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Spinal involvement in primary amyloidosis is an exceedingly rare condition, presenting with typical pathological fracture symptoms that are often indistinguishable from other pathologies such as bone metastasis, metabolic disorders and infections. Histopathological studies for tissue diagnosis are the cornerstone of a definitive diagnosis, leading to successful treatment. Early diagnosis and intervention play a pivotal role in the care of patients with amyloidosis. Here, we present a unique case of a pathological fracture in the L4 vertebra following minor trauma. This fracture manifested with pain, instability and limitations in daily activities in a patient who had already been diagnosed with systemic amyloidosis and was undergoing chemotherapy. This case represents a distinct instance of vertebral involvement in amyloidosis and was managed with both chemotherapy and surgical intervention to address the spinal pathology, resulting in favourable outcomes.

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Giant cell tumour of bone is a benign, locally aggressive osteolytic tumour that typically affects skeletally mature young individuals. It predominantly emerges within the metaphysis, extending towards the epiphysis of long bones, while occurrences in flat bones are exceptionally rare. We present a case of a woman in her late 20s who presented with a large right ischial mass. A biopsy confirmed the mass as a giant cell tumour. The tumour extended to the acetabulum, and due to the potential risk of significant bleeding and contamination during en bloc excision, a prudent approach involved initiating denosumab therapy, a monoclonal antibody targeting receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand therapy, before proceeding with radical surgery. Denosumab therapy successfully rendered a previously inoperable tumour favourable for surgical intervention. We went on to perform a type 2 and 3 internal hemipelvectomy, followed by a reconstruction with a hip endoprosthesis replacement.

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Spinal infection comprises pyogenic and non-pyogenic spondylodiscitis. This condition may manifest with non-specific clinical symptoms, elevated infective parameters and imaging findings that are difficult to distinguish. The cornerstone of a definitive diagnosis and subsequent successful treatment lies in tissue analysis through culture and histopathological studies. In this context, we present a case of Salmonella pyogenic spondylodiscitis affecting the C5/C6 vertebrae, complicated by Salmonella bacteraemia and characterised by mechanical neck pain that curtails daily activities and overall functioning, although without neurological deficits. The uniqueness of this case stems from its occurrence in an immunocompetent individual from a non-endemic area, with no identifiable sources of Salmonella infection or preceding gastrointestinal symptoms.

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Classic Rosai-Dorfman-Destombes disease (RDD) is a rare histiocytic disorder with bilateral massive painless cervical lymphadenopathy. It is a mysterious disease and there is little knowledge of its pathogenesis, clinical features, radiological findings, laboratory investigations, effective treatments and prognosis. Some of its clinical presentations may overlap with those of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Just like tuberculosis infection, RDD may involve many other organs, for example, skin, kidney, bone, brain and spine. The diagnosis can easily be overlooked, especially in communities hyperendemic to tuberculosis infection. We report our experience in diagnosing and managing a patient with spinal RDD with concurrent tuberculosis infection, who was treated empirically for cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis without a conclusive laboratory finding prior to her spinal condition. In view of her acute neurological deficit, emergency spinal decompression was performed. Her intraoperative spinal samples had shown classic histopathological features of RDD. We believe the lymphadenopathy was part of the clinical presentation of RDD. She showed favourable neurological recovery throughout the follow-up.

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Anterior thoracic or thoracolumbar spinal surgery by retropleural approach always carries a risk of pneumothorax as its consequence. Conventionally, the Aerospace Medicine Association and the British Thoracic Society recommend 2 weeks delay of air travel for a patient with resolved postoperative pneumothorax. They also label active pneumothorax as an absolute contraindication for commercial air travel. Such a delay always causes psychological and financial stress to patients and family who are far from home. Here, we report three patients with postoperative pneumothorax, who insisted on early air travel despite being informed of the possible consequences.

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Spontaneous mesenteric bleeding is an exceptionally rare clinical condition and potentially lethal especially among elderly patients who are taking oral anticoagulant. We present a case of a 79-year-old woman who presented to the emergency department with atypical chest pain which was radiating to the back. She developed profound hypotension with a sudden drop of haemoglobin. Contrast-enhanced CT of the aorta showed active mesenteric bleeding with mesenteric haematoma. The early diagnosis relies solely on a high index of suspicion of occult bleeding in patients with unexplained hypotension with a sudden drop of haemoglobin. Troponin can be falsely positive in mesenteric bleeding. Close monitoring to detect any sign of deterioration and early imaging in diagnosing intra-abdominal bleeding can help to avoid delay in treatment which is essential to prevent mortality and morbidity.

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Postoperative pseudomeningocele usually has a benign course. We report a rare presentation of postoperative acute neurological deficit caused by compressive thoracic pseudomeningocele. This patient had posterior spinal fusion and decompression surgery for thoracic ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament and ligamentum flavum. Intraoperative incidental durotomy was covered with hydrogel dural sealant. She developed acute neurological deterioration 1 week after index surgery. Emergency decompression surgery was performed. One year after the surgery, she showed good neurological recovery.

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Poland's syndrome (PS) is a rare developmental anomaly that can manifest mild (pectoralis muscles involvement) to severe deformities (rib hypoplasia and hand deformities). We report a case of 69-year-old man who presented to the emergency department with a traumatic chest injury after a fall. It was initially thought to have a significant chest injury as the trauma survey revealed a palpable defect and tenderness in the right anterior chest wall. There was also a symbrachydactyly deformity in the right hand. CT of the chest showed lack of right pectoralis muscles, which were consistent with PS. This case highlights the importance of gathering detail history in adult trauma patients such as congenital disorder especially in the presence of bony deformity. With possibilities of several traumatic conditions in trauma patients eliminated, one can expand the non-traumatic differential, keeping in mind the possibility of a congenital disorder that can mimic traumatic chest injury.

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Coagulation predominant-type coagulopathy such as microthrombosis and macrothrombosis is a well-known recognised complication found in COVID-19 infected critically ill patients. In the context of high incidence of thrombotic events in patients with COVID-19, supplementation with anticoagulant therapy has been routinely recommended and shown to reduce mortality. However, the recommended type, dose, duration and timing of anticoagulant has not been determined yet. Spontaneous retroperitoneal haematoma secondary to anticoagulant therapy is one of the well-known but self-limiting conditions. We report a 51-year-old COVID-19 positive woman, who was taking intermediate-intensity heparin therapy for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis and died from complication of retroperitoneal bleeding. Further studies are needed to verify the risk-benefit ratio of anticoagulant therapy in patients with COVID-19. Although anticoagulant deems appropriate to use in patients with COVID-19, clinicians should be cautious about major bleeding complication such as retroperitoneal haemorrhage even when full therapeutic dosage is not used.

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Atraumatic trismus can be one of the presentations of medication-induced acute dystonia, particularly by antipsychotics and less commonly antidepressants. A case of an unusual emergency presentation of atraumatic trismus on initiation of duloxetine is reported. The patient was a 40-year-old woman experiencing sudden difficulty in mouth opening and speaking due to a stiffened jaw after taking 5 days of duloxetine prescribed for her fibromyalgia-related chest pain. Assessment of vital signs is prudent to ensure there is no laryngeal involvement. Other physical examinations and her recent investigations were unremarkable. She was treated for acute dystonia and intravenous procyclidine was given together with oral diazepam. Her symptoms improved immediately and her duloxetine was suggested to be stopped. To our knowledge, this is the first case of isolated trismus induced by duloxetine. Clinicians should be aware of this risk, especially considering the limitation of important physiological functions (such as swallowing, eating, etc) associated with this condition.

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OBJECTIVE: Negative affect state toward learning has a substantial impact on the learning process, academic performance, and practice of a particular subject, but such attitude toward electrocardiogram (ECG) learning has still received relatively little attention in medical education research. In spite of the significant emphasis in investigating ECG teaching method, the educators would not be able to address ECG incompetency without understanding the negative perception and attitude toward ECG learning. The purpose of this study was to assess the undergraduate students' difficulties in ECG learning and hence help educators design appropriate ECG learning curriculum to instill competent skill in ECG interpretation based on this outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 324 undergraduate preclinical (year 2) and clinical (year 3-5) medical students participated in this study. The research design used thematic analysis of an open-ended questionnaire to analyze the qualitative data. RESULTS: The thematic analysis detected five major emergent themes: lack of remembering (18.2%), lack of understanding (28.4%), difficulty in applying (3.6%), difficulty in analysis (15.1%), and difficulty in interpretation (17.8%), of which addressing these challenges could be taken as a foundation step upon which medical educators put an emphasis on in order to improve ECG teaching and learning. CONCLUSION: Negative attitude toward ECG learning poses a serious threat to acquire competency in ECG interpretation skill. The concept of student's memorizing ECG is not a correct approach; instead, understanding the concept and vector analysis is an elementary key for mastering ECG interpretation skill. The finding of this study sheds light into a better understanding of medical students' deficient points of ECG learning in parallel with taxonomy of cognitive domain and enables the medical teachers to come up with effective and innovative strategies for innovative ECG learning in an undergraduate medical curriculum.

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Objective: The successful application of gamification in different educational settings shows that the use of gamification in medical education may be an effective solution. Even though many studies have been conducted to investigate the efficacy of the integration of gamification to different education curriculums, few studies have examined the reactions, behaviors, and attitudes of learners toward the use of gamification in medical education. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the medical students' learning experience and acceptance of the use of gamification for the delivery of electrocardiogram lessons. Materials and Methods: A qualitative research method was used to generate findings in this study. The data collection methods included focus group discussions and interviews. Triangulation methods were used to ensure the validity and reliability of the qualitative data analyzed in this study. The thematic analysis of the data collected in this study helped to garner insights into the perception of participants and experts about the use of GaMed@™ for the delivery of ECG lessons. Results: A total number of 32 medical students and four experts in the fields of user experience, communication, social psychology, and game design participated in this study. The findings showed that in spite of the negative reports about the user experience and application of GaMed@™, the participants and experts affirmed its positive impact on the increased motivation and engagement of users. Conclusions: The impact of this concept can be maximized by tailoring the game design to foster-positive learning attributes, behaviors, and outcomes in students. However, further research studies must be conducted to investigate the impact of gamification designs on specific learning outcomes in students.

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