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In a multivariate analysis of 30 574 blood culture (BC) results, BC contamination was associated with only a small increase in antibiotic length of therapy compared to no-growth BCs (difference, 0.36 days [95% confidence interval, .05-.67]; P = .02). Stewardship processes at our institution appear to be effective in reducing the impact of BC contamination.

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Cyclin D1 is an essential regulator of the G1-S cell-cycle transition and is overexpressed in many cancers. Expression of cyclin D1 is under tight cellular regulation that is controlled by many signaling pathways. Here we report that PARP14, a member of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) family, is a regulator of cyclin D1 expression. Depletion of PARP14 leads to decreased cyclin D1 protein levels. In cells with a functional retinoblastoma (RB) protein pathway, this results in G1 cell-cycle arrest and reduced proliferation. Mechanistically, we found that PARP14 controls cyclin D1 mRNA levels. Using luciferase assays, we show that PARP14 specifically regulates cyclin D1 3'UTR mRNA stability. Finally, we also provide evidence that G1 arrest in PARP14-depleted cells is dependent on an intact p53-p21 pathway. Our work uncovers a new role for PARP14 in promoting cell-cycle progression through both cyclin D1 and the p53 pathway.

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Hyperproliferative cancer cells face increased replication stress, which can result in accumulation of DNA damage. As DNA damage can arrest proliferation, and, in the case of myeloid leukemia, induce differentiation of cancer cells, understanding the mechanisms that regulate the replication stress response is paramount. Here, we show that PARI, a replisome protein involved in regulating DNA repair and replication stress, suppresses differentiation of myeloid leukemia cells. We show that PARI is overexpressed in myeloid leukemia cells, and its knockdown reduces leukemia cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo in xenograft mouse models. PARI depletion enhances replication stress and DNA-damage accumulation, coupled with increased myeloid differentiation. Mechanistically, we show that PARI inhibits activation of the NF-κB pathway, which can initiate p21-mediated differentiation and proliferation arrest. Finally, we show that PARI expression negatively correlates with expression of differentiation markers in clinical myeloid leukemia samples, suggesting that targeting PARI may restore differentiation ability of leukemia cells and antagonize their proliferation.

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DNA damage exposure is a major modifier of cell fate in both normal and cancer tissues. In response to DNA damage, myeloid leukemia cells activate a poorly understood terminal differentiation process. Here, we show that the NFκB pathway directly activates expression of the proliferation inhibitor p21 in response to DNA damage in myeloid leukemia cells. In order to understand the role of this unexpected regulatory event, we ablated the NFκB binding site we identified in the p21 promoter, using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing. We found that NFκB-mediated p21 activation controls DNA damage-induced myeloid differentiation. Our results uncover a p53-independent pathway for p21 activation involved in controlling hematopoietic cell fate.

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Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) absorb light and can be used to heat and ablate tumors. The "tissue window" at ∼ 800 nm (near infrared, NIR) is optimal for best tissue penetration of light. Previously, large, 50-150 nm, gold nanoshells and nanorods that absorb well in the NIR have been used. Small AuNPs that may penetrate tumors better unfortunately barely absorb at 800 nm. We show that small AuNPs conjugated to anti-tumor antibodies are taken up by tumor cells that catalytically aggregate them (by enzyme degradation of antibodies and pH effects), shifting their absorption into the NIR region, thus amplifying their photonic absorption. The AuNPs are NIR transparent until they accumulate in tumor cells, thus reducing background heating in blood and non-targeted cells, increasing specificity, in contrast to constructs that are always NIR-absorptive. Treatment of human squamous cell carcinoma A431 which overexpresses epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFr) in subcutaneous murine xenografts with anti-EGFr antibodies conjugated to 15 nm AuNPs and NIR resulted in complete tumor ablation in most cases with virtually no normal tissue damage. The use of targeted small AuNPs therefore provides a potent new method of selective NIR tumor therapy.

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AIM: To test intravenously injected gold nanoparticles for x-ray imaging and radiotherapy enhancement of large, imminently lethal, intracerebral malignant gliomas. MATERIALS & METHODS: Gold nanoparticles approximately 11 nm in size were injected intravenously and brains imaged using microcomputed tomography. A total of 15 h after an intravenous dose of 4 g Au/kg was administered, brains were irradiated with 30 Gy 100 kVp x-rays. RESULTS: Gold uptake gave a 19:1 tumor to normal brain ratio with 1.5% w/w gold in tumor, calculated to increase local radiation dose by approximately 300%. Mice receiving gold and radiation (30 Gy) demonstrated 50% long term (>1 year) tumor-free survival, whereas all mice receiving radiation only died. CONCLUSION: Intravenously injected gold nanoparticles cross the blood-tumor barrier, but are largely blocked by the normal blood-brain barrier, enabling high-resolution computed tomography tumor imaging. Gold radiation enhancement significantly improved long-term survival compared with radiotherapy alone. This approach holds promise to improve therapy of human brain tumors and other cancers.

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Accurate detection of West Nile virus (WNV) in corvids is essential for monitoring the spread of virus during the mosquito season. Viremia in corvids is very high, with titers approaching 10(8) viral particles/ml. In the presence of such marked viremia, the sensitivity of real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis is unnecessary, and more cost-effective methods should be assessed. To this end, antigen-capture ELISA (ACE) and immunohistochemical (IHC) assays were evaluated. Skin, cloacal swab specimens, and feathers from corvids were tested by use of ACE, and results were compared with results obtained from use of real-time RT-PCR analysis. Of the 3 sample types, skin gave the best sensitivity (98%) and specificity (100%). Skin, brain, kidney, and spleen from corvids were analyzed by IHC, and results were compared with real-time RT-PCR results. Kidney and spleen were more often positive by use of IHC than were brain and skin tissue; however, IHC did not perform as well as ACE in the identification of virus-positive birds. Results of this study support the use of a skin sample in an ACE format as an effective surveillance method for corvids.

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We investigated the value of non-invasive data for predicting the outcome of intracranial EEG and anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL) (follow-up>1 year) in patients who have bitemporal independent seizures in the scalp EEG. No previous report has dealt with this patient group. Independent variables were duration of epilepsy, febrile seizures, interictal and ictal scalp EEG, ictal behavior, MRI, [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose-PET (PET) and Wada test and dependent variables were surgical outcome (seizure free or not) and localized on intracranial EEG (finding all symptomatic seizures from one temporal lobe). Non-parametric statistics were used. Of 24 patients, 20 patients had IEEG, of which 12 were localized and 8 were not. Sixteen patients had ATL and, of these, 13 (81%) became seizure free and the remaining three improved. Lateralized findings on MRI and PET, a history of febrile convulsions and shorter duration of epilepsy were all associated with a focal onset on intracranial EEG, while there was a non-significant trend with ictal behavior. The non-invasive data did not predict surgical outcome. We conclude that some of these patients can do well with surgery. In most cases, intracranial EEG is necessary for localization of seizure focus, but if PET and MRI show focal abnormalities and there is a history of febrile convulsions no further evaluation could be needed. These findings need confirmation.

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Recently, an association between the C240T polymorphism in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene and partial epilepsy was demonstrated in a Japanese population. In this study we attempted to replicate the initial finding in a patient-control population of European ancestry and in addition tested whether the functional Val66Met polymorphism is associated with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Genotypes of 151 TLE patients and 189 controls did not differ significantly for either of the variations. Results suggest that neither of the studied polymorphisms are strong susceptibility factors for TLE in this sample of individuals of European ancestry.

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Mortality rates are higher in people with refractory epilepsy than in the general population. We assessed mortality rates in a prospectively followed cohort who had epilepsy surgery, to examine the factors related to mortality and to assess the relationship between seizure control and mortality. Five hundred eighty-three patients were evaluated. Mortality was strongly related to seizure control (p = 0.001), with 18 deaths observed in patients with recurrent seizures (mortality rate = 11.4 per 1,000 person-years) and 1 death in patients with no recurrent seizures (mortality rate = 0.85 deaths per 1,000 person-years). Patients with generalized epilepsy who had corpus callosotomy had a higher mortality rate than patients who had resective or transective surgery. The side of surgery and gender did not influence mortality rates. The standardized mortality ratio was 5.75 for patients with recurrent seizures and was significantly higher for females than males. These data show that the excess mortality associated with refractory epilepsy is eliminated after epilepsy surgery when seizures are abolished and suggest that epilepsy surgery reduces the risk of epilepsy-associated death.

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We explore several computational approaches to analyzing interspecies genomic sequence alignments, aiming to distinguish regulatory regions from neutrally evolving DNA. Human-mouse genomic alignments were collected for three sets of human regions: (1) experimentally defined gene regulatory regions, (2) well-characterized exons (coding sequences, as a positive control), and (3) interspersed repeats thought to have inserted before the human-mouse split (a good model for neutrally evolving DNA). Models that potentially could distinguish functional noncoding sequences from neutral DNA were evaluated on these three data sets, as well as bulk genome alignments. Our analyses show that discrimination based on frequencies of individual nucleotide pairs or gaps (i.e., of possible alignment columns) is only partially successful. In contrast, scoring procedures that include the alignment context, based on frequencies of short runs of alignment columns, dramatically improve separation between regulatory and neutral features. Such scoring functions should aid in the identification of putative regulatory regions throughout the human genome.

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OBJECT: Several lines of evidence have demonstrated a number of cellular changes that occur within the hippocampus in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). These include aberrant migration of granule cells and sprouting of mossy fibers, processes that have been linked to the hyperexcitability phenomenon observed in cases of TLE. In the present study the authors examined brain tissues obtained in patients undergoing temporal lobectomy surgery and in patients at autopsy (normal human control specimens), and compared the subcellular composition of regions of the hippocampus containing dispersed granule cells. METHODS: Six human hippocampi were obtained in patients undergoing temporal lobectomies for intractable seizures. The patients ranged in age from 24 to 50 years. Two of the six patients had a history of head trauma and one had experienced a febrile seizure during childhood. Immediately following excision from the brain, the tissue was placed in an acrolein-paraformaldehyde fixative. The hippocampi were processed along with six human brain control specimens obtained at autopsy for light and electron microscopic evaluation. The tissues were then labeled for collagen types I through IV. Positive collagen labeling was identified, with the aid of both light and electron microscopy, in the parenchyma of all patients with TLE but not in the control tissues. CONCLUSIONS: The authors report the first localization of collagen outside of the vasculature and meninges in the brains of patients with TLE. Recent evidence of collagen's chemoattractant properties and its role in epileptogenesis in animal models suggests that collagen may play a role in cellular migration and seizure activity in a subset of patients. Further studies with a larger series of patients are warranted.

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Cephalosporins bearing an S-aminosulfenimine (R'(R' ')NSN=) side chain at the 7-position are prototypic examples of a novel class of beta-lactamase-dependent prodrug. Enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of the beta-lactam ring in these structures triggers release of both the 3'-acetoxy group and the side chain sulfur-attached S-amino moiety as R'(R' ')NH. This reactivity pattern should allow site-specific corelease of two distinct drug components from a cephalosporin, thereby providing a singular enhancement to the capacity of a cephalosporin as a prodrug nucleus; a key advantage of a dual-release prodrug is the potential to establish synergy between the coreleased structures. Areas for exploitation of this new structure type are antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT), which is a key emerging anticancer therapy, and the further development of site-specific-release prodrugs to combat the problem of beta-lactamase-based resistance to antibiotics.