigeria/epidemiología , Selección de Paciente , Vigilancia de la Población , Serotipificación , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/epidemiología , Staphylococcus aureus/clasificación , Salud Urbana , Infección de Heridas/tratamiento farmacológico , Infección de Heridas/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Two hundred and sixty two male patients attending the Special Treatment Clinic (STC) of the University College Hospital, Ibadan between July and December 1989, were examined for Trichomonas vaginalis as a cause of non-gonococcal urethritis using both microscopic and culture methods. Thirteen of the 262 male patients were the sexual partners of trichomonas vaginalis infected women. While 47(17.9) percent of the 262 men investigated had gonococcal urethritis, 215(82.1 percent) had non-gonococcal urethritis out of whom 18(8.4 percent) had trichomonal urethritis. The age range of peak incidence among the patients investigated is 20-29 years. A significant difference (P < 0.001) between the number of male sexual contacts that were positive for trichomoniasis (38 percent) and other male patients included in this study (8.4 percent) was demonstrated. Culture of the samples from the male patients investigated gave the highest proportion (100 percent) of positive results. This indicates the superiority of culture methods over other methods of diagnosing trichomoniasis such as microscopic method routinely used in our centre.
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Tricomoniasis/parasitología , Trichomonas vaginalis/aislamiento & purificación , Uretritis/parasitología , Adolescente , Adulto , Animales , Niño , Técnicas de Laboratorio Clínico , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Nigeria , Parejas Sexuales , Tricomoniasis/diagnóstico , Tricomoniasis/transmisión , Uretritis/diagnósticoRESUMEN
A clinical trial of pefloxacin as a single oral regimen in the treatment of acute uncomplicated gonococcal infection was evaluated in sixty-four male patients with clinical and laboratory diagnosis of gonococcal urethritis using a single dose of 800 mg pefloxacin. Of the 64 men, 59 (92.2%) were infected by (penicillinase producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG) strains, while 5 (7.8%) had non-PPNG strains. The cumulative percentage cure for all infections was 84.4%. Pefloxacin is effective as a single dose therapy for acute gonococcal urethritis in males infected by penicillinase producing and non-penicillinase producing Neisseria gonorrhea in our area of study.
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Antiinfecciosos Urinarios/uso terapéutico , Gonorrea/tratamiento farmacológico , Pefloxacina/uso terapéutico , Uretritis/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedad Aguda , Administración Oral , Adolescente , Adulto , Farmacorresistencia Microbiana , Estudios de Seguimiento , Gonorrea/diagnóstico , Gonorrea/microbiología , Humanos , Masculino , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Persona de Mediana Edad , Nigeria , Penicilinasa , Resultado del Tratamiento , Uretritis/diagnóstico , Uretritis/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Wound swabs from surgical patients were studied from 1989 to 1991 to review the pattern of nosocomial infection in the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. The prevalence rate of nosocomial infection was 4.9%. The ratio of gram-negative to gram-positive organisms in wound infection was 3:1 with klebsiella species and Pseudomonas species emerging as the most important gram-negative organisms. Staphylococcus aureus was the single most prevalent organisms in surgical would infections. Recommendations on control measures are given.