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Effect of stressors (unfavorable pH and temperature or carbon and nitrogen limitation) on the synthesis of the components of the NO synthase signaling system was studied in submerged cultures of xylotrophic basidiomycetes Lentinula edodes and Grifola frondosa. Marker compounds of the NO synthase signaling system were found in both cultures. A simultaneous increase of the concentrations of NO and citrulline in the culture liquid of the basidiomycetes grown at superoptimal pH and in nitrogen-limited medium indicates the activation of the NO synthase signaling system under such stress conditions.

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The accumulation of nanoparticles of colloidal silver with spherical shape in culture liquid of Azospirillum brasilense has been shown by transmission electron microscopy. Bacterial extracellular Mn-peroxidases were found to participate in silver reduction from silver nitrate with the formation of nanoparticles. A mechanism of extracellular biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by A. brasilense bacteria was proposed

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Activation of expression of the lcc4 and tir genes encoding laccase and tyrosinase was observed during transition of a xylotrophic basidiomycete Lentinus edodes from the vegetative to the generative growth stages. This was especially pronounced in the brown mycelial mat (the stage preceding formation of the fruiting bodies). Development of this structure was shown to be associated with a sharp increase of laccase and tyrosinase activities, as well as with rearrangements in the phenol oxidase complex. Formation of the tissues with thickened cell walls was associated with enhanced expression of the chi and exg1 genes encoding chitinase and glucanase, respectively. Exogenous treatment of the vegetative mycelium with laccase preparation from the brown mycelial mat promoted formation of this morphological structure. Activation of the lcc4, tir, chi, and exg1 genes may be used as a marker of readiness to fruition in xylotrophic fungi.

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Capacity of associative soil bacteria of the genera Azospirillum and Niveispirillum for degradation of lignin model compounds was demonstrated. Lignin and Mn-peroxidases were detected in the culture liquid of the type strains of these genera. The data on involvement of nonspecific bacterial peroxidases in lignin degradation were obtained.

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The lectins of associative nitrogen-fixing strains Azospirillum brasilense Sp7 and Sp245 were shown to exerte a multidirectional effect on the activity of acidic (pH 3.5), neutral (6.8), and alkaline (pH 7.8) proteinases. The lectin of the epiphytic A. brasilense Sp7 decreased proteolytic activity at all pH values, whereas the lectin of the endophytic A. brasilense Sp245 activated neutral and alkaline proteinases, while not affecting the alkaline ones. Experiments with protease inhibitors made it possible to conclude that the lectins of the studied A. brasilense strains alter the ratio between the activities of different protease types in germinating seeds. The activity of trypsin inhibitors in wheat seedling roots was found to increase in the presence of the lectins. Our results indicate a broader spectrum of effects of azospirilla lectins on the host plant organism.

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Plant-associated nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria Azospirillum brasilense were shown to reduce the gold of chloroauric acid to elemental gold, resulting in formation of gold nanoparicles. Extracellular phenoloxidizing enzymes (laccases and Mn peroxidases) were shown to participate in reduction of Au+3 (HAuCl4) to Au(0). Transmission electron microscopy revealed accumulation of colloidal gold nanoparticles of diverse shape in the culture liquid of A. brasilense strains Sp245 and Sp7. The size of the electron-dense nanospheres was 5 to 50 nm, and the size of nanoprisms varied from 5 to 300 nm. The tentative mechanism responsible for formation of gold nanoparticles is discussed.

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The lectins of associative nitrogen-fixing bacteria Azospirillum brasilense Sp7 and its mutant A. brasilense Sp7.2.3 were shown to have different effects on the components of the wheat seedling root signal system, namely to regulate the levels of cAMP, nitric oxide, diacylglycerol, and salicylic acid, as well as to induce the activities of superoxide dismutase and lipoxygenase. Our results make it possible to consider azospirilla lectins as inducers of the signal systems in wheat seedling roots, since they cause development of several flows of primary signals. These data are of general biological importance, since lectins are present in all living organisms and most ot the functions of lectins remain insufficiently understood.

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This is the first study to demonstrate that the medicinal basidiomycete Lentinula edodes can reduce gold (III) ions from hydrogen tetrachloaurate (chloroauric acid) H[AuCl4] to the elementary state with the formation of spherical nanoparticles (nanospheres). When a culture was grown under submerged conditions in the presence of chloroauric acid, the appearance of an intense purple-red color of L. edodes filamentous hyphae was recorded, which indicates that gold ions were reduced to gold nanoparticles. Using transmission electron microscopy and X-ray fluorescence, we observed accumulation of colloidal gold by the fungal mycelium in the form of electron-dense nanospheres of 5 to 50 nm in diameter on the surface and inside fungal cells.

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The time course of changes in the endogenous content of salicylic acid, the ratio between the acid's free and bound forms, and changes in the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and catalase in wheat seedling roots under the effect of lectins of two strains of the associative nitrogen-fixing bacterium Azospirillum (A. brasilense Sp7 and its mutant defective in lectin activity, A. brasilense Sp7.2.3) is investigated. Differences in plant response to the action of the lectins from these two strains are established. On the basis of the obtained data, a model is proposed for lectin-assisted induction of resistance, according to which the lectin effect on the roots of seedlings results in the accumulation of free salicylic acid, which inhibits catalase activity, ultimately leading to accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and formation of induced resistance.

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The auxin formation in a submerged culture of the xylotrophic basidiomycete Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing (Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler) (shiitake) is studied. Biologically active substances of an indole nature are identified, "the effect of small doses" of which lies in not only the stimulation of growth of the mycelium (indole-3-acetic acid, 2 x 10(-7)-2 x 10(-4) g/l), but also in the induction of tryptophan-independent paths of auxin biosynthesis. The above-mentioned path is realized in the presence of exogenous indole (1 x 10(-3)-1 x 10(-4) g/l), as well as while inducing the biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid by its microadditives (1 x 10(-5)-1 x 10(-8) g/l), and is accompanied by the formation of anthranilic acid (up to 1.5 mg/l). Induction of the generative development stage ofshiitake by indole derivatives is revealed. It was found that among the studied compounds only indoleacetamide at a concentration of an order of x 10(-4) g/l in the culture fluid of L. edodes had a pronounced stimulatory effect on the formation of shiitake's brown mycelial film.

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We studied the effect of fucose-specific lectin from Azospirillum brasilense Sp7 bacteria and Phaseolus vulgarus phytohemagglutinin (PHA) on activity of IFN-γ, IFN-α, IL-1α, IL-4, IL-8, and TNF-α in human blood in vitro. During the experiment, IFN-γ production increased from 25 pg/ml in controls to 103 and 56 pg/ml under the influence of lectin and PHA, respectively. Agglutinins had similar effects on IFN-α production. Bacterial lectin increased IL-1α level from 2.65±0.08 to 8.45±0.41 pg/ml. PHA also increased IL-1α levels, but this effect was by 1.5-2 times less pronounced. Bacterial lectin and PHA increased production IL-4 by almost 2 times and production of IL-8 by 6 and 5 times, respectively, compared to the control. No differences were found in the effects of bacterial lectin and PHA on TNF-α synthesis. Experiments showed that immunostimulatory and immunomodulatory effects of bacterial lectin are more pronounced than those of PHA.

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Homogenous Mn-peroxidase of a 26-fold purity grade was isolated from a culture of Azospirillum brasilense Sp245 cultivated on a medium containing 0.1 mM pyrocatechol. The molecular weight of the enzyme is 43 kD as revealed by electrophoresis in SDS-PAAG. It was shown that the use of pyrocatechol and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzotiazoline-6-sulfonate) at concentrations of 0.1 and I mM as inductors increased the Mn-peroxidase activity by a factor of 3.

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Lectins were extracted from the surface of nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria Azospirillum brasilense Sp7 and from its mutant A. brasilense Sp7.2.3 defective in lectin activity. The ability oflectins to stimulate the rapid formation of hydrogen peroxide related to increase of oxalate oxidase and peroxidase activity in the roots of wheat seedlings has been demonstrated. The most rapid induced pathway of hydrogen peroxide formation in the roots of wheat seedlings was the oxalic acid oxidation by oxalate oxidase which is the effect oflectin in under 10 min in a concentration of 10 microg/ml. The obtained results show that lectins from Azospirillum are capable of inducing the adaptation processes in the roots of wheat seedlings.

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Lectin preparations have been isolated and purified from the culture liquid of the xylotrophic basidiomycete Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Singer [Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler]. The culture of L. edodes F-249 synthesizes two extracellular lectins different in composition and physicochemical properties. Extracellular lectin L1 from L. edodes is a glycoprotein of mono-subunit structure with molecular weight of 43 kD. L1 is comprised of 10.5 +/- 1.0% (w/w) carbohydrates represented by glucose (Glc). Extracellular lectin L2 is a proteoglycan of mono-subunit structure with molecular weight of 37 kD. L2 is comprised of 90.3 +/- 1.0% (w/w) carbohydrates represented by Glc (73% of the total mass of the carbohydrate moiety of the lectin molecule) and galactose (Gal) (27% of the total mass of the carbohydrate part of the lectin molecule). The content of Asn in L2 is high, i.e. 42% (w/w) of total amino acids. This fact along with the composition of the carbohydrate part of the molecule (Glc + Gal) allows one to assign L2 to N-asparagine-bound proteins. Both lectins are specific to D-Gal and lactose (Lac) at an equal for L1 and L2 minimal inhibiting concentration of these carbohydrates (2.08 mM Gal and 8.33 mM Lac). Other carbohydrates to which the lectins show affinity are different for the two lectins: Rha (4.16 mM) for L1 and Ara (4.16 mM) and mannitol (8.33 mM) for L2. The purified extracellular lectins of L. edodes are highly selective at recognition of definite structures on the surface of trypsinized rabbit erythrocytes and do not react with the erythrocytes of other animals and humans.

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Submerged mycelium of a xylotrophic basidiomycete Lentinus edodes produces an extracellular glycolipid, S3, associated with a lectin. Galactose glycan residue, as well as the lipid pool composition, which includes nonhydroxylated short-chain fatty acids, is uncommon for basidiomycetes. The glycolipid consists of D-galactopyranose (15% of S3 contains galactose sulfate) acylated by octadecanoic and nonadecanoic fatty acid residues (28 and 72%, respectively). The glycolipid structure and composition are confirmed by physicochemical analysis. The glycolipid is assumed to be a regulator of lectin activity.

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A number of lectins varying in polypeptide composition and carbohydrate specificity were isolated from Lentinus edodes at different stages of its morphogenesis: nonpigmented mycelium, brown mycelium film, and fruiting body. Three lectins were identified at the nonpigmented mycelium stage, two of them being dimers consisting of 16 and 45 kDa and 16 and 42 kDa subunits; the third is a tetramer of 16, 39, 42, and 45 kDa subunits. The fractions with lectin activity obtained at the brown mycelium film stage contained polypeptides of 24, 30, and 38 kDa, characteristic of this morphological structure. The fruiting body was shown to contain two lectins of 43 and 55 kDa. All of the isolated lectins expressed the highest affinity towards L,D-melibiose, D-lactose, and D-galactose.

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