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Social cognition is progressively acquired from childhood to early adulthood. Nevertheless there is a shortage of social cognition scales with normative data for Spanish children and adolescents. Social Attribution Task-Multiple Choice (SAT-MC) and its alternate version SAT-MC-II are social cognition instruments that measure mentalization skills in adults with psychosis. This study aimed to report psycho- metric characteristics and normative data of the Spanish version of SAT-MC and SAT-MC-II in a sample of minors.

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Introducción: La cognición social (CS) se adquiere progresivamente desde la infancia. Sin embargo, hay escasas medidas de CS con datos normativos para niños y adolescentesen España. La escala Social Attribution Task-Multiple Choice(SAT-MC) y su versión paralela SAT-MC-II son instrumentosde CS que miden mentalización en adultos con psicosis. Elpropósito de este estudio es mostrar las características psicométricas y datos normativos de la versión española del SATMC y SAT-MC-II en una muestra de menores.Metodología. Un total de 511 estudiantes de 8 a 15 añosparticiparon voluntariamente en el estudio. Las escalas SATMC y SAT-MC-II fueron traducidas al castellano, resultandoen la Tarea de Atribución Social-Elección Múltiple I y II (TASEM-I y TAS-EM-II). Los participantes realizaron la tarea endos sesiones con dos semanas de diferencia. El orden de lasescalas se contrabalanceó entre las sesiones.Resultados. La consistencia interna obtenida fue aceptable para TAS-EM (Alfa de Cronbach=0,75) y buena paraTAS-EM-II (Alfa de Cronbach =0,80). La fiabilidad test-retestmostró una correlación moderada (r=0,49; p<,001). La edadcorrelacionó positivamente con TAS-EM-I (r=0,40; p<,001)y TAS-EM-II (r=0,54; p<,001). Se reportan percentiles paracada grupo de edad desde los 8 a los 15 años.Discusión. Estos datos normativos permiten el estudio del desarrollo de la CS en niños y adolescentes españoles. Acorde conla literatura previa, nuestros resultados mostraron que el desempeño en CS mejora desde la infancia a la adolescencia. Además,las propiedades psicométricas de las TAS-EM son similares a lasobtenidas en estudios previos en estudiantes universitarios. (AU)

Introduction: Social cognition is progressively acquiredfrom childhood to early adulthood. Nevertheless there is ashortage of social cognition scales with normative data forSpanish children and adolescents. Social Attribution Task-Multiple Choice (SAT-MC) and its alternate version SAT-MC-II aresocial cognition instruments that measure mentalization skillsin adults with psychosis. This study aimed to report psychometric characteristics and normative data of the Spanish version of SAT-MC and SAT-MC-II in a sample of minors.Methods. The sample included 511 children and adolescents,from 8 to 15 years old, that volunteered to participate in thestudy. SAT-MC and SAT-MC-II were translated into Spanishversions, resulting in Tarea de Atribución Social-Elección Múltiple I and II (TAS-EM-I and TAS-EM-II). Participants completedboth scales in two different sessions in a two-week longitudinalstudy. The order of scales was counterbalanced across visits.Results. The internal consistency obtained was acceptable for TAS-EM (Cronbach’s alpha=0.75) and good for TASEM-II (Cronbach’s alpha= 0.80). Test-retest reliability showeda moderate correlation (r = 0.49; p< .001). Age positivelycorrelated with TAS-EM-I (r = 0.40; p< .001) and TAS-EMII (r = 0.54; p< .001). Percentiles are reported for each agegroup from 8 to 15 years old.Discussion. The current normative data allow the studyof social cognition development in Spanish children and adolescents. In accordance with previous literature, our resultsshowed that social cognition performance improved fromchildhood to adolescence. Moreover, psychometric propertiesof SAT-MC resulted similar to the previous studies publishedin adults with schizophrenia and undergraduate students. (AU)

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OBJETIVO: El virus de la hepatitis C (VHC) se ha relacionado repetidamente con un peor rendimiento de las funciones cognitivas. Sin embargo, no existe consenso acerca de la gravedad o del tipo de afectación cognitiva. Además, rara vez se controlan las variables que puedan influir en ello. El objetivo del presente estudio es definir el perfil cognitivo de los pacientes con VHC tras controlar el efecto de posibles covariables. MÉTODOS: Se dividió a 42 pacientes con VHC en 2 grupos según la existencia de coinfección con virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana y se incluyó a un tercer grupo de 22 controles sanos. La evaluación neuropsicológica incluyó medidas de velocidad de procesamiento, funciones ejecutivas, memoria verbal, memoria visual y memoria de trabajo. Para explorar diferencias e identificar posibles covariables se tomaron medidas de depresión (BDI), ansiedad (HAM-A), fatiga (MAF), anhedonia (PAS), insomnio (ISI), calidad de vida (SF-36) y antecedentes de consumo de drogas (DAST-20). RESULTADOS: Los pacientes con VHC (incluyendo coinfectados por virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana) tuvieron un rendimiento peor que el grupo control en todos los dominios cognitivos. Sin embargo, tras controlar el efecto de BDI, HAM-A, MAF, ISI, SF-36 y DAST-20, solo la memoria verbal de los pacientes con VHC mostró diferencias entre los grupos. CONCLUSIONES: En consonancia con estudios previos, nuestros resultados muestran una relación entre la memoria verbal y el efecto del VHC en el cerebro, aunque el presente estudio no ha podido relacionar la afectación frontoestriatal de los pacientes con VHC con su rendimiento cognitivo

OBJECTIVE: Reduced performance in several cognitive domains has been repeatedly related to hepatitis C virus (HCV). Nevertheless, there is no consensus about the severity or cognitive profile. Moreover, other possible influential variables are scarcely controlled. The aim of this study is to define the specific cognitive profile in HCV after controlling for confounding variables. METHODS: Forty-two HCV patients were distributed in 2groups according to the presence of co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus; a third group with 22 healthy controls was also included. The neuropsychological assessment included tests that assess processing speed, executive functioning, verbal memory, visual memory and working memory. Measures of depression (BDI), anxiety (HAM-A), fatigue (MAF), anhedonia (PAS), insomnia (ISI), quality of life (SF-36) and history of drug abuse (DAST-20) were taken in order to explore differences among groups and to control for their possible influence on cognitive performance. RESULTS: HCV patients (including human immunodeficiency virus-coinfection) performed significantly worse in all cognitive measures. However, when the effect of BDI, HAM-A, MAF, ISI, SF-36 & DAST-20 was controlled, only verbal memory of HCV patients differed among groups. Coinfected patients performed worse in verbal memory. CONCLUSIONS: According to previous studies verbal memory is the unique cognitive domain related to the effect of HCV. The present study does not support that the neurovirulence effect of HCV is decreasing cognitive performance in HCV patients. Nevertheless, the present study cannot relate the fronto-striatal disruption with the cognitive performance in HCV patients

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OBJECTIVE: Reduced performance in several cognitive domains has been repeatedly related to hepatitis C virus (HCV). Nevertheless, there is no consensus about the severity or cognitive profile. Moreover, other possible influential variables are scarcely controlled. The aim of this study is to define the specific cognitive profile in HCV after controlling for confounding variables. METHODS: Forty-two HCV patients were distributed in 2groups according to the presence of co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus; a third group with 22 healthy controls was also included. The neuropsychological assessment included tests that assess processing speed, executive functioning, verbal memory, visual memory and working memory. Measures of depression (BDI), anxiety (HAM-A), fatigue (MAF), anhedonia (PAS), insomnia (ISI), quality of life (SF-36) and history of drug abuse (DAST-20) were taken in order to explore differences among groups and to control for their possible influence on cognitive performance. RESULTS: HCV patients (including human immunodeficiency virus-coinfection) performed significantly worse in all cognitive measures. However, when the effect of BDI, HAM-A, MAF, ISI, SF-36 & DAST-20 was controlled, only verbal memory of HCV patients differed among groups. Coinfected patients performed worse in verbal memory. CONCLUSIONS: According to previous studies verbal memory is the unique cognitive domain related to the effect of HCV. The present study does not support that the neurovirulence effect of HCV is decreasing cognitive performance in HCV patients. Nevertheless, the present study cannot relate the fronto-striatal disruption with the cognitive performance in HCV patients.

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Background and Objectives: Poor insight or impaired awareness of illness is a very common feature in psychosis. The purpose of this study is to review critically the conceptual approximations from different perspectives to insight in psychosis and address its relations to other clinical and psychopathological variables. Methods: We reviewed the principal factors that have been proposed to contribute to deficient insight in first episode psychosis patients from different conceptual frameworks, defence mechanisms or coping styles, structural or volumetric brain associations, cognitive deficits, and severity of clinical symptoms. Results: This review of literature suggests that insight is a complex mental faculty heavily influenced by additional factors, such as social and cultural aspects, among others. Results also show the correlates of insight in first episode psychosis and treatment adherence in the course of the illness, although it is not stable over time. In fact, adequate level of insight is a necessary, but not sufficient condition for an adequate adherence (AU)

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