Asunto(s)
Arritmias Cardíacas/terapia , Cardiólogos/tendencias , Desfibriladores Implantables/tendencias , Cardioversión Eléctrica/tendencias , Pautas de la Práctica en Medicina/tendencias , Arritmias Cardíacas/diagnóstico , Arritmias Cardíacas/fisiopatología , Toma de Decisiones Clínicas , Cardioversión Eléctrica/instrumentación , Humanos , Selección de Paciente , Diseño de Prótesis/tendencias , Factores de Tiempo , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
Winter canola Brassica napus L. (Brassicales: Brassicaceae) was introduced to U.S. Southern Great Plains (Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas) growers to manage some difficult-to-control grassy weeds in winter wheat Triticum aestivum L. (Poales: Poaceae). Two braconid parasitoids, Diaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh) and Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) are active in this cropping landscape. Both wasps move between crops but D. rapae has a limited ability to develop in the main wheat aphid hosts, so L. testaceipes could influence D. rapae's ability to maintain itself when canola is absent in the landscape. We compared behavioral responses of naturally emerged D. rapae and wasps that were excised before emergence to odor volatiles of host plant, aphid host and aphid-infested plants using two plant/aphid combinations (wheat/Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) and canola/Brevocoryne brassicae L. (Hemiptera: Aphididae). We also compared parasitism rates of D. rapae that were naturally emerged and excised from R. padi or B. brassicae on subsequent parasitism rates of R. padi or B. brassicae hosts. Naturally emerged wasps responded more strongly to host plant and host plant + aphid odors compared to excised wasps regardless of the host origin. Neither wasp group responded to odors from aphids alone. Both wasp groups were most attracted to odors from aphid-infested host plants, regardless of the combination. D. rapae parasitism rates on canola-reared aphids were higher than on wheat-reared aphids. D. rapae parasitism rates were lower when switched from its original host to the alternate host. Results suggest that D. rapae faces challenges to maintain significant populations in the wheat/canola landscape of the Southern Great Plains, especially in years when canola is not locally present.
Asunto(s)
Áfidos/parasitología , Brassica , Triticum , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles , Avispas/fisiología , Animales , Interacciones Huésped-ParásitosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Cryoballoon pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) has emerged as an alternative to radiofrequency PVI for atrial fibrillation (AF). Data are lacking to define the rates and predictors of complications, particularly phrenic nerve injury (PNI). METHODS AND RESULTS: We evaluated a single-center prospective registry of 450 consecutive patients undergoing cryoballoon PVI between 2011 and 2015. Patients were 59±10 years old, 26% were women, 58% had hypertension, their mean CHA2DS2VASc score was 1.7±1.3, 30% had persistent atrial fibrillation, and 92% received a second-generation 28-mm balloon. Predefined major complications were persistent PNI, pericardial effusion, deep vein thrombosis, arteriovenous fistula, atrioesophageal fistula, bleeding requiring transfusion, stroke, and death. PNI was categorized as persistent if it persisted after discharge from the laboratory. Logistic regression was performed to identify predictors of complications and specifically PNI. We identified a major complication in 10 (2.2%) patients. In 49 (10.8%) patients, at least transient PNI was observed; only 5 persisted beyond the procedure (1.1%). All cases of PNI resolved eventually, with the longest time to resolution being 48 days. We also describe 2 cases of PNI manifesting after the index hospitalization. Regression analysis identified 23-mm balloon use (16.3% versus 5.2%, odds ratio 2.94, P=0.011) and increased age (62.8±7.7 versus 58.7±0.12 years, odds ratio 1.058, P=0.014) as independent significant predictors of PNI. There were no significant predictors of major complications. CONCLUSIONS: In a large contemporary cohort, cryoballoon PVI is associated with low procedural risk, including lower rates of PNI than previously reported. Older age and 23-mm balloon use were associated with PNI. Our low rate of PNI may reflect more sensitive detection methods, including compound motor action potential monitoring and forced double-deflation.
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Fibrilación Atrial/cirugía , Criocirugía , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/epidemiología , Venas Pulmonares/cirugía , Sistema de Registros , Anciano , Fístula Arteriovenosa/epidemiología , Transfusión Sanguínea , Estudios de Cohortes , Fístula Esofágica/epidemiología , Femenino , Hemorragia/epidemiología , Hemorragia/terapia , Mortalidad Hospitalaria , Humanos , Incidencia , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Derrame Pericárdico/epidemiología , Traumatismos de los Nervios Periféricos/epidemiología , Nervio Frénico/lesiones , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Accidente Cerebrovascular/epidemiología , Trombosis de la Vena/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Inflammatory/hemostatic biomarkers are associated with coronary heart disease events, but relationships in asymptomatic midlife women are uncertain. We evaluated separately whether high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), fibrinogen, plasminogen-activator inhibitor 1, tissue plasminogen activator antigen, and circulating factor VII (factor VIIc) were associated with coronary artery calcification (CAC) in healthy midlife women. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed of participants from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation. Logistic and Tobit regression was used to assess associations between log-transformed biomarkers, and CAC presence (CAC > 0) and extent. Effect modification by race/ethnicity was evaluated. RESULTS: The study included 372 women (mean age 51.3 y; 35.2% African-American). All biomarkers were positively associated with CAC presence and extent (Pâ<â0.001 for all), adjusting for Framingham risk score, site, race/ethnicity, menopause status, income, and education. Additional adjustment for body mass index explained all associations except for factor VIIc, which remained associated with CAC extent only (Pâ=â0.02). Final adjustment for insulin resistance, family history of cardiovascular disease, and cardiovascular medication use produced similar results. Associations between hsCRP, and CAC presence and extent were modified by race/ethnicity (Pâ<â0.05). Log(hsCRP) was positively associated with CAC presence (odds ratio 3.25; 95% CI, 1.53-6.90; Pâ=â0.002; per 1 log unit increase) and CAC extent (ßâ=â19.66; SEâ=â7.67; Pâ=â0.01; per 1 log unit increase) in African-Americans only. CONCLUSIONS: Inflammatory/hemostatic biomarkers were associated with CAC through obesity, except for factor VIIc. Among African-American women only, hsCRP was independently associated with CAC, suggesting that hsCRP may have a role in coronary heart disease prevention in African-American midlife women.
Asunto(s)
Negro o Afroamericano , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/sangre , Inflamación/sangre , Calcificación Vascular/sangre , Población Blanca , Salud de la Mujer , Biomarcadores , Proteína C-Reactiva/análisis , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/etnología , Estudios Transversales , Factor VII/análisis , Femenino , Fibrinógeno/análisis , Hemostasis/fisiología , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Obesidad/sangre , Inhibidor 1 de Activador Plasminogénico/sangre , Activador de Tejido Plasminógeno/sangre , Calcificación Vascular/etnologíaRESUMEN
The evolutionary significance of hybridization and subsequent introgression has long been appreciated, but evaluation of the genome-wide effects of these phenomena has only recently become possible. Crop-wild study systems represent ideal opportunities to examine evolution through hybridization. For example, maize and the conspecific wild teosinte Zea mays ssp. mexicana (hereafter, mexicana) are known to hybridize in the fields of highland Mexico. Despite widespread evidence of gene flow, maize and mexicana maintain distinct morphologies and have done so in sympatry for thousands of years. Neither the genomic extent nor the evolutionary importance of introgression between these taxa is understood. In this study we assessed patterns of genome-wide introgression based on 39,029 single nucleotide polymorphisms genotyped in 189 individuals from nine sympatric maize-mexicana populations and reference allopatric populations. While portions of the maize and mexicana genomes appeared resistant to introgression (notably near known cross-incompatibility and domestication loci), we detected widespread evidence for introgression in both directions of gene flow. Through further characterization of these genomic regions and preliminary growth chamber experiments, we found evidence suggestive of the incorporation of adaptive mexicana alleles into maize during its expansion to the highlands of central Mexico. In contrast, very little evidence was found for adaptive introgression from maize to mexicana. The methods we have applied here can be replicated widely, and such analyses have the potential to greatly inform our understanding of evolution through introgressive hybridization. Crop species, due to their exceptional genomic resources and frequent histories of spread into sympatry with relatives, should be particularly influential in these studies.
Asunto(s)
Evolución Biológica , Flujo Génico , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Zea mays/genética , Alelos , Genética de Población , Genoma de Planta , Humanos , Hibridación Genética , México , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Especificidad de la Especie , Simpatría/genéticaRESUMEN
Mangrove species are uniquely adapted to tropical and subtropical coasts, and although relatively low in number of species, mangrove forests provide at least US $1.6 billion each year in ecosystem services and support coastal livelihoods worldwide. Globally, mangrove areas are declining rapidly as they are cleared for coastal development and aquaculture and logged for timber and fuel production. Little is known about the effects of mangrove area loss on individual mangrove species and local or regional populations. To address this gap, species-specific information on global distribution, population status, life history traits, and major threats were compiled for each of the 70 known species of mangroves. Each species' probability of extinction was assessed under the Categories and Criteria of the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Eleven of the 70 mangrove species (16%) are at elevated threat of extinction. Particular areas of geographical concern include the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Central America, where as many as 40% of mangroves species present are threatened with extinction. Across the globe, mangrove species found primarily in the high intertidal and upstream estuarine zones, which often have specific freshwater requirements and patchy distributions, are the most threatened because they are often the first cleared for development of aquaculture and agriculture. The loss of mangrove species will have devastating economic and environmental consequences for coastal communities, especially in those areas with low mangrove diversity and high mangrove area or species loss. Several species at high risk of extinction may disappear well before the next decade if existing protective measures are not enforced.