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OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of intensified treatment parameters on safety, functional outcomes, and PSA after MR-Guided Transurethral Ultrasound Ablation (TULSA) of prostatic tissue. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Baseline and 6-month follow-up data were collected for a single-center cohort of the multicenter Phase I (n = 14/30 at 3 sites) and Pivotal (n = 15/115 at 13 sites) trials of TULSA in men with localized prostate cancer. The Pivotal study used intensified treatment parameters (increased temperature and spatial extent of ablation coverage). The reporting site recruited the most patients to both trials, minimizing the influence of physician experience on this comparison of adverse events, urinary symptoms, continence, and erectile function between subgroups of both studies. RESULTS: For Phase I and TACT patients, median age was 71.0 and 67.0 years, prostate volume 41.0 and 44.5 ml, and PSA 6.7 and 6.7 ng/ml, respectively. All 14 Phase I patients had low-risk prostate cancer, whereas 7 of 15 TACT patients had intermediate-risk disease. Baseline IIEF, IPSS, quality of life, and pad use were similar between groups. Pad use at 1 month and quality of life at 3 months favored Phase I patients. At 6 months, there were no significant differences in functional outcomes or adverse events. CONCLUSION: TULSA demonstrated acceptable clinical safety in Phase I trial. Intensified treatment parameters in the TACT Pivotal trial increased ablation coverage from 90 to 98% of the prostate without affecting 6-month adverse events or functional outcomes. Long-term follow-up and 12-month biopsies are needed to evaluate oncological safety.

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PURPOSE: To analyze and compare preoperative patient characteristics and postoperative results in men with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) selected for an adjustable male sling system or an artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) in a large, contemporary, multi-institutional patient cohort. METHODS: 658 male patients who underwent implantation between 2010 and 2012 in 13 participating institutions were included in this study (n = 176 adjustable male sling; n = 482 AUS). Preoperative patient characteristics and postoperative outcomes were analyzed. For statistical analysis, the independent T test and Mann-Whitney U test were used. RESULTS: Patients undergoing adjustable male sling implantation were less likely to have a neurological disease (4.5% vs. 8.9%, p = 0.021), a history of urethral stricture (21.6% vs. 33.8%, p = 0.024) or a radiation therapy (22.7% vs. 29.9%, p = 0.020) compared to patients that underwent AUS implantation. Mean pad usage per day (6.87 vs. 5.82; p < 0.00) and the ratio of patients with a prior incontinence surgery were higher in patients selected for an AUS implantation (36.7% vs. 22.7%; p < 0.001). At maximum follow-up, patients that underwent an AUS implantation had a significantly lower mean pad usage during daytime (p < 0.001) and nighttime (p = 0.018). Furthermore, the patients' perception of their continence status was better with a subjective complete dry rate of 57.3% vs. 22.0% (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients selected for an AUS implantation showed a more complex prior history and pathogenesis of urinary incontinence as well as a more severe grade of SUI. Postoperative results reflect a better continence status after AUS implantation, favoring the AUS despite the more complicated patient cohort.

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PURPOSE: To investigate the influence of different postoperative radiotherapy (RT) regimes on post-prostatectomy continence and QoL. METHODS: Men after prostatectomy (RP) and RT were assigned in adjuvant (ART), early salvage (ESRT) and salvage radiotherapy (SRT) groups depending on time of initiation, indication and pre-RT-PSA (≤/>0.5 ng/ml). Continence and QoL outcomes were evaluated by validated questionnaire. Statistical analysis included students t test, Chi square, Fisher's test, ROC- and McNemar-Bowker-Analyses. RESULTS: The mean follow-up was 5.1 years. 33.5, 38.2 and 28.3% received ART, ESRT and SRT, respectively. Mean time to RT was 0.3 (±0.4), 1.8 (±2.5) and 3.3 (±3.6) years respectively. Differences in age at RP (p = 0.54) and RT (p = 0.47) between groups were not significant. Mean-RT-dose was similar (p = 0.70). Differences in continence distribution between groups before (p = 0.56) and after RT (p = 0.38) were not significant. No significant differences were observed for frequency (p = 0.58) or amount (p = 0.88) of urine loss, impact on QoL (p = 0.13) and ICIQ-SF scores (p = 0.69) between groups. Even though no significant difference in post-RT-continence (p = 0.89) was observed in the direct comparison between groups, a significant worsening of long-term continence was observed in all groups (p < 0.001). We found no cutoff and no time-point after RP at which this negative effect of RT on continence became insignificant (AUC = 0.474). A subgroup with apparent local recurrence showed no differences for ICIQ-SF-score (p = 0.155), QoL (0.077), incontinence grade (p = 0.387), frequency (p = 0.182) and amount (p = 0.415) of urine loss. Proportionally more men in this subgroup remembered deterioration of continence after RT (p = 0.029). CONCLUSION: Postoperative RT adversely affects long-term continence; this negative effect is irrespective of time of initiation or indication for RT. These results suggest a need for innovative strategies of prostate cancer therapy with lasting oncological, functional and QoL outcomes.

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BACKGROUND: To evaluate quality of life, functional and oncological outcome after infravesical desobstruction and HIFU treatment for localized prostate cancer. METHODS: One hundred thirty-one patients, treated with TURP and HIFU in a single institution were followed up for oncological and functional outcome. Oncological outcome was quantified by biochemical recurrence free survival using the Stuttgart and Phoenix criteria. Quality of life was assessed by usage of standardized QLQ-C30 and QLQ-PR25 questionnaires. In addition, functional questionnaires such as IPSS and IIEF-5 were used. Complications were assessed by the Clavien-Dindo classification. RESULTS: One hundred thirty-one patients with a mean age of 72.8 years (SD: 6.0) underwent HIFU for prostate cancer (29.0% low risk, 58.8% intermediate risk, 12.2% high risk). PSA nadir was 0.6 ng/ml (SD: 1.2) after a mean of 4.6 months (SD: 5.7). Biochemical recurrence free survival defined by Stuttgart criteria was 73.7%, 84.4% and 62.5% for low-, intermediate- and high-risk patients after 22.2 months. Complications were grouped according to Clavien-Dindo and occurred in 10.7% (grade II) and 11.5% (grade IIIa) of cases. 35.1% of patients needed further treatment for bladder neck stricture. Regarding incontinence, 14.3%, 2.9% and 0% of patients had de novo urinary incontinence grade I°, II° and III° and 3.8% urge incontinence due to HIFU treatment. Patients were asked for the ability to have intercourse: 15.8%, 58.6% and 66.7% of patients after non-, onesided and bothsided nervesparing procedure were able to obtain sufficient erection for intercourse, respectively. Regarding quality of life, mean global health score according to QLQ-C30 was 69.4%. CONCLUSION: HIFU treatment for localized prostate cancer shows acceptable oncological safety. Quality of life after HIFU is better than in the general population and ranges within those of standard treatment options compared to literature. HIFU seems a safe valuable treatment alternative for patients not suitable for standard treatment.

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PURPOSE: To identify predictive factors for immediate continence after radical prostatectomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 1553 patients underwent radical prostatectomy in a single institution (670 RRP, 883 RARP), had complete perioperative data and follow-up for urinary continence and were included in this prospective analysis. Immediate continence was defined as no pad usage after catheter removal. Evaluated parameters included age, body mass index, ECOG performance status, erectile function, prostate volume, PSA, Gleason score, tumor stage and D'Amico risk groups, as well as surgical approach (RRP, RARP), surgeon volume, nerve-sparing, lymphadenectomy, blood transfusions and duration of catheterization. RESULTS: A total of 240 men (15.5 %) did not require any pads 1 day or later after removal of the transurethral catheter. Correlation of parameters with immediate continence revealed significance for age (p < 0.001), ECOG-score (p = 0.025), erectile function (p = 0.001), nerve-sparing (p = 0.022), Gleason score (p = 0.002) and surgeon volume (p ≤ 0.022). Multivariate analyses identified IIEF-score >21 (p = 0.031), ECOG (p < 0.05), bilateral nerve-sparing (p = 0.049), Gleason score <3 + 4 (p ≤ 0.028), less blood transfusion (p ≤ 0.044) and surgeon volume (p ≤ 0.042) as the remaining prognostic parameters for immediate continence after radical prostatectomy. The type of surgical approach (robotic vs. open radical prostatectomy) did not yield significant influence. CONCLUSION: Evaluating continence in a contemporary prospective cohort revealed 15.5 % of patients never requiring a pad postoperatively. Predictive parameters for immediate continence were erectile function, ECOG, bilateral nerve-sparing, less blood transfusion and Gleason score. Furthermore, the surgeon's experience but not his operative technique had a significant impact on immediate postoperative continence.

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Advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma is characterized by extensive intratumoral genomic heterogeneity and branched as well as convergent evolutionary traits with genomically different subclones evolving in parallel in the same tumor. Distinct driver mutations can be found in spatially separated subclones, which may hinder the development of novel targeted therapies. However, truncal mutations of the VHL tumor suppressor gene and chromosome 3p loss were ubiquitously detected and will hence continue to be a focus of future drug development. Nevertheless, genomic instability, enhanced tumor genome plasticity and intratumoral heterogeneity are likely to represent major challenges towards biomarker development and personalized patient care.

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Biomedical research plays an important role in the development of novel diagnostic procedures, drugs and treatment strategies with regard to cancerous and chronic inflammatory diseases. Biobanks are essential tools in this process. The complex structures and benefits of biobanks are presented in this article.

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We prospectively investigated whether routine evaluation of the vesicourethral anastomosis (VUA) after radical prostatectomy can be waived. Primary integrity of the VUA was analysed by an intraoperative methylene-blue test (IMBT) and postoperatively by conventional cystography. Data on the IMBT, contrast extravasation and prostate volume as well as pad usage were collected prospectively. Significantly more patients with a primary watertight anastomosis demonstrated by the MBT had no leakage in the postoperative cystography (P < 0.001). In a multivariate logistic regression with adjustment for prostate size and surgeon, the positive correlation between IMBT and postoperative cystography remained statistically significant (P = 0.001). The IMBT is easy to perform, inexpensive, and timesaving. With it postoperative evaluation of VUA for integrity can be waived in a significant number of patients. Following our algorithm, the Foley can be removed without further testing of the VUA, whenever the IMBT detected no leakage.

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PURPOSE: To evaluate the general applicability of robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALP) in renal transplant recipients and potential surgical modifications due to the position of the transplanted kidney in the iliac fossa, as RALP has proven to be an effective and safe treatment option for prostate cancer (PCa) removal. PROCEDURES: A 71-year-old patient who had undergone renal transplantation was diagnosed with biopsy-proven localized Gleason 7a PCa. The prostate-specific antigen value was 12.4 ng/mL. RALP was performed by a transperitoneal approach using six ports. By partial mobilization of the bladder, the working space for the radical prostatectomy was created, while leaving the renal transplant and ureter untouched. Lymph node dissection was performed only on the contralateral side of the transplanted kidney. RESULTS: The procedure concluded after 220 minutes and the estimated blood loss was 300 mL. The perioperative clinical course was uneventful. The kidney function remained normal with a creatinine value of 1.2 mg/dL. A complete extirpation of the prostate with negative surgical margins was achieved. After catheter removal, the patient was completely continent. CONCLUSIONS: RALP in renal transplant recipients is feasible and can be achieved with favorable oncological and functional outcome. No modifications to the standard RALP technique are required in these patients, except from a partial dissection of the bladder from the abdominal wall and a one-sided lymph node dissection.

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Radical prostatectomy is the most common cause of male urinary incontinence. Up to 90% of the patients are incontinent in the early postoperative phase. This rate reduces to 3-23% approximately 12 months after prostatectomy. Male slings and the ProACT™-Ballon system are preferred minimal invasive therapeutic options for mild to moderate incontinence. Mid-term continence rates of 50-80% can be achieved with bone anchored and adjustable slings or the adjustable ProACT™-Ballon system. The results after radiation therapy are significantly poorer. Randomised controlled trials with longer follow-ups are necessary in order to evaluate the effectiveness of these options for continence therapy. Considering the high continence rates of 73-92% in long-term follow-ups, the artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) still remains the gold standard in the therapy for incontinence in men with normal dexterity and mental status. In cases where continence cannot be achieved by implantation of an AUS, a urinary diversion can be taken into consideration.

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Urinary incontinence in men most commonly occurs after radical prostatectomy. Of these patients, 3-23% remain incontinent a year after prostatectomy. Data on conservative therapy for postoperative incontinence is contradictory. Nonetheless, conservative treatment strategies must generally be attempted before any operative technique. Early pelvic floor muscle training with or without biofeedback therapy and duloxetine seem to have a positive effect on continence. Further randomised controlled studies are necessary to accurately assess other conservative therapeutic options such as extracorporeal magnetic innervation and electrical stimulation therapy.

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The artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) has been successfully implanted in the last 40 years. Continuous improvement of the AUS and increasing experience with the device has led to its widespread acceptance. The major indication is still post-prostatectomy incontinence. In this collective patient satisfaction was reported in over 90%. In a number of patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction and congenital or acquired anatomical disorders of the urethra, an AUS can be an alternative to urinary diversion. Nonetheless, complications such as infections and erosions are still a problem, leading to revisions and secondary procedures in up to 20% of the cases. Therefore, operative expertise and precise execution of aseptic rules are basic prerequisites.

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Pelvic organ prolapse is a widespread condition that especially affects women. There are a number of conservative and surgical therapeutic options. The choice of therapy should be individually made, depending on factors such as the grade of prolapse and concomitant secondary disorders as well as the age and general condition of the patient. This article presents current surgical options, analyzes recent studies, and offers future perspectives for reconstructive pelvic surgery.

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Objective. The great possibility of variations in the clinical presentation of hypospadia, makes its therapy challenging. This has led to the development of a number of techniques for hypospadia repair. This article assesses past and present concepts and operative techniques with the aim of broadening our understanding of this malformation. Materials and Methods. The article not only reviews hypospadia in general with its development and clinical presentation as well as historical and current concepts in hypospadiologie on the basis of available literature, but it is also based on our own clinical experience in the repair of this malformation. Results and Conclusion. The fact that there are great variations in the presentation and extent of malformations existent makes every hypospadia individual and a proposal of a universal comprehensive algorithm for hypospadia repair difficult. The Snodgrass technique has found wide popularity for the repair of distal hypospadias. As far as proximal hypospadias are concerned, their repair is more challenging because it not only involves urethroplasty, but can also, in some cases, fulfil the dimensions of a complex genital reconstruction. Due to the development of modern operating materials and an improvement in current surgical techniques, there has been a significant decrease in the complication rates. Nonetheless, there still is room and, therefore, need for further improvement in this field.

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Conservative therapeutic options are considered the gold standard in therapy of overactive bladder syndrome. However, surgery may be beneficial in selected cases. Neuromodulation is well established in clinical practice. If conservative or minimally invasive therapy fails, augmentation techniques or urinary diversion may be considered. This review presents the current knowledge about surgical treatment options for idiopathic overactive bladder.

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