RESUMEN
A series of novel, single chain insulin analogs containing polyethylene glycol based connecting segments were synthesized by native chemical ligation and tested for biological activity. While the full length single chain insulin analogs exhibited low potency, deletion of amino acids B26-B30 unexpectedly generated markedly higher activity. This observation is unprecedented in all previous studies of single chain insulin analogs and is consistent with the presumption that in the native hormone this sequence must translocate to achieve high potency insulin receptor interaction. Optimization of the sequence yielded an insulin analog with potency and selectivity comparable to that of native insulin. These results establish a basis for discovery of novel higher potency, single chain insulin analogs of shortened length.
Asunto(s)
Disulfuros/química , Descubrimiento de Drogas , Insulina/análogos & derivados , Péptidos/química , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Glucemia/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Secuencia Conservada , Humanos , Insulina/química , Insulina/farmacología , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/química , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/genética , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Péptidos/genética , Péptidos/farmacología , Unión Proteica/efectos de los fármacos , Alineación de SecuenciaRESUMEN
2(1H)-pyrimidinone,5-(3-methylphenoxy) (MLR-1023) is a candidate for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The current studies were aimed at determining the mechanism by which MLR-1023 mediates glycemic control. In these studies, we showed that MLR-1023 reduced blood glucose levels without increasing insulin secretion in vivo. We have further determined that MLR-1023 did not activate peroxisome proliferator-activated α, δ, and γ receptors or glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors or inhibit dipeptidyl peptidase-4 or α-glucosidase enzyme activity. However, in an in vitro broad kinase screen MLR-1023 activated the nonreceptor-linked Src-related tyrosine kinase Lyn. MLR-1023 increased the V(max) of Lyn with an EC(50) of 63 nM. This Lyn kinase activation was ATP binding site independent, indicating that MLR-1023 regulated the kinase through an allosteric mechanism. We have established a link between Lyn activation and blood glucose lowering with studies showing that the glucose-lowering effects of MLR-1023 were abolished in Lyn knockout mice, consistent with existing literature linking Lyn kinase and the insulin-signaling pathway. In summary, these studies describe MLR-1023 as a unique blood glucose-lowering agent and show that MLR-1023-mediated blood glucose lowering depends on Lyn kinase activity. These results, coupled with other results (J Pharmacol Exp Ther 342:23-32, 2012), suggest that MLR-1023 and Lyn kinase activation may be a new treatment modality for type 2 diabetes.
Asunto(s)
Glucemia/efectos de los fármacos , Glucemia/metabolismo , Hipoglucemiantes/farmacología , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , Pirimidinonas/farmacología , Familia-src Quinasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Adenosina Trifosfato/metabolismo , Regulación Alostérica/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamiento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Dipeptidil Peptidasa 4/metabolismo , Receptor del Péptido 1 Similar al Glucagón , Prueba de Tolerancia a la Glucosa/métodos , Insulina/metabolismo , Secreción de Insulina , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos ICR , Ratones Noqueados , Receptores Activados del Proliferador del Peroxisoma/metabolismo , Receptores de Glucagón/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , alfa-Glucosidasas/metabolismo , Familia-src Quinasas/metabolismoRESUMEN
MLR-1023 [Tolimidone; CP-26154; 2(1H)-pyrimidinone, 5-(3-methylphenoxy)] is an allosteric Lyn kinase activator that reduces blood glucose levels in mice subjected to an oral glucose tolerance test (J Pharmacol Exp Ther 342:15-22, 2012). The current studies were designed to define the role of insulin in MLR-1023-mediated blood glucose lowering, to evaluate it in animal models of type 2 diabetes, and to compare it to the activities of selected existing diabetes therapeutics. Results from these studies show that in an acute oral glucose tolerance test MLR-1023 evoked a dose-dependent blood glucose-lowering response that was equivalent in magnitude to that of metformin without eliciting a hypoglycemic response. In streptozotocin-treated, insulin-depleted mice, MLR-1023 administration did not affect blood glucose levels. However, MLR-1023 potentiated the glucose-lowering activity of exogenously administered insulin, showing that MLR-1023-mediated blood glucose lowering was insulin-dependent. In a hyperinsulinemic/euglycemic clamp study, orally administered MLR-1023 increased the glucose infusion rate required to sustain blood glucose levels, demonstrating that MLR-1023 increased insulin receptor sensitivity. In chronically treated db/db mice, MLR-1023 elicited a dose-dependent and durable glucose-lowering effect, reduction in HbA1c levels and preservation of pancreatic ß-cells. The magnitude of effect was equivalent to that seen with rosiglitazone but with a faster onset of action and without causing weight gain. These studies show that MLR-1023 is an insulin receptor-potentiating agent that produces a rapid-onset and durable blood glucose-lowering activity in diabetic animals.
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamiento farmacológico , Hipoglucemiantes/farmacología , Pirimidinonas/farmacología , Receptor de Insulina/metabolismo , Familia-src Quinasas/metabolismo , Animales , Glucemia/efectos de los fármacos , Glucemia/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Prueba de Tolerancia a la Glucosa/métodos , Homeostasis/efectos de los fármacos , Insulina/metabolismo , Células Secretoras de Insulina/efectos de los fármacos , Células Secretoras de Insulina/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos ICR , RatasRESUMEN
The synthesis and optimization of a series of orally bioavailable 1-(1H-indol-4-yl)-3,5-disubstituted benzene analogues as antimitotic agents are described. A functionalized dibromobenzene intermediate was used as a key scaffold, which when modified by sequential Suzuki coupling and Buchwald-Hartwig amination provided a flexible entry to 1,3,5-trisubstituted phenyl compounds. A 1H-indol-4-yl moiety at the 1-position was determined to be a critical feature for optimal potency. The compounds have been shown to induce cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and demonstrate efficacy in both cell viability and cell proliferation assays. The primary site of action for these agents is revealed by their colchicine competitive inhibition of tubulin polymerization, and a computational model has been developed for the association of these compounds to tubulin. An optimized lead LP-261 significantly inhibits growth of a human non-small-cell lung tumor (NCI-H522) in a mouse xenograft model.
Asunto(s)
Indoles/síntesis química , Ácidos Isonicotínicos/síntesis química , Sulfonamidas/síntesis química , Moduladores de Tubulina/síntesis química , Animales , Disponibilidad Biológica , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Colchicina/química , Ensayos de Selección de Medicamentos Antitumorales , Fase G2 , Humanos , Indoles/química , Indoles/farmacología , Ácidos Isonicotínicos/química , Ácidos Isonicotínicos/farmacología , Ratones , Ratones Desnudos , Modelos Moleculares , Trasplante de Neoplasias , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Sulfonamidas/química , Sulfonamidas/farmacología , Trasplante Heterólogo , Tubulina (Proteína)/química , Moduladores de Tubulina/química , Moduladores de Tubulina/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Animal models of ovarian cancer are crucial for understanding the pathogenesis of the disease and for testing new treatment strategies. A model of ovarian carcinogenesis in the rat was modified and improved to yield ovarian preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions that pathogenetically resemble human ovarian cancer. A significantly lower dose (2 to 5 mug per ovary) of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) was applied to the one ovary to maximally preserve its structural integrity. DMBA-induced mutagenesis was additionally combined with repetitive gonadotropin hormone stimulation to induce multiple cycles of active proliferation of the ovarian surface epithelium. Animals were treated in three arms of different doses of DMBA alone or followed by hormone administration. Comparison of the DMBA-treated ovaries with the contralateral control organs revealed the presence of epithelial cell origin lesions at morphologically distinct stages of preneoplasia and neoplasia. Their histopathology and path of dissemination to other organs are very similar to human ovarian cancer. Hormone cotreatment led to an increased lesion severity, indicating that gonadotropins may promote ovarian cancer progression. Point mutations in the Tp53 and Ki-Ras genes were detected that are also characteristic of human ovarian carcinomas. Additionally, an overexpression of estrogen and progesterone receptors was observed in preneoplastic and early neoplastic lesions, suggesting a role of these receptors in ovarian cancer development. These data indicate that this DMBA animal model gives rise to ovarian lesions that closely resemble human ovarian cancer and it is adequate for additional studies on the mechanisms of the disease and its clinical management.