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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: The Relative Fat Mass (RFM) is an alternative index to body mass index (BMI) for estimating whole body fat percentage (BF%). Our aims were to determine the accuracy of the RFM for 1) identifying individuals with elevated BF% and, 2) estimating the BF% compared to Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in a Chilean adult population. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Body composition was assessed by DXA in 270 healthy participants (125 women/145 men). Anthropometric measurements were assessed to calculate RFM and BMI. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were obtained to assess the sensitivity and specificity of both, RFM and BMI. Bland-Altman analysis between BF% measured by DXA vs. predicted BF% derived from RFM was performed to assess validity. Pearson´s correlation coefficients to analyze the association between BMI, RFM and DXA were also calculated. RESULTS: For RFM, the cut-off for elevated BF% was ≥22.7% for men and ≥32.4% for women and for BMI was ≥24.4 kg/m2 for men and ≥24.1 kg/m2 for women. The area under the ROC curve between RFM and BMI was not significantly different in men (0.970 vs. 0.959; p = 0.420) and women (0.946 vs. 0.942, p = 0.750). The Bland-Altman analysis showed that the estimation bias is more pronounced in men than in women. CONCLUSION: RFM is an accurate tool for identifying individuals with elevated BF%, although it was not as accurate as DXA for estimating the BF%. RFM may be an alternative method useful in primary care to select individuals for lifestyle counseling and in research to select patients for epidemiological studies.

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BACKGROUND: The objective is to provide updated data on the intake of total dietary fibre in the population residing in Chile and to identify food sources that contribute most to its intake, as well as its association with different sociodemographic and nutritional status-related determinants. METHODS: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, a nationwide survey was applied to determine fibre intake using an instrument that has been previously validated in the resident population of Chile. RESULTS: The sample consisted of a total of 1761 participants. Dietary fibre intake was 12.8 ± 7.1 g/day for the total population, and 90% of participants did not meet the recommendation, with no differences in consumption by sex, geographical area, and the urban/rural population. A lower consumption was found among participants with overweight and obesity. According to food groups, bread was the major contributor to fibre intake, providing 4.39 ± 3.05 g/day, followed by cereals (2.26 ± 2.80 g/day) and vegetables (1.85 ± 1.59 g/day). CONCLUSIONS: 90% of the population consume less fibre than recommended, and bread is the main food source; these data are critical for the development of strategies that are aimed at changing habits in order to improve diet quality.

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Purpose: Different systems regulate food intake. In the reward system, dopamine (DA) is the main neurotransmitter, and a variety of genetic variants (rs1799732 and rs1800497) are associated with addiction. Addiction is a highly polygenic disease, where each allelic variant adds a small amount of vulnerability. Polymorphisms rs1799732 and rs1800497 are associated with eating behavior and hedonic hunger, but links to food addiction remain unclear. Aim: To evaluate the association between the bilocus profile (rs1799732-rs1800497) of the dopaminergic pathway with food reinforcement and food addiction in Chilean adults. Methods: A cross-sectional study recruited a convenience sample of 97 obese, 25 overweight, and 99 normal-weight adults (18-35 years). Anthropometric measurements were performed by standard procedures and eating behavior was assessed using the: Food Reinforcement Value Questionnaire (FRVQ) and Yale Food Addiction scale (YFAS). The DRD2 genotypes were determined by TaqMan assays (rs1800497 and rs1799732). A bilocus composite score was calculated. Results: In the normal weight group, individuals who were heterozygous for the rs1977932 variant (G/del) showed higher body weight (p-value 0.01) and abdominal circumference (p-value 0.01) compared to those who were homozygous (G/G). When analyzing rs1800497, a significant difference in BMI was observed for the normal weight group (p-value 0.02) where heterozygous showed higher BMI. In the obese group, homozygous A1/A1 showed higher BMI in comparison to A1/A2 and A2/A2 (p-value 0.03). Also, a significant difference in food reinforcement was observed in the rs1800497, where homozygous for the variant (A1A1) show less reinforcement (p-value 0.01).In relation to the bilocus score in the total sample, 11% showed "very low dopaminergic signaling", 24.4% were "under", 49.7% showed "intermediate signaling", 12.7% showed "high" and 1.4% showed "very high". No significant genotypic differences were observed in food reinforcement and food addiction by bilocus score. Conclusions: The results indicate that the genetic variants rs1799732 and rs1800497 (Taq1A) were associated with anthropometric measurements but not with food addiction or food reinforcement in Chilean university students. These results suggest that other genotypes, such as rs4680 and rs6277, which affect DA signaling capacity through a multilocus composite score, should be studied. Level V: Evidence obtained from a cross-sectional descriptive study.

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Introduction: One of the biggest challenges facing students today is procrastination, which is closely related to stress, anxiety and, in the most severe cases, depression. The aim of the present study is to analyze the influence of academic self-regulation on procrastination, academic anxiety and stress, academic resilience and academic performance. Method: The sample consisted of 991 high school students aged between 16 and 19 years (M = 17.25; SD = 3.45). A structural equation model was used to analyze the relationship between the study variables. Results: Analyzes showed that academic self-regulation negatively predicted procrastination. In turn, procrastination positively predicted academic stress and anxiety. However, resilience exerted a protective influence by being positively related to academic stress and anxiety. Finally, resilience positively predicted academic performance, whereas stress and anxiety negatively predicted academic performance. Conclusion: Thus, the importance of generating strategies for students to learn to self-regulate in academic contexts, manage emotions, foster motivation and develop strategies to help them overcome the vicissitudes they face is emphasized.

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Childhood obesity, linked to a sedentary lifestyle and an unbalanced diet, is one of the main problems in today's Western societies. In this sense, the aim of the study was to analyze students' perceived satisfaction in physical education classes with learning strategies and engagement in learning and critical thinking as determinants of healthy lifestyle habits. The study involved 2,439 high school students aged 12-18 years (M = 14.66, SD = 1.78). Structural equation modeling was conducted to analyze the predictive relationships between the study variables. The results showed that teaching, teaching mastery, and cognitive development are precursors to deep thinking on the part of students, indicators of the adoption of healthy lifestyle habits. These results reflect the importance of the methodology adopted by the teacher in order to positively influence the students' habits.

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Radial glia-like cells in the hypothalamus and dorsal vagal complex are neural precursors (NPs) located near subventricular organs: median eminence and area postrema, respectively. Their strategic position can detect blood-borne nutrients, hormones, and mitogenic signals. Hypothalamic NPs increase their proliferation with a mechanism that involves hemichannel (HC) activity. NPs can originate new neurons in response to a short-term high-fat diet as a compensatory mechanism. The effects of high carbohydrate Western diets on adult neurogenesis are unknown. Although sugars are usually consumed as sucrose, more free fructose is now incorporated into food items. Here, we studied the proliferation of both types of NPs in Sprague Dawley rats exposed to a short-term high sucrose diet (HSD) and a control diet. In tanycyte cultures, we evaluated the effects of glucose and fructose and a mix of both hexoses on HC activity. In rats fed an HSD, we observed an increase in the proliferative state of both precursors. Glucose, either in the presence or absence of fructose, but not fructose alone, induced in vitro HC activity. These results should broaden the understanding of the nutrient monitoring capacity of NPs in reacting to changes in feeding behavior, specifically to high sugar western diets.

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PURPOSE: The regulation of food intake and body weight involves two interacting systems: (a) The homeostatic system (including biological regulators of hunger and satiety) and (b) the non-homeostatic system, (involving concepts of food reinforcement and food addiction). Studies have established a strong genetic component in eating behavior and obesity. The TaqI A1 polymorphism (rs1800497) has previously been associated with eating behavior, diminished dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) density, higher body mass, and food reinforcement, but relations to food addiction remain unclear. AIM: To evaluate the association between the polymorphism rs1800497 with eating behavior, food reinforcement and food addiction in Chilean adults. METHODS: This cross-sectional study recruited a convenience sample of 97 obese, 25 overweight and 99 normal-weight adults (18-35 years). Anthropometric measurements were performed by standard procedures. Eating behavior was assessed using the: Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS), the Three Factor Eating Behavior Questionnaire and the Food Reinforcement Value Questionnaire (FRVQ). The DRD2 genotype (rs1800497) was determined by taqman assays. RESULTS: Twenty-two percentage of the participants met the criteria for food addiction. Food addiction was higher in women than men (26% vs 10.7%) and in obese compared to non-obese (40% vs 6%). There was no relationship between food addiction and DRD2 genotype. However when stratified by sex and nutritional status, obese female carriers of the A1 allele reported greater scores on emotional eating and snack food reinforcement compared to non-carriers. CONCLUSIONS: The DRD2 polymorphism is associated with some hedonic aspects of eating behavior, namely food reinforcement and emotional eating but not food addiction, and this association may be moderated by sex and obesity status, with obese women who are carriers of this genetic variant at higher risk. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level V: evidence obtained from a cross-sectional descriptive study.

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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a wide spectrum of hepatic pathologies ranging from simple steatosis (SS) to hepatocellular carcinoma. Intestinal microbiota (IM) is composed of trillions of microorganisms existing in the gut. It has 150 times more genes than the host. Changes in the composition and function of the IM are associated with different diseases, including NAFLD. In this condition, IM could have a pathogenic role through different mechanisms such as energy salvaging from food, an inflammatory stimulus, a modulation of the innate immune system, regulation of bile acid turnover, alteration of choline metabolism and increasing endogenous ethanol levels. This review is an update on the role of the intestinal microbiota in NAFLD and the possible mechanisms involved.

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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a wide spectrum of hepatic pathologies ranging from simple steatosis (SS) to hepatocellular carcinoma. Intestinal microbiota (IM) is composed of trillions of microorganisms existing in the gut. It has 150 times more genes than the host. Changes in the composition and function of the IM are associated with different diseases, including NAFLD. In this condition, IM could have a pathogenic role through different mechanisms such as energy salvaging from food, an inflammatory stimulus, a modulation of the innate immune system, regulation of bile acid turnover, alteration of choline metabolism and increasing endogenous ethanol levels. This review is an update on the role of the intestinal microbiota in NAFLD and the possible mechanisms involved.

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Resumen Introducción. Todos los días las personas toman diferentes decisiones relacionadas con su elección de alimentos, lo que a su vez determina sus hábitos alimenticios. El sistema de recompensa del cerebro (SRC) permite asociar ciertas situaciones con una sensación de placer, lo que influye en la posterior elección de alimentos. Objetivo. Describir cómo influye el SRC en el proceso de elección de comida en adultos de mediana edad y en adultos mayores autosuficientes. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura en PubMed y SciELO. Se buscaron artículos escritos en inglés y español y publicados entre 1996 y 2018 utilizando los siguientes términos (en ambos idiomas): "elección de la comida", "sistema de recompensa", "nutrición", "adulto", "adulto mayor", "estado nutricional" y "envejecimiento". Resultados. 50 artículos cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Solo 1 estudio estaba escrito en español; 22 fueron realizados en adultos mayores y el resto en adultos entre 20 y 40 años. Conclusiones. Teniendo en cuenta el escaso número de estudios sobre la conducta alimentaria en general, y en particular sobre la elección de comida en adultos mayores y de mediana edad, es necesario realizar más estudios en Latinoamérica sobre los procesos que subyacen al SRC y su relación con la elección de comida, y cómo estos cambian con la edad para predecir posibles conductas alimentarias e implementar intervenciones efectivas, pues una dieta saludable es esencial para un envejecimiento saludable.

Abstract Introduction: Every day, people make different decisions regarding the food they choose, which in turn determine their eating habits. The reward system (RS) allows associating certain situations to pleasure, which influences subsequent food choices. Objective: To describe how the RS influences the selection of foods in middle-aged and self-reliant older adults. Materials and methods: A literature search was conducted in PubMed and SciELO. Articles written in English and Spanish and published between 1996 and 2018 were included in the search; the following search terms (in both languages) were used: "food choice", "reward system", "nutrition", "adult", "elderly", "nutritional status" and "aging". Results: 50 articles met the inclusion criteria. Only 1 study was written in Spanish; 22 were conducted on older adults and the rest on adults between 20 and 40 years old. Conclusions: Studies on eating behavior in general and on food choice in older and middle-aged adults in particular, are scarce. Therefore, further research in the Latin-America is needed to analyze the processes underlying the RS and its relationship to food choice, and how these processes change as people age in order to predict possible eating behaviors and implement effective interventions, since a healthy diet is essential for healthy aging.

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BACKGROUND: food is a powerful reinforcer that motivates people to eat. The TaqI A1 polymorphism (rs1800497; T>C) downstream of the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene has been associated with diminished DRD2 receptor density, higher food reinforcement, and impaired eating behavior in adults. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the association between the rs1800497 polymorphism and the reinforcing value of food and eating in the absence of hunger in Chilean children. MATERIAL AND METHOD: nineteen Chilean children (aged 8-12 years) who were carriers of the A1-allele and 19 age- and gender-matched non-carriers (A2-allele) were evaluated on the reinforcing value of food and eating in the absence of hunger. Anthropometric measures were performed by standard procedures. Briefly, children received a standard pre-load lunch followed by an ad-libitum exposure to palatable foods. RESULTS: no differences were found between A1-allele carriers and non-carriers, whether obese or non-obese, in ad libitum energy intake, macronutrient consumption, or the relative reinforcing value of food (p > 0.05). In obese children, A1 carriers reported significantly lower satiety and fullness before lunch (p < 0.05). However, in children with normal weight A1 carriers were found to exhibit trends for greater satiety and fullness before lunch when compared to non-carriers, but this trend reversed after lunch such that carriers exhibited lower satiety and fullness (p = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS: although TaqI A1 may play an important role in some eating behavior-related traits such as satiety and fullness, especially in obese children, our findings indicate that this polymorphism does not appear to affect eating in the absence of hunger or food reinforcement in children

ANTECEDENTES: los alimentos son un poderoso reforzador de la alimentación. El polimorfismo TaqI A1 (rs1800497; T> C) del gen del receptor 2 de dopamina (DRD2) se ha asociado con una menor densidad de DRD2, un mayor refuerzo alimentario y un comportamiento alimentario alterado en adultos. OBJETIVO: evaluar la asociación entre el polimorfismo rs1800497, el valor reforzador del alimento y la conducta de comer en ausencia de hambre en niños chilenos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: treinta y ocho niños chilenos, 19 portadores del alelo A1 y 19 no portadores (alelo A2), pareados por género y edad, fueron evaluados en condiciones de laboratorio para determinar el valor reforzador del alimento y la conducta de comer en ausencia de hambre. Las mediciones antropométricas se realizaron por procedimientos estándar. Brevemente, los niños recibieron un almuerzo estándar seguido de una exposición ad-libitum a alimentos sabrosos. RESULTADOS: no hubo diferencias en la ingesta ad libitum de energía, ni en el consumo de macronutrientes, ni en el valor reforzador del alimento entre los portadores del alelo A1 frente a los no portadores (p > 0,05). Entre los niños obesos, los portadores del alelo A1 reportaron un menor nivel de saciedad y plenitud pre-almuerzo (p < 0,05). Sin embargo, entre los niños con normopeso se observó que los portadores de A1 tenían tendencia a presentar un mayor grado de saciedad y plenitud (pre-almuerzo) frente a los no portadores. Esta tendencia se invirtió post-almuerzo, de modo que los portadores exhibieron menor saciedad y plenitud (p = 0,06). CONCLUSIONES: la variante TaqI A1 podría desempeñar un papel importante en algunos rasgos relacionados con la conducta alimentaria, como la saciedad y la plenitud

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El Cuestionario de Conducta de Alimentación de Adultos (AEBQ, por su sigla en inglés derivada de Adult Eating Behavior Questionnaire) es una de las herramientas psicométricas más usadas para evaluar la conducta de alimentación. El objetivo de este estudio fue adaptar y analizar factorialmente la versión en idioma español del AEBQ. El cuestionario adaptado al idioma español se aplicó en un estudio piloto de 50 voluntarias universitarias entre 20 y 30 años de edad. Se utilizó la técnica de análisis factorial para reducir la dimensionalidad de los datos y evaluar preliminarmente su estructura. Se usó la estadística alfa de Cronbach para explorar la consistencia interna del cuestionario adaptado. El análisis factorial reveló una estructura de 8 factores que explican el 82,8 % de la variación de los datos, lo que es concordante con el número de dimensiones de la conducta de alimentación publicada para el AEBQ original. La consistencia interna fue alta, con valores de la estadística α de Cronbach entre 0,77 y 0,91 para las 8 dimensiones consideradas. En conclusión, la versión adaptada al idioma español del AEBQ presenta una razonable concordancia en su estructura de datos con el cuestionario publicado originalmente en inglés, así como una adecuada consistencia interna. Se deben realizar futuros estudios de mayor tamaño muestral que incluyan participantes de diferentes grupos de edad, sexo y estado nutricional(AU)

The Adult Eating Behavior Questionnaire (AEBQ) is one the most used psychometric tool to evaluate eating behavior. The objective of this study was to adapt and analyze the factorial structure of the Spanish version of the AEBQ. The adapted questionnaire was submitted to a non-probabilistic sample of 50 female university students aged 20 - 30 years old. A factorial analysis was used to preliminary assess data structure, while Cronbach's alpha statistic was used to assess internal consistency. Factor analysis revealed an8-factor structure explaining 82,8% of data variation, which is concordant with data structure of the original AEBQ. The internal consistency was high, with Cronbach's α between 0.77 and 0.91 for all eating behavior dimensions. In conclusion, this Spanish version of the AEBQ shows adequate concordance with the factor structure of the originally published AEBQ, as well as high internal consistency. Future studies will evaluate the validity of the questionnaire in different subpopulation groups according to gender, age or nutritional status(AU)

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Leptospirosis is a neglected disease causing severe infections in humans and animals. Due in part to misdiagnosis, this infectious disease results in nearly 60,000 deaths per year around the globe. This study represents the first effort to describe the diversity of pathogenic Leptospira in Cuba based on whole-genome sequencing. We have collected nineteen whole-blood samples from patients that were diagnosed as having leptospirosis between 2008 and 2012 in Cuba. In addition, we have enhanced our sample set by three historical strains that were used for the development of a human vaccine in 1990s. The Leptospira strains were grown and serotyped by the microscopic agglutination test, and the draft genomes were generated by NGS (Illumina). Subsequently, the core genomes were analyzed and compared to the genetic data available from other Caribbean islands and countries in Central America. Core genome Multi-locus Sequence Typing (cgMLST) revealed four different core genome clonal groups (cgCGs), with the highest number of samples belonging to L. interrogans, followed by L. borgpetersenii and L. kirschneri. All cgCGs that were found in Cuba have been also identified from multiple origins across the globe, except in neighbor countries and Central America. Serotyping divided the samples into the serogroups Canicola, Ballum and Pomona. The most frequent cgCGs, cgCG28, associated with serogroup Canicola, and cgCG15, associated with serogroup Ballum, have also been identified from samples isolated from dogs, rodents, and pigs; suggesting that these hosts represent the major source of human infection in Cuba. The vaccine strains did not significantly differ from the recent patient isolates. However, the increasing prevalence of samples belonging to the serogroup Ballum combined with the fact that the available vaccine in Cuba represents inactivated Leptospira belonging to serogroups other than Ballum, should be a valuable information for the National and Regional Leptospirosis Control Programs.

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INTRODUCTION: Background: food is a powerful reinforcer that motivates people to eat. The TaqI A1 polymorphism (rs1800497; T>C) downstream of the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene has been associated with diminished DRD2 receptor density, higher food reinforcement, and impaired eating behavior in adults. Objective: to evaluate the association between the rs1800497 polymorphism and the reinforcing value of food and eating in the absence of hunger in Chilean children. Material and method: nineteen Chilean children (aged 8-12 years) who were carriers of the A1-allele and 19 age- and gender-matched non-carriers (A2-allele) were evaluated on the reinforcing value of food and eating in the absence of hunger. Anthropometric measures were performed by standard procedures. Briefly, children received a standard pre-load lunch followed by an ad-libitum exposure to palatable foods. Results: no differences were found between A1-allele carriers and non-carriers, whether obese or non-obese, in ad libitum energy intake, macronutrient consumption, or the relative reinforcing value of food (p > 0.05). In obese children, A1 carriers reported significantly lower satiety and fullness before lunch (p < 0.05). However, in children with normal weight A1 carriers were found to exhibit trends for greater satiety and fullness before lunch when compared to non-carriers, but this trend reversed after lunch such that carriers exhibited lower satiety and fullness (p = 0.06). Conclusions: although TaqI A1 may play an important role in some eating behavior-related traits such as satiety and fullness, especially in obese children, our findings indicate that this polymorphism does not appear to affect eating in the absence of hunger or food reinforcement in children.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Antecedentes: los alimentos son un poderoso reforzador de la alimentación. El polimorfismo TaqI A1 (rs1800497; T> C) del gen del receptor 2 de dopamina (DRD2) se ha asociado con una menor densidad de DRD2, un mayor refuerzo alimentario y un comportamiento alimentario alterado en adultos. Objetivo: evaluar la asociación entre el polimorfismo rs1800497, el valor reforzador del alimento y la conducta de comer en ausencia de hambre en niños chilenos. Material y método: treinta y ocho niños chilenos, 19 portadores del alelo A1 y 19 no portadores (alelo A2), pareados por genero y edad, fueron evaluados en condiciones de laboratorio para determinar el valor reforzador del alimento y la conducta de comer en ausencia de hambre. Las mediciones antropométricas se realizaron por procedimientos estándar. Brevemente, los niños recibieron un almuerzo estándar seguido de una exposición ad-libitum a alimentos sabrosos. Resultados: no hubo diferencias en la ingesta ad libitum de energía, ni en el consumo de macronutrientes, ni en el valor reforzador del alimento entre los portadores del alelo A1 frente a los no portadores (p > 0,05). Entre los niños obesos, los portadores del alelo A1 reportaron un menor nivel de saciedad y plenitud pre-almuerzo (p < 0,05). Sin embargo, entre los niños con normopeso se observó que los portadores de A1 tenían tendencia a presentar un mayor grado de saciedad y plenitud (pre-almuerzo) frente a los no portadores. Esta tendencia se invirtió post-almuerzo, de modo que los portadores exhibieron menor saciedad y plenitud (p = 0,06). Conclusiones: la variante TaqI A1 podría desempeñar un papel importante en algunos rasgos relacionados con la conducta alimentaria, como la saciedad y la plenitud.

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BACKGROUND: Health needs and access to health care is a huge challenge in developing countries, especially in some isolated indigenous communities. Amantani is an island located at 3854 m above sea level in Lake Titicaca, Peru. There is no official date on key local health needs and determinants, which precludes the prioritization and efficient implementation of health interventions. The objective of this study is to validate a health need assessment tool and ascertain the main health needs of the indigenous high-altitude population living on Amantani. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study to describe the health needs of the indigenous population of Amantani using a questionnaire based on the "Peruvian Demographic and Health Survey". The questionnaire underwent expert and field-work validation. We selected a random sample of the island residents using two-stage cluster sampling. We estimated the prevalence of key health needs and determinants, and evaluated their distribution by age, sex and education through prevalence ratio. All analyses accounted for the complex sampling design. RESULTS: We surveyed 337 individuals (223 adults and 144 children) in 151 houses. The most frequent health needs were: (i) lack of access to medical screening for a)non-communicable diseases (> 63.0%) and b)eye problems (76.5%); and (ii) poor knowledge about communicable diseases (> 54.3%), cancer (71.4%) and contraception (> 32.9%). Smoking and alcohol use was more frequent in males (PR = 4.70 IC95%:1.41-15.63 and PR = 1.69 95% CI:1.27-2.25, respectively). People with higher education had more knowledge about TB/HIV and cancer prevention (p < 0.05). Regarding children's health, > 38% have never undergone eye or dental examination. Corporal punishment and physical bullying at school in the last month were relatively common (23 and 33%, respectively). CONCLUSION: The main health needs in Amantani are related to poor healthcare access and lack of awareness of disease prevention. Our findings can be used to develop and implement efficient health interventions to improve the health and quality of life of indigenous populations living in the islands in Southern Peru/Northern Bolivia.

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OBJECTIVES: The genetics of binge-eating disorder (BED) is an emerging topic and one candidate pathway, namely the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene, may be implicated because of its role in food reward sensitivity and self-regulation of eating. The aims of this study were to examine the independent effects of variants of FTO on binge frequency in women with and without BED and to examine the moderating role of interpersonal attachment in this association. METHODS: Secondary data analysis was conducted on a cross-sectional comparison of three groups of women in a trial of group treatment for BED: BED with obesity (n = 73), BED without obesity (n = 55), and normal weight without BED (n = 50). Women were genotyped for five of the most common FTO single-nucleotide polymorphisms, rs9939609, rs8050136, rs3751812, rs1421085, and rs1121980, which have been related to body mass index and energy intake. Binge frequency (Eating Disorder Examination), body composition (bioelectric impedance), and attachment (Attachment Style Questionnaire) were assessed. RESULTS: There were no significant between-group differences for frequencies of FTO alleles, nor were there any significant anthropometric associations. The FTO × attachment interaction was significant whereby, relative to a low-risk FTO genotype, individuals with a high-risk genotype for the SNP rs1421085 and high-avoidant attachment had higher mean binge frequency than those with high genetic risk but low-avoidant attachment (ß = -7.96; t = -2.07; P = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS: FTO genotypes associated with risk for obesity and loss of control of eating, specifically rs1421085, may interact with insecure attachment in a way that may exacerbate binge eating among women with BED.

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A chronotype is an individual trait that determines circadian rhythm (dark/light cycle) characteristics, associated with bedtime, waking, and other daily activities. A chronotype is classified as morning, intermediate, and evening. The objective is to associate chronotypes with academic performance in university students. A cross-sectional study was performed to evaluate the chronotype of university students (n = 703) by Horne-Ostberg questionnaire and associated with academic performance. The group with higher GPAs had higher chronotype scores (p = 0.002). Morning and intermediate chronotypes exhibited better academic performance; however, more studies are necessary to determine the underlying causes, which could influence cognitive aspects.

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OBJECTIVES: Studies have established a strong genetic component in eating behavior. The TaqI A1 polymorphism (rs1800497) has previously been associated with obesity and eating behavior. Additionally, this polymorphism has been associated with diminished dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) density, higher body mass, and food reinforcement. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the DRD2 rs1800497 polymorphism and eating behavior in Chilean children. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study in which we selected 258 children (44% girls, 56% boys; ages 8-14 y) with a wide variation in body mass index. Anthropometric measurements were performed by standard procedures. Eating behavior was assessed using the Eating in Absence of Hunger Questionnaire (EAHQ), Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire, and the Food Reinforcement Value Questionnaire. Genotype of the rs1800497 was determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Association of the TaqI A1 variant (T allele) with eating behavior was assessed using nonparametric tests. RESULTS: Compared with normal-weight children, the obese group demonstrated higher scores on the External Eating and Fatigue/Boredom subscales of the EAHQ. Higher scores were assessed in Food Responsiveness, Emotional Overeating, Enjoyment to Food and Desire to Drink subscales (P < 0.001) and lower scores of the Satiety Responsiveness and Slowness in Eating (P < 0.05). In the sex-specific analysis, the TaqI A1 allele was associated with higher scores on Satiety Responsiveness and Emotional Undereating subscales in obese girls, and higher scores of Enjoyment of Food subscale in boys. CONCLUSION: The TaqI A1 polymorphism may be a risk factor for eating behavior traits that may predispose children to greater energy intake and obesity.

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Introducción: cambios socioculturales como el incremento en el sedentarismo y el consumo de alimentos ricos en grasas y azúcares, sumado a características genéticas, han producido un aumento en las cifras de obesidad a nivel mundial. La evaluación temprana en niños, mediante el establecimiento de perfi les genéticos asociados a obesidad y a la regulación metabólica y hedónica de la alimentación, complementado con estudios de la conducta alimentaria, nos permitiría predecir la predisposición a la obesidad en etapas adultas.Objetivo: revisar los conceptos asociados a la conducta alimenticia, enfocándose en la regulación hedónica, que puede convertirse en un parámetro predictivo de obesidad en niños.Material y métodos: se revisó la bibliografía asociada a obesidad infantil y a la regulación homeostática y hedónica de la obesidad, como también parámetros génicos asociados a la obesidad. En la búsqueda de artículos se incluyó el trabajo en animales y humanos (adultos y niños, pero con énfasis en niños).Resultados: se analizaron los mecanismos celulares de la regulación de la ingesta, así como los estudios de conducta alimentaria en niños, entregando antecedentes y carencias en el desarrollo investigativo para la predicción de la obesidad infantil.Conclusión: la regulación hedónica de la ingesta alimenticia en niños, como perfi les genéticos asociados a receptores de dopamina, puede convertirse en un importante predictor de la obesidad. Es necesario incrementar el número de estudios que permitan defi nir de mejor forma, cuáles son los mejores parámetros para predecir el desarrollo de la obesidad adulta.

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Introducción: existen características respecto a los ritmos circadianos (ciclo sueño-vigilia), lo que genera un rasgo denominado cronotipo (madrugador o trasnochador). Se ha asociado el cronotipo vespertino a menos horas de sueño y hábitos alimentarios poco saludables. El cronotipo vespertino se asocia con un mayor riesgo de desarrollar obesidad.Objetivo: determinar la asociación del cronotipo con variables antropométricas en jóvenes de 18 a 25 años.Métodos: jóvenes (n = 65) (18 a 25 años), se les determinó el cronotipo (cuestionario de Horne-Ostberg) y mediciones antropométricas (peso, talla, porcentaje de grasa y perímetro de cintura). Resultados: los hombres con cronotipo trasnochador presentaron significativamente mayor perímetro de cintura (p = 0,03). Las mujeres con un porcentaje de grasa < 25% se asoció con cronotipo trasnochador (p = 0,05). Conclusiones: el cronotipo trasnochador se asocia a mayor perímetro de cintura y mayor porcentaje de grasa. El cronotipo constituye un nuevo foco para la prevención y el tratamiento de la obesidad.

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