RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1) has a critical role in breast cancer initiation and progression. OBJECTIVES: We have investigated the possible differences in two promoter polymorphisms (-509C/T and -800G/A) of TGF-ß1 gene between breast cancer cases and controls. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 100 patients with confirmed breast cancer and 100 subjects without breast cancer was selected. Two promoter polymorphisms (-509C/T and -800G/A) of TGF-ß1 gene were genotyped using PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method. RESULTS: The allele frequencies were 63% for C allele and 37% for T allele of SNP -509C/T and 66% for G allele and 34% for A allele of SNP -800G/A. Although no significant difference has observed between two groups, according to the genotype distribution, However, the TT genotype of -509 and AA genotype of -800 was significantly associated with breast cancer risk [odds ratio (OR) = 2.409; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.087 - 5.337, P = 0.030; and OR = 2.383; CI = 1.039 - 5.40, P = 0.040, respectively]. In addition, a multinomial logistic regression model shown, homozygous of -800 G/A (OR = 0.570; 95% CI = 0.362 - 0.896, P = 0.015); and HDL-C (OR = 0.935; 95% CI = 0.906 - 0.965, P < 0.001) were the selected variables associated with the presence of breast cancer. Haplotype analysis has shown no significant association between TGF-ß1 haplotypes and breast cancer risk. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicated that among two promoter polymorphisms of the TGF-ß1gene, -800G/A compared to -509C/T is more associated with breast cancer.
RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Calpains are a family of Ca(2+) dependent proteases. There is some evidence that calpains involved in fusion process that occurs between spermatozoa and the oocyte. The current study aimed to investigate the association of smoking with semen quality and µ-calpain level. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This case-control study was conducted on 117 normospermia males between June 2013 and march 2014 in Jahad Laboratory in ahvaz, Iran. The semen samples were collected from male smokers (n = 50) and non-smokers (n = 67). We divided these participants as light, moderate, or heavy smokers based on their cigarettes per day (CPD). ELISA assays were used to measure µ-calpain concentration. All semen samples were analyzed according to World Health Organization guidelines. RESULTS: The analysis of semen showed the volume, concentration, motility and morphology of semen were significantly lower among the smoker men than the non-smoker men. Also this significant difference was observed based on the number (light, moderate and heavy smokers) and duration (short term and long term smoker) of smoking. Although, showed no significant difference between µ-calpain of smoker men and non-smoker men. CPD showed negatively correlation with semen volume, concentration, motility and morphology of sperm. CONCLUSION: Sperm quality was negatively correlated with CPD and duration of smoking. However, there is no significant correlation between smoking and µ-calpain concentration.