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OBJECTIVE: To compare in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes for preimplantation genetic testing for chromosomal structural rearrangements (PGT-SR) using various testing platforms. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort. SETTING: Large academic IVF center. PATIENTS: Fifty-one balanced translocation carriers undergoing IVF with PGT-SR who completed a total of 91 cycles, including 31 fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH), 24 microarray comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), and 36 next-generation sequencing (NGS) testing cycles. INTERVENTIONS: PGT-SR. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary outcome of live-birth rate and secondary outcomes including implantation rate, clinical loss rate, and percentages of normal or balanced, unbalanced, and aneuploid embryos detected. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in LBR, though there was a tendency toward a higher LBR for NGS testing (14 of 19, 73.7%) compared with FISH (8 of 18, 44.4%) and aCGH (10 of 20, 50.0%). The implantation rate was statistically significantly higher for NGS (16 of 20, 80.0%) compared with FISH (11 of 25, 44.0%) and aCGH (16 of 30, 53.3%). There was no statistically significant difference in clinical pregnancy losses. There was a lower percentage of normal or balanced embryos with FISH (12.5%) compared with aCGH (23.7%) and with NGS (20.7%). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of PGT-SR outcomes for translocation carriers directly comparing PGT-SR using FISH, aCGH, and NGS. Our findings suggest an improvement in pregnancy outcomes parallel to the advancement in technology and are reassuring for continued use of NGS for this population.

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RESEARCH QUESTION: What is the optimal timing for transfer in natural cycle vitrified-warmed embryo transfers (NC-VET)? DESIGN: This retrospective cohort study uses data from a large university-affiliated IVF clinic. The study included 341 NC-VET cycles with autologous oocytes and non-preimplantation genetic testing, vitrified embryos from January 2013 to September 2017. Each cycle was classified by timing of embryo transfer in relation to LH surge ≥20 IU/l. Group 1: LH ≥20 IU/l one day and blastocyst was transferred 6 days later; Group 2: LH ≥20 IU/l two consecutive days and blastocyst was transferred 6 days after the initial surge; Group 3: LH ≥20 IU/l two consecutive days and blastocyst was transferred 7 days after the initial surge. The primary outcome was ongoing pregnancy rate (OPR). The secondary objective was to compare OPR in relation to serum oestradiol dynamics and progesterone concentration (according to threshold 1.0 ng/ml) 6 days prior to embryo transfer. RESULTS: OPR were similar for all three groups (66.8%, 65.0%, 62.9% for Groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively). When stratified according to oestradiol and progesterone, no significant differences were noted in OPR. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the timing of blastocyst transfer in a natural cycle after LH surge is flexible within 24 h. Outcomes are equally good with day of embryo transfer 6 or 7 days after LH surge date. Oestradiol dynamics and progesterone concentration 6 days prior to NC-VET did not have a significant impact on OPR.

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BACKGROUND: Microarray analysis testing on products of conception can provide valuable information in the evaluation of recurrent pregnancy loss beyond ploidy status. CASE: A maternally inherited deletion on the X chromosome was detected by microarray analysis performed on products of conception in a couple with recurrent pregnancy loss. The mother had a previously demonstrated normal karyotype with standard cytogenetic analysis but was subsequently determined to have the same X chromosome deletion by oligonucleotide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarray analysis. CONCLUSION: Direct testing of products of conception using oligonucleotide SNP microarray identified a maternally inherited microdeletion on the X chromosome in a patient with recurrent losses and normal karyotype. Going forward, the couple may use preimplantation genetic diagnosis testing to identify embryos free of this deletion for transfer.

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PURPOSE: This study aims to ascertain whether the length of normal-ranged CGG repeats on the FMR1 gene correlates with abnormal reproductive parameters. METHODS: We performed a retrospective, cross-sectional study of all FMR1 carrier screening performed as part of routine care at a large university-based fertility center from January 2011 to March 2014. Correlations were performed between normal-range FMR1 length and baseline serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), cycle day 3 follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), ovarian volumes (OV), antral follicle counts (AFC), and incidence of diminished ovarian reserve (DOR), while controlling for the effect of age. RESULTS: Six hundred three FMR1 screening results were collected. One subject was found to be a pre-mutation carrier and was excluded from the study. Baseline serum AMH, cycle day 3 FSH, OV, and AFC data were collected for the 602 subjects with normal-ranged CGG repeats. No significant difference in median age was noted amongst any of the FMR1 repeat genotypes. No significant correlation or association was found between any allele length or genotype, with any of the reproductive parameters or with incidence of DOR at any age (p > 0.05). However, subjects who were less than 35 years old with low/low genotype were significantly more likely to have below average AMH levels compared to those with normal/normal genotype (RR 3.82; 95 % CI 1.38-10.56). CONCLUSIONS: This large study did not demonstrate any substantial association between normal-range FMR1 repeat lengths and reproductive parameters.

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OBJECTIVE: To assess the occult pregnancy rate after "negative" first post-embryo transfer (ET) serum ß-hCG results. DESIGN: Two-part retrospective cohort study and nested case series. SETTING: University-based fertility center. PATIENT(S): A total of 1,571 negative first post-ET serum ß-hCG results were included in the study; 1,326 results (primary cohort, June 2009-December 2013) were initially reported as <5 mIU/mL and 245 results (secondary cohort, January 2014-March 2015) were reported as discrete values from 1.0 to 5.0 mIU/mL. INTERVENTION(S): None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Rates of occult pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy, and complications after negative first post-ET serum ß-hCG results. RESULT(S): A total of 88.8% (1,178/1,326) of the negative first post-ET results reported as <5 were actually <1.0 mIU/mL. Occult pregnancy was incidentally identified in 1.2% (12/1,041) of subjects with follow-up. Six had ectopic pregnancies, and seven experienced serious complications; 11 (91.7%) of the 12 occult pregnancies had a first post-ET serum ß-hCG level of 1.0-5.0 mIU/mL and 1 (8.3%) <1.0 mIU/mL. All pregnancies with serious complications had initial ß-hCG levels of 1.0-5.0 mIU/mL. Of the 245 results reported as discreet values, occult pregnancies were diagnosed in 5.5% (9/163) of subjects with follow-up. One had an ectopic pregnancy, which was treated with methotrexate. There were no serious complications in the secondary cohort. CONCLUSION(S): The majority of negative first post-ET serum ß-hCG levels are <1.0 mIU/mL. Results from 1.0 to 5.0 mIU/mL may fail to exclude abnormal pregnancy and are associated with poor outcomes compared with ß-hCG levels <1.0 mIU/mL. Serial serum ß-hCG may be warranted in this population.

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OBJECTIVE: To compare the analysis of chromosome number from paraffin-embedded products of conception using single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarray with the recommended screening for the evaluation of couples presenting with recurrent pregnancy loss who do not have previous fetal cytogenetic data. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study including all women who presented for a new evaluation of recurrent pregnancy loss over a 2-year period (January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2013). All participants had at least two documented first-trimester losses and both the recommended screening tests and SNP microarray performed on at least one paraffin-embedded products of conception sample. Single-nucleotide polymorphism microarray identifies all 24 chromosomes (22 autosomes, X, and Y). RESULTS: Forty-two women with a total of 178 losses were included in the study. Paraffin-embedded products of conception from 62 losses were sent for SNP microarray. Single-nucleotide polymorphism microarray successfully diagnosed fetal chromosome number in 71% (44/62) of samples, of which 43% (19/44) were euploid and 57% (25/44) were noneuploid. Seven of 42 (17%) participants had abnormalities on recurrent pregnancy loss screening. The per-person detection rate for a cause of pregnancy loss was significantly higher in the SNP microarray (0.50; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.36-0.64) compared with recurrent pregnancy loss evaluation (0.17; 95% CI 0.08-0.31) (P=.002). Participants with one or more euploid loss identified on paraffin-embedded products of conception were significantly more likely to have an abnormality on recurrent pregnancy loss screening than those with only noneuploid results (P=.028). The significance remained when controlling for age, number of losses, number of samples, and total pregnancies. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that SNP microarray testing of paraffin-embedded products of conception is a valuable tool for the evaluation of recurrent pregnancy loss in patients without prior fetal cytogenetic results. Recommended recurrent pregnancy loss screening was unnecessary in almost half the patients in our study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.

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OBJECTIVE: To determine the ovulation rate after ovulation induction with clomiphene citrate (CC) in women who had previously been ovulatory after a stair-step (CC-SS) ovulation induction. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort. SETTING: University-based tertiary fertility center. PATIENT(S): 61 anovulatory patients <40 years of age with polycystic ovary syndrome who underwent ovulation induction with a CC-SS protocol and a subsequent CC cycle. INTERVENTION(S): Ovulation induction with CC. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Ovulation rates and cycle characteristics. RESULT(S): Of 61 patients who underwent a subsequent CC cycle, 15 (25%) failed to ovulate at the previously ovulatory dose. Of those 15 patients, 13 (86.7%) ovulated after an increase in dose. The total number of follicles ≥15 mm (2.8 ± 1.2 vs. 1.6 ± 0.7) and peak estradiol (E2) levels (604 ± 272 pg/mL vs. 447 ± 218 pg/mL) were statistically significantly higher in the CC-SS cycle compared with the subsequent CC cycle, respectively. The endometrial lining was statistically significantly thinner in the CC-SS than the CC cycle (7.8 ± 1.8 vs. 9.2 ± 2.7, respectively). CONCLUSION(S): The majority of patients who ovulate after a CC-SS protocol will ovulate after taking the previously ovulatory CC dose in a subsequent cycle. Those who do not ovulate will likely ovulate with a further increase in CC dose.

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OBJECTIVE: To compare the rate of congenital anomalies, obstetrical complications, and neonatal complications in antagonist cycles where either GnRH agonist (GnRHa) or hCG was used for final oocyte maturation. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: University-based tertiary fertility center. PATIENT(S): Three hundred ninety-two women under 40 years of age who underwent controlled ovarian stimulation using a GnRH antagonist protocol and who had final oocyte maturation triggered with either a GnRHa or hCG that resulted in pregnancy and delivery after 16 weeks' gestation. INTERVENTION(S): GnRHa versus hCG trigger of final oocyte maturation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Congenital anomaly rates, obstetrical complications, and neonatal complications. RESULT(S): There were no significant differences in the rate of congenital anomalies between GnRHa and hCG trigger (6.6 vs. 9.2%). There were also no differences in the maternal complications (27.6 vs. 20.8%) or neonatal complications (19.7 vs. 20.0%) between the GnRHa trigger and hCG trigger groups. CONCLUSION(S): GnRHa trigger does not affect the rate of congenital anomalies or obstetrical or neonatal complications and remains a viable option in the prevention of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.

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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare outcome parameters in patients anticipated to have a good response to stimulation based upon baseline characteristics using either a gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist or antagonist protocol in their first in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycle. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective chart review of all first-time IVF cycles performed during the time period 2005 through 2007 in an academic teaching center. Patients <40 years of age with a normal baseline follicle stimulating hormone (<10 mIU/mL) and normal antral follicle counts (> or = 3 in each ovary) were included. All patients studied were undergoing their first IVF cycle. The main outcome measures were clinical pregnancy and live birth rates. RESULTS: Included in the study were 755 patients undergoing a GnRH agonist protocol and 378 patients undergoing a GnRH antagonist cycle. Implantation rates (39.4% vs. 39.5%), cancellation rates (22.4% vs. 19.2%), clinical pregnancy rates (43.6% vs. 48.6%) and live birth rates (34.9% vs. 40.1%) were similar between GnRH antagonist and GnRH agonist protocol groups, respectively. CONCLUSION: Clinical pregnancy and live birth rates are similar in good responders utilizing either a GnRH agonist or antagonist during their first cycle of IVF.

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We performed a randomized trial to compare IVF outcomes in 54 poor responder patients undergoing a microdose leuprolide acetate (LA) protocol or a GnRH antagonist protocol incorporating a luteal phase E(2) patch and GnRH antagonist in the preceding menstrual cycle. Cancellation rates, number of oocytes retrieved, clinical pregnancy rates (PR), and ongoing PRs were similar between the two groups.

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Patients undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation and pituitary suppression with a GnRH antagonist who experienced a transient premature rise in LH were compared with those who did not have an early surge. Those experiencing a premature LH surge had equivalent clinical and ongoing pregnancy rates per ET.

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Patients undergoing first IVF cycle using MDL from October 2005 to November 2008 had serum FSH, LH, and estradiol (E2) levels measured prior to and 2 days after initiation of MDL; and evidence of a follicular flare, defined as a doubling in endogenous gonadotropins, was evaluated and correlated with clinical pregnancy, cancellation, implantation, spontaneous abortion, and ongoing pregnancy rate as well as cycle parameters. Although there was no difference in IVF outcomes, higher doses of exogeneous gonadotropins as well as greater days of stimulation were observed in patients with a documented FSH or LH flare.

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Ninety-four women undergoing IVF with peak E2 level>4000 pg/mL received leuprolide acetate (LA) trigger (LA trigger group) or had gonadotropins withheld for one or more days (coasting group) followed by hCG trigger, unless cycle cancellation occurred. There were no cases of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome in either group, and the LA trigger group had significantly more oocytes retrieved (26.9+/-9.5 vs. 17.7+/-9.3) P<0.001, more normally fertilized oocytes (15.0+/-7.8 vs. 10.3+/-6.3) P=0.01, and higher clinical and ongoing pregnancy rates than the coasting group (52.5% vs. 27.2%; 49.2% vs. 24.2%, P=0.02 for both comparisons, respectively).

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OBJECTIVE: To compare outcomes of frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycles when two or three embryos were transferred in women aged <40 years. DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. SETTING: A university-affiliated IVF program. PATIENT(S): Women undergoing FET cycles between January 2004 and December 2005. INTERVENTION(S): Transfer of two or three embryos. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Clinical pregnancy rate (PR), multiple pregnancy rate (MPR), and live birth rate (LBR). RESULT(S): In patients aged <35 (n = 145), two versus three embryo group had similar PR and LBR, but the MPR was significantly higher in the three-embryo group (41% for three embryos vs. 9.4% for two embryos). Clinical pregnancy in the fresh cycle from which the frozen embryos were obtained did not affect the PR, and an increase in MPR was still observed. In patients aged 35 to 39 (n = 93), there were no differences in the PR, MPR, or LBR between the two groups. CONCLUSION(S): Transfer of two instead of three frozen embryos in patients <35 years old resulted in a significant decrease in MPR without compromising PR or LBR. Transferring additional embryos when a patient had an unsuccessful fresh cycle was not warranted. In the age group 35-39 years, transferring two instead of three embryos did not decrease PR or LBR, and had no effect on the risk of high-order multiples.

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OBJECTIVE: To determine the role of endometrial sampling for identification and treatment of chronic endometritis (CE) in patients undergoing IVF-ET who repeatedly failed to conceive despite the transfer of good-quality embryos. DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. SETTING: University-based tertiary fertility center. PATIENT(S): Thirty-three patients with recurrent implantation failure (RIF) who underwent endometrial sampling and subsequent ET were analyzed based on immunohistochemically confirmed CE: CE present on biopsy (group 1; n = 10) and CE absent on biopsy (group 2; n = 23). Patients with RIF undergoing IVF cycles during the same time period who did not have endometrial sampling were used as controls (group 3; n = 485). INTERVENTION(S): Endometrial sampling for CE and subsequent antibiotic treatment in affected patients followed by another IVF-ET cycle. RESULT(S): Chronic endometritis was identified in 30.3% of patients with RIF. Group 1 had lower implantation rates (11.5%) in the IVF cycle following treatment than did group 2 and group 3 (32.7% and 20.3%, respectively). Clinical pregnancy and ongoing pregnancy rates were similar across groups. CONCLUSION(S): Recurrent implantation failure warrants investigation of CE as a contributing factor. Women demonstrating CE on endometrial sampling have lower implantation rates in a subsequent IVF-ET cycle; however, there were no differences in subsequent clinical pregnancy or ongoing pregnancy rates after successful antibiotic treatment.

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OBJECTIVE: To report a case of adnexal torsion after in vitro fertilization (IVF) with two subsequent episodes of contralateral adnexal torsion and a novel approach for reducing the risk of recurrence. DESIGN: Case report. SETTING: University-based IVF program. PATIENT(S): A 32-year-old woman who conceived with IVF and experienced sequential bilateral adnexal torsion. Left adnexal torsion was diagnosed with laparoscopic detorsion performed 2 days after embryo transfer. At 7 weeks' gestation, right adnexal torsion occurred and was managed with laparoscopic detorsion. Subsequently, right adnexal torsion recurred at 10 weeks' gestation, and laparoscopic detorsion with shortening of the uteroovarian ligament was performed. INTERVENTION(S): Gonadotropin ovulation induction, IVF, and laparoscopic detorsion of both right and left adnexa with shortening of the right uteroovarian ligament. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Preservation of adnexa after torsion and successful pregnancy. RESULT(S): Successful pregnancy and birth; resolution of torsion, prevention of recurrence with viable bilateral adnexa after detorsion and shortening of the utero-ovarian ligament with novel use of laparoscopic Endoloop. CONCLUSION(S): This is a unique case of multiple episodes of adnexal torsion following IVF with a new form of treatment using the laparoscopic Endoloop. Management of the infertility patient should be conservative and warrants ovarian preservation whenever possible. Multiple sequential episodes of adnexal torsion during a single pregnancy are a rare complication of IVF. Shortening of the utero-ovarian ligament is an alternative to oophoropexy to prevent recurrence.

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PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review addresses the effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists and antagonists on various aspects of the luteal phase. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent studies have shown that use of both gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists and antagonists during in-vitro fertilization cycles leads to alterations in the hormonal profiles of the luteal phase as well as changes in endometrial histology. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists are effective in triggering final oocyte maturation and reducing the incidence of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Ongoing pregnancy rates are excellent after gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist trigger when luteal phase and early pregnancy supplementation with estradiol and progesterone is provided. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists have recently been used for luteal phase support in in-vitro fertilization cycles. SUMMARY: Although gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists and antagonists are clinically useful, they may have adverse effects on luteal function. Luteal phase supplementation significantly improves clinical outcomes in in-vitro fertilization cycles because it may correct some of these detrimental effects. Use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist to induce oocyte maturation is beneficial to patients who are at increased risk for ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. The key factor in achieving favorable ongoing pregnancy rates with use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist to induce oocyte maturation appears to be adequate luteal phase support.

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Women aged 35-37 years undergoing IVF-ET with fresh embryos at a university infertility center were analyzed to evaluate factors useful in determining whether two or three embryos should be transferred in this age group. Embryo quality and number, but not number of previous failed cycles, were important in determining outcome, and all triplet pregnancies could have been avoided at our program in this age group by limiting the transfer to two good-quality embryos, without reducing pregnancy rates.

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Forty-eight patients who met the criteria of poor response during prior gonadotropin stimulation were enrolled in a randomized prospective study comparing a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist protocol, using ganirelix acetate, with a microdose GnRH agonist protocol for in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET). This pilot study contributes to the literature of poor response IVF treatment protocols because the use of ganirelix appears to be as effective as the microdose protocol and may be a superior choice in terms of cost and convenience for the patient.

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OBJECTIVE: To report two cases of severe obstetrical complications in gestational carrier pregnancies and to review our clinical experience and compare our results with those reported in the literature. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. SETTING: A university IVF program. PATIENT(S): Women without a functioning uterus or those whose pregnancy would exacerbate a medical condition were enrolled in the gestational carrier pregnancy program. INTERVENTION(S): IVF cycles using oocytes from genetic mothers (or oocyte donors) were performed, with ET to gestational carriers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Clinical pregnancy rates, obstetrical complications, and neonatal outcomes. RESULT(S): Ten couples underwent a total of 13 cycles using gestational carriers. A clinical pregnancy rate of 69% (9/13) was achieved. An intrapartum hysterectomy and a late puerperal hysterectomy were required because of severe obstetrical complications. The late puerperal hysterectomy was performed for placenta accreta in a triplet gestation. This carrier sustained multiple cerebral infarcts and blindness. One triplet infant died secondary to a hypoplastic left ventricle and complications of prematurity. A second gestational carrier with a singleton gestation underwent a hysterectomy for a uterine rupture, and the infant has cerebral palsy. CONCLUSION(S): The past medical and obstetrical histories of potential gestational carriers must be closely scrutinized, and candidates must be thoroughly counseled about the potential risks involved in the procedure.

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