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The patient was a 64-year-old man who had aortic regurgitation, ischemic heart disease, a transverse aortic aneurysm, and an abdominal-common iliac aneurysm. Concomitant operations including aortic valve replacement, coronary artery bypass grafting, and total aortic arch replacement with elephant trunk technique were performed successfully. The patient developed postoperative cardiac tamponade on the 5th postoperative day, resulting in bulbar palsy due to occlusion of the dominant left vertebral artery. Thrombectomy of the vertebral artery with reconstruction by a saphenous vein was performed. The patient's neurological symptoms improved after the operation. Revascularization of ischemic stroke may yield neurological improvement even in patients after cardiovascular surgery.

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BACKGROUND: Epicardial cysts are rarer benign tumors than pericardial cysts. There have been few reports on surgical management for epicardial cysts. CASE PRESENTATION: A 73-year-old woman with dyspnea on exertion had a giant cyst (12 × 10 cm in diameter) on preoperative computed tomography. Compression of the left atrium and ventricle by the cyst was considered to be the cause of her symptoms. The cyst was diagnosed with an epicardial cyst intraoperatively. Although the cyst adhered to surrounding tissues, it was successfully resected with off-pump surgery by using a heart positioner and an ultrasonic scalpel. CONCLUSIONS: Surgeons should consider off-pump surgery as an alternative to video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and on-pump surgery for complicated epicardial cysts.

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OBJECTIVES: To elucidate the effect of tricuspid annuloplasty concomitant with left-sided valve surgery on the right heart in patients with mild or more tricuspid regurgitation (TR). METHODS: We enrolled 78 patients with mild or more TR who underwent left-sided valve surgery. Forty-three patients underwent only left-sided valve surgery (group non-T) and 35 underwent concomitant tricuspid annuloplasty (group T). Echocardiographic changes between the preoperative and 1-year follow-up periods were compared. Propensity score matching was used to obtain risk-adjusted outcome comparisons (16 pairs). RESULTS: In group non-T, there were more operations for aortic stenosis and concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting, and fewer operations for mitral regurgitation. The prevalence of atrial fibrillation was higher in group T. In preoperative echocardiography, there were no significant differences in left ventricular and right ventricular (RV) dimensions and functions. Tricuspid valve annular diameter and TR-related parameters were significantly larger in group T. Left ventricular dimensions and TR-related parameters significantly improved in both groups 1 year after operation. RV diameter was significantly reduced in only group T. In analysis of variance, RV diameter in systole and diastole showed significant interaction, whereas left heart dimensions and function, tricuspid valve tethering height, and RV fractional area change did not show interaction. These results were not attenuated even after propensity-matching analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with mild or more TR, RV reverse remodeling was not obtained with left-sided valve surgery alone. Additional use of tricuspid annuloplasty might potentially achieve favorable TR regulation as well as RV reverse remodeling.

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An arteriovenous fistula (AVF) in a limb involves an abnormal connection between a limb artery and vein. It can be due to trauma or iatrogenic injury. Traumatic AVFs can be caused by penetrating or gunshot injuries to the limb, whereas iatrogenic causes include catheter intervention to the groins or open surgery of the inguinal space. By contrast, the occurrence of multiple spontaneous AVFs is rare. We report a case of endovascular therapy for multiple spontaneous AVFs between the iliac artery and the vein, common femoral artery and the vein, superficial artery and the saphenous vein, and deep femoral artery and the vein.

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A 69-year-old man was admitted to our hospital for dyspnea and fever. Echocardiography showed a mobile mass on the anterolateral papillary muscle and severe mitral regurgitation. Coronary artery angiography showed no stenotic lesion. Infective endocarditis or cardiac tumor was suspected, and a mitral valve operation was performed. Intraoperative observation revealed a partially ruptured anterolateral papillary muscle and no evidence of infection or tumor. Pathologic examination of the resected papillary muscle showed atherosclerotic changes in small arteries and infarcted areas in different postinfarct time phases along the ruptured edge. It could be speculated that microvascular stenosis caused the repeated localized subendocardial infarction over time.

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A 16-year-old boy developed pulsating pain and dysesthesia in his right knee. Computed tomography showed a large aneurysm in the right upper popliteal artery and a spiked bone tumor arising from the right distal femoral shaft. Pseudoaneurysm due to osteochondroma was suspected, and the patient underwent emergency surgery. A 2-mm pinhole was detected in the arterial wall behind the tumor. After resection of the tumor, the damaged arterial wall was removed, and the defect was repaired using a saphenous vein patch. We suggest that patch repair is preferable to direct closure or end-to-end anastomosis to prevent recurrent pseudoaneurysm at a later time, even if the defect is small.

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OBJECTIVE: Acute type A aortic dissection remains one of the most challenging diseases facing cardiovascular surgeons. It is associated with high mortality and morbidity. However, prevention of disease process progression in the residual dissected aorta is an important aspect of the patient's long-term outcome. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of patent false lumen at the descending aorta after total arch replacement for acute type A aortic dissection. METHODS: Between December 1994 and August 2014, a total of 145 patients underwent total arch replacement for acute type A aortic dissection. The hospital mortality was 5.5%.Of these 145 patients, 33 had patent false lumen at the descending aorta after surgery, and 94 had thrombosed false lumen. The perioperative variables and late results were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: The incidence of residual thoracic patent false lumen was 26.0%.No significant difference was observed in the cumulative survival rate between groups. The patent false lumen group was associated with significant higher risk of the descending aortic event than the thrombosed group. By multivariate analysis, younger age and non-resection of the primary tear were significant prospective factors for the patent false lumen at the descending aorta. CONCLUSIONS: The patent false lumen at the descending aorta was associated with the late aortic critical events after total arch replacement for aortic dissection.

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Although various osteogenic inducers contribute to the calcification of human aortic valve interstitial cells, the cellular origin of calcification remains unclear. We immunohistochemically investigated the cellular origin of valve calcification using enzymatically isolated cells from both calcified and non-calcified human aortic valve specimens. CD73-, 90-, and 105-positive and CD45-negative mesenchymal stem-like cells (MSLCs) were isolated from both types of valve specimens using fluorescence-activated cell sorting. MSLCs were further sorted into CD34-negative and -positive cells. Compared with CD34-positive cells, CD34-negative MSLCs were significantly more sensitive to high inorganic phosphate (3.2 mM), calcifying easily in response. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining showed that significantly higher numbers (~7-9-fold) of CD34-negative compared with CD34-positive MSLCs were localized in calcified aortic valve specimens obtained from calcified aortic stenosis patients. These results suggest that CD34-negative MSLCs are responsible for calcification of the aortic valve.

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A 67-year-old female was admitted to our hospital for surgical treatment of the aortic and mitral valvular disease. She had chronic renal failure and dialysis was started 13 years previously. A diagnosis of severe aortic stenosis and regurgitation with severe mitral stenosis was made, and she underwent aortic valve and mitral valve replacement. Because mitral annular calcification had deeply invaded into the subvalvular region, enucleation of calcified core was performed using the ultrasonic aspiration system. The posterior mitral annulus was reconstructed using equine pericardium and aortic and mitral valve replacement was performed. The postoperative course was uneventful.

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