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OBJETIVOS: Determinar posibles diferencias en la incidencia de eventos cardiovasculares entre pacientes dislipidémicos mayores de 75 años tratados con estatinas respecto a aquellos que no las toman, en prevención primaria. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realiza un estudio de cohortes retrospectivo en mayores de 75 años con dislipidemia en un centro de salud, entre los años 2005 y 2015. Se estudiaron 329 pacientes (182 en tratamiento con estatinas y 147 sin tratamiento hipolipidemiante) que cumplían los criterios de inclusión (paciente de 75 años o más, en tratamiento con estatinas durante al menos 3 años o no haber realizado ningún tratamiento hipolipidemiante, y en prevención primaria). Las variables de estudio fueron todas aquellas que las últimas guías de riesgo cardiovascular establecen como factor de riesgo, siendo «evento cardiovascular» la variable dependiente. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo e inferencial para variables cuantitativas y cualitativas, así como un análisis multivariante mediante regresión logística binaria. RESULTADOS: La incidencia de eventos cardiovasculares en pacientes sin tratamiento con estatinas es de un 15,93% (IC 95% 11,15-21,80), y de un 37,42% (IC 95% 29,87-45,45) en aquellos que sí las tomaban (p < 0,001), con un RR de 2,35 (IC 95% 1,58-3,48). CONCLUSIONES: Existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas con un aumento en la incidencia de eventos cardiovasculares en pacientes que toman estatinas, respecto a los que no. Se plantea si actualmente se está dando la importancia real a las cifras de colesterol en este perfil de pacientes, así como si la indicación de prescripción de estatinas en mayores de 75 años es adecuada en prevención primaria

OBJECTIVES: To determine possible differences in the incidence of cardiovascular events between dyslipidaemia patients older than 75 years treated with statins compared to those not treated with them, as primary prevention. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted in patients older than 75 years with dyslipidaemia in a health centre, between 2005 and 2015. The study included 329 patients (182 on treatment with statins and 147 with no lipid-lowering treatment) who met the inclusion criteria (patients older than 75 years, on treatment with statins for at least 3 years, or to have not had any lipid lowering treatment and as primary prevention). The study variables were all those considered as a risk factor in the latest cardiovascular risk guidelines, and the dependent variable was "cardiovascular event". A descriptive and inferential analysis was carried out for quantitative and qualitative variables, as well as a multivariate analysis using binary logistic regression. RESULTS: The incidence of cardiovascular events in patients without treatment with statins was 15.93% (95% CI 11.15-21.80), and 37.42% (95% CI 29.87-45.45) in those that were taking them (P<.001). The RR was 2.35 (95% CI 1.58-3.48). CONCLUSIONS: There are statistically significant differences, with an increase in the incidence of cardiovascular events in patients taking statins, compared to those who do not. It is currently considered whether real importance is being given to cholesterol levels in this patient group, as well as whether the prescription of statins in patients older than 75 years is suitable in primary prevention

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OBJECTIVES: To determine possible differences in the incidence of cardiovascular events between dyslipidaemia patients older than 75 years treated with statins compared to those not treated with them, as primary prevention. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted in patients older than 75 years with dyslipidaemia in a health centre, between 2005 and 2015. The study included 329 patients (182 on treatment with statins and 147 with no lipid-lowering treatment) who met the inclusion criteria (patients older than 75 years, on treatment with statins for at least 3 years, or to have not had any lipid lowering treatment and as primary prevention). The study variables were all those considered as a risk factor in the latest cardiovascular risk guidelines, and the dependent variable was "cardiovascular event". A descriptive and inferential analysis was carried out for quantitative and qualitative variables, as well as a multivariate analysis using binary logistic regression. RESULTS: The incidence of cardiovascular events in patients without treatment with statins was 15.93% (95% CI 11.15-21.80), and 37.42% (95% CI 29.87-45.45) in those that were taking them (P<.001). The RR was 2.35 (95% CI 1.58-3.48). CONCLUSIONS: There are statistically significant differences, with an increase in the incidence of cardiovascular events in patients taking statins, compared to those who do not. It is currently considered whether real importance is being given to cholesterol levels in this patient group, as well as whether the prescription of statins in patients older than 75 years is suitable in primary prevention.

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Biobed bioremediation systems (BBSs) are widely used to prevent point-source pesticide contamination of water. However, these systems have never been investigated for possible elimination of emerging contaminants (ECs). In this study, two biobed systems, involving biomixtures elaborated with soil and raw olive mill cake (SCP) or its vermicompost (SVP), were assayed to determine their effectiveness in removing the ECs diclofenac, ibuprofen and triclosan from effluent wastewater. Adsorption, incubation and bioaccesibility experiments were carried out. The SCP and SVP biomixtures showed greater adsorption capacity than the soil (S), used as reference. In SVP and S, the degradation rates of the ECs applied were similar and over 94% of these compounds was removed after 84 days of incubation. However, SCP biomixture had a lower removal rate and the percentage of ECs removed ranged from 32 to 68%. In SVP, the bioaccesible fraction (E) reveals that approximately 82% of triclosan and diclofenac adsorption occurred in bioaccesible sites, thus explaining the more efficient decontamination observed in this biomixture. The relationship established between the bioaccesible and biodegradable fractions suggests that E values are a useful tool for predicting the endpoints of ECs biodegradation in bioremediation systems. UPLC/Q-TOF-MS analysis of samples showed different metabolite products.

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Biobeds systems containing soil, peat and straw (SPS) are used worldwide to eliminate pesticide point-source contamination, but implantation is difficult when peat and/or straw are not available. Novel biobeds composed of soil, olive pruning and wet olive mill cake (SCPr) or its vermicompost (SVPr) were assayed at pilot scale for its use in olive grove areas. Their removal efficiency for five pesticides applied at high concentration was compared with the biobed with SPS. The effect of a grass layer on the efficiency of these biobeds was also evaluated. Pesticides were retained mainly in the upper layer. In non-planted biobeds with SCPr and SVPr, pesticides dissipation was higher than in SPS, except for diuron. In the biobed with SVPr, with the highest pesticide dissipation capacity, the removed amount of dimethoate, imidacloprid, tebuconazole, diuron and oxyfluorfen was 100, 80, 73, 75 and 50%, respectively. The grass layer enhanced dehydrogenase and diphenol-oxidase activities, modified the pesticides dissipation kinetics and favored the pesticide downward movement. One metabolite of imidacloprid, 3 of oxyfluorfen and 4 of diuron were identified by GC-MS. These novel biobeds represent an alternative to the traditional one and a contribution to promote a circular economy for the olive-oil production.

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BACKGROUND: Duodenal diverticular disease is a frequent condition but clinical diagnosis can be chalenging. Less than 10% of the cases are symptomatic and symptoms are vague. Only between 1% to 2% will require surgical treatment. OBJECTIVE: To establish the prevalence of duodenal diverticulum (Dd) in patients who underwent abdominal computed tomography (CT). METHODS: A retrospective review of all cases with Dd identified incidentally during abdominal CT scan was performed. Clinical data regarding type, location, differential diagnosis and complications were recorded. RESULTS: During the study period 12,704 abdominal CT scans were performed and 50 patients with Dd were identified (prevalence 0.46%). Thirty patients were women (60%) and the mean patient age was 69 years (range: 23 - 93 years). In thirteen patients the Dd were located in the second portion (26%) and 24 in the third portion of the duodenum (48%). Three Dd were detected in the papillary region, one of them (2%) was complicated with hemorrhage and required surgical treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Dd were detected in the 0.46% of the abdominal CT scans. Most of them were incidentally detected (94%). The prevalence of these lesions increases with age. Dd may mimic a cystic neoplasm in the head of the pancreas in 28% of cases and produce complications as bleeding in 2% of the cases.

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In the last few years, advances in high-throughput technologies are generating large amounts of biological data that require analysis and interpretation. Nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) has been established as a very effective method to reveal information about the complex latent relationships in experimental data sets. Using this method as part of the exploratory data analysis, workflow would certainly help in the process of interpreting and understanding the complex biology mechanisms that are underlying experimental data. We have developed bioNMF, a web-based tool that implements the NMF methodology in different analysis contexts to support some of the most important reported applications in biology. This online tool provides a user-friendly interface, combined with a computational efficient parallel implementation of the NMF methods to explore the data in different analysis scenarios. In addition to the online access, bioNMF also provides the same functionality included in the website as a public web services interface, enabling users with more computer expertise to launch jobs into bioNMF server from their own scripts and workflows. bioNMF application is freely available at http://bionmf.dacya.ucm.es.

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Kinetic studies are of great concern for understanding the processes and parameters involved in the sorption of pollutants by soils. Sorption kinetics of imidacloprid and diuron in eight soils of different characteristics, with very low organic carbon content were investigated. Pseudosecond-order kinetic reactions closely correlate with the experimental kinetic (R(2) > 0.98) in all soils. The sorbed amount of diuron was higher than that for imidacloprid. The low OC content of these soils correlated neither with the sorbed amount nor with the kinetic parameters for both pesticides. Imidacloprid sorption was correlated with silt and sand content and cation exchange capacity (CEC); meanwhile for diuron, no correlation was found. Thus, sorption kinetics take place throughout different mechanisms related mainly to the chemical character of the pesticides. Sorption kinetic parameters determined using three of the four models selected (pseudosecond-order kinetic reactions, Elovich equation, and Weber-Morris models) have been shown to be worthy to distinguish the process controlling the sorption kinetic of both pesticides.

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The chemical changes occurring in a cattle manure (CM) and a mixture of two-phase olive pomace and CM (OP+CM) after vermicomposting with Eisenia andrei for eight months were evaluated. Further, humic acid (HA)-like fractions were isolated from the two substrates before and after the vermicomposting process, and analyzed for elemental and acidic functional group composition, and by ultraviolet/visible, Fourier transform infrared and fluorescence spectroscopies. Before vermicomposting, the HA-like fractions featured a prevalent aliphatic character, large C contents, small O and acidic functional group contents, a marked presence of proteinaceous materials and polysaccharide-like structures, extended molecular heterogeneity and small degrees of aromatic ring polycondensation, polymerisation and humification. After vermicomposting, the total extractable C and HA-C contents in the bulk substrates increased, and the C and H contents, aliphatic structures, polypeptidic components and carbohydrates decreased in the HA-like fractions, whereas O and acidic functional group contents increased. Further, an adequate degree of maturity and stability was achieved after vermincomposting, and the HA-like fractions, especially that from OP+CM, approached the characteristics typical of native soil HA. Vermicomposting was thus able to promote organic matter humification in both CM alone and in the mixture OP+CM, thus enhancing the quality of these materials as soil organic amendments.

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A laboratory experiment was conducted to evaluate the enzyme activities and chemical changes recorded in a recalcitrant phenolic-rich waste after treatment with Pleurotus ostreatus or Eisenia fetida. The waste used was wet olive cake (alperujo in Spanish), a waste produced in huge amounts by the olive oil industry. Both P. ostreatus and E. fetida were very effective in removing phenolic compounds, the initial concentration in the wet olive cake being reduced in both cases by around 90%. Laccase and manganese peroxidase activities were measured in the growth medium of P. ostreatus, and catechol 2,3 dioxygenase activity was only detected in the waste treated with Eisenia; these could be the main factors responsible for the oxidation of phenolic compounds. Increases of dehydrogenase and beta-glucosidase activities were detected in the degraded wet olive cake by fungi or earthworms. In comparison with the natural wet olive cake, the degraded products had lower total organic carbon and humic acid contents but were rich in nitrogen and other nutrients, having lower C:N ratios. In addition, the toxicity of the wet olive cake against the seeds of Lepidium sativum significantly decreased after degradation. The low toxicity as well as moderate stability and maturity recorded in the wet olive cake treated with P. ostreatus or E. fetida imply that these products could be used as soil amendments.

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Humic substances and three hydrolytic enzymes (beta-glucosidase, phosphatase and urease) were extracted by neutral sodium pyrophosphate from an olive waste (dry olive cake), alone or mixed with municipal biosolids, during a nine month vermicomposting process. Easily degradable compounds decreased during the vermicomposting process because of microbial consumption. When municipal biosolids were added to dry olive cake, microbial activity increased and the amounts of compounds extracted by pyrophosphate were three times lower than olive cake alone. In both instances, beta-glucosidase, phosphatase and urease activities of the organic extracts either increased or remained the same after a nine month period of vermicomposting, thus suggesting that the humus enzyme complexes resisted microbial and earthworm attack. It is known that humus immobilised enzymes also remain active in soil environments, reactivating the nutrient cycles in soil. The use as amendments of vermicomposted olive cake, alone or when mixed with biosolids, could be a good alternative to reactivate the C, P and N-cycles in degraded soils for regeneration purposes.

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The vermicomposting with Eisenia andrei of dry olive cake, a lignocellulosic waste produced during the extraction of olive oil, either alone or mixed with municipal biosolids, was studied in a nine-month pilot scale experiment. Number and biomass of earthworms and enzyme activities were periodically monitored and relevant properties of the final products were determined. In the assayed substrates, the total biomass of earthworms increased at the end of the experimental period between 9 and 12-fold respectively in comparison with the earthworm biomass initially inoculated. The increase in hydrolytic enzymes and overall microbial activity during the vermicomposting process indicated the biodegradation of the olive cake and resulted in the disappearance of the initial phytotoxicity of the substrate. However, the recalcitrant lignocellulosic nature of the dry olive cake prevented suitable humification during the vermicomposting process. For this reason, in addition to organic amendments, other management procedures should be considered.

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A laboratory study was conducted to examine the feasibility of vermicomposting dairy biosolids (dairy sludge), either alone or with either of the bulking agents-cereal straw or wood shavings, using the epigeic earthworm-Eisinea andrei. Earthworms added directly to these three substrates died within 48 hours. A system was developed to overcome the toxic effect of unprocessed dairy biosolids. The substrates were placed over a layer of vermicomposted sheep manure into which the earthworms were inoculated. Within two weeks, all earthworms were within the upper layer of substrate. Compared to sheep manure which is a favourable substrate for vermicomposting, the three substrates containing dairy biosolids were more effective in supporting earthworm growth and reproduction. The final products obtained after 63 days of vermicomposting had 39-53% less organic carbon than the initial substrates. Organic fractionation indicated that vermicomposting increased the stability of the materials to biological decomposition. The vermicomposts obtained from the three substrates with dairy biosolids had low heavy metal contents and electrical conductivities, and did not inhibit plant growth when compared with a commercial vermicompost in a bioassay.

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El presente trabajo se ha centrado en el sistema de ferias de Colomi. Zona serrana especializada en la producción de tubérculos y otros cultivos de menor importancia. Colomi cobra importancia por el abastecimiento de tubérculos a centros urbanos y rurales dentro la región y otras regiones, logrando una amplia integración regional e interregional entre las economías de producción y consumo

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El presente trabajo es una contribución al esfuerzo por comprender e interpretar la formación y funcionamiento del mercado interior en la región y su articulación en el conjunto nacional, y dentro la perspectiva de mayor alcance, es un trabajo comparativo entre paises andinos (Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador y Colombia). El sistema de ferias que se desarrolla en Cochabamba es expresión del funcionamiento y evolución del proceso de mercantilización en ferias rurales y urbanas. En cada espacio comercial se manifiestan tipos de intercambio diferenciados como monetarización y persistencia del intercambio o simple "trueque"

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Contenido:1.Antecedentes y justificacion del proyecto 2.Estudio y proyeccion de las demandas de energia 3.Ingenieria de proyecto 4.Estudio economico 5.Conclusiones.