RESUMEN
Bacterial adhesins, the proteins responsible for attachment of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria to plant roots, are involved in formation of stable associative symbioses. In the present work enhanced expression of the rapA1 adhesin gene in Rhizobium leguminosarum PVu5 was shown to improve the efficiency of nodulation on bean roots inoculated with the modified strain. The rapA1 gene was cloned into the pJN105Turbo plasmid, this construct was used for transformation of R. leguminosarum PVu5, bean plants were inoculated by this transgenic strain, and efficiency of root nodule formation was determined. In the plants treated with rapA1-transgenic rhizobia, the number of root nodules was on average two times higher than in the plants inoculated with the original strain. Aggregation of R. leguminosarum was achieved when the rapA1 gene expression was enhanced either in rhizobia or in the co-cultured modified strain E. coli pJN105TurboRapA1.
Asunto(s)
Adhesinas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Phaseolus/microbiología , Rhizobium leguminosarum/metabolismo , Rizoma/microbiología , Simbiosis/fisiología , Adhesinas Bacterianas/genética , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Rhizobium leguminosarum/genéticaRESUMEN
We studied the intracellular content of reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione, glutathione reductase activity, glutathione-S-transferase, and ascorbate peroxidase in morphogenic and nonmorphogenic Tatar buckwheat calli during the culture cycle as well as under the treatment with D,L-buthionine-S,R-sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of γ-glutamylcysteine synthase, the first enzyme of glutathione biosynthesis. We found that, during passaging, cultures only slightly differed in total glutathione content; however, the content of GSH was higher in the morphogenic culture, whereas the content of GSSG was higher in the nonmorphogenic culture. In the morphogenic callus, the glutathione-S-transferase activity was 10-20 times higher and the glutathione reductase activity, was 2-2.5 times lower than in the nonmorphogenic callus. Under the treatment with BSO, the decrease in the GSH content in the morphogenic callus was temporary (on day 6-8 of passage), whereas that in the nonmorphogenic callus decreased within a day and remained lower than in the control throughout the entire passage. In the morphogenic callus, BSO did not affect the content of GSSG, whereas it caused GSSG accumulation in the nonmorphogenic callus. These differences are probably due to the fact that, in the BSO-containing medium, glutathione reductase is activated in the morphogenic callus and, conversely, inhibited in the nonmorphogenic callus. Although BSO caused a decrease in the total glutathione content only in the nonmorphogenic culture, the cytostatic effect of BSO was more pronounced in the morphogenic callus. In addition, BSO also had a negative effect on the differentiation ofproembryonic cell complexes in the morphogenic callus. The role of the glutathione redox status in maintaining the embryogenic activity of cultured plant cells is discussed.
Asunto(s)
Butionina Sulfoximina/farmacología , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Fagopyrum/metabolismo , Glutatión/metabolismo , Células Vegetales/metabolismo , Fagopyrum/citología , Glutamato-Cisteína Ligasa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Glutamato-Cisteína Ligasa/metabolismo , Glutatión Reductasa/metabolismo , Oxidación-Reducción , Proteínas de Plantas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismoRESUMEN
The results of pharmacological tests showed that betulin bishemiphthalate possesses hepatoprotector, antioxidant, and immunotropic properties. Administered in combination with hydroxymethyluracil, that betulin bishemiphthalate prevented the loss of experimental animals upon irradiation.
Asunto(s)
Adyuvantes Inmunológicos/farmacología , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Ácidos Ftálicos/farmacología , Protectores contra Radiación/farmacología , Triterpenos/farmacología , Enfermedad Aguda , Adyuvantes Inmunológicos/toxicidad , Animales , Formación de Anticuerpos/efectos de los fármacos , Antioxidantes/toxicidad , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/prevención & control , Inmunidad Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Dosificación Letal Mediana , Peroxidación de Lípido/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/enzimología , Ratones , Ácidos Ftálicos/toxicidad , Traumatismos por Radiación/mortalidad , Traumatismos por Radiación/prevención & control , Protectores contra Radiación/toxicidad , Pruebas de Toxicidad Aguda , Triterpenos/toxicidadRESUMEN
Betulin and betulinic acid have been modified at the C-3 and C-28 positions and the antiviral activity of derivatives has been evaluated in vitro. It was found that simple modifications of the parent structure of lupane triterpenes produced highly effective agents against influenza A and herpes simplex type 1 viruses.
Asunto(s)
Antivirales/farmacología , Triterpenos/farmacología , Antivirales/química , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Triterpenos/químicaRESUMEN
New nitrogen-containing derivatives of betulinic and betulonic acids, hydrazides and N'-benzalhydrazides, were synthesized. Their antiviral activities toward of influenza A virus, herpes simplex type I virus, enterovirus ECHO6, and HIV-1 were studied in vitro. Betulinic acid 3-oxime was found to have the highest activity against the influenza virus. Betulonic acid, betulinic acid 4-chlorobenzalhydrazide, betulonic acid 3-oxime benzalhydrazide, and betulinic acid hydrazide inhibited the replication of herpes simplex type I virus. Betulinic acid hydrazide also showed antiviral activity toward HIV-1. All the derivatives of betulinic acid under study displayed a low antiviral activity toward enterovirus ECHO6.
Asunto(s)
Antivirales/química , Antivirales/farmacología , Hidrazinas/química , Triterpenos/química , Animales , Antivirales/síntesis química , Bioquímica/métodos , Células Cultivadas/virología , Embrión de Pollo , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos/métodos , Enterovirus/efectos de los fármacos , VIH-1/efectos de los fármacos , Herpesvirus Humano 1/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Hidrazinas/síntesis química , Hidrazinas/farmacología , Virus de la Influenza A/efectos de los fármacos , Oximas/síntesis química , Oximas/química , Oximas/farmacología , Triterpenos Pentacíclicos , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Triterpenos/farmacología , Ácido BetulínicoRESUMEN
Ureides and carbamates of betulinic acid and its derivatives were prepared in good yields by interaction of betulinic acid, betulonic acid, and betulonic acid 3-oxime with amines, amino acids, and alcohols. Ureides of betulonic acid containing L-Val and L-Met residues were found to be effective against herpes simplex type 1 virus. The English version of the paper: Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry, 2003, vol. 29, no. 6; see also http://www.maik.ru.
Asunto(s)
Antivirales/síntesis química , Antivirales/farmacología , Triterpenos/síntesis química , Triterpenos/farmacología , Carbamatos/síntesis química , Carbamatos/farmacología , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Triterpenos Pentacíclicos , Espectrofotometría Infrarroja , Ácido BetulínicoRESUMEN
The assignment of NMR resonances of lupane triterpenoids was refined by the example of 3,28-dinicotinoylbetulin, obtained by acylation of betulin. Hepatoprotective, untiulcer, antiinflammatory, reparative, and anti-HIV activities were found for the compound. In addition, it was demonstrated to have immunomodulatory activity, for the first time detected among lupane triterpenoids. The English version of the paper: Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry, 2002, vol. 28, no. 6; see also http://www.maik.ru.
Asunto(s)
Adyuvantes Inmunológicos/síntesis química , Fármacos Anti-VIH/síntesis química , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/síntesis química , Triterpenos/síntesis química , Adyuvantes Inmunológicos/uso terapéutico , Adyuvantes Inmunológicos/toxicidad , Animales , Fármacos Anti-VIH/uso terapéutico , Fármacos Anti-VIH/toxicidad , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/uso terapéutico , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/toxicidad , Formación de Anticuerpos/efectos de los fármacos , Artritis/tratamiento farmacológico , Betula/química , Quemaduras/tratamiento farmacológico , Línea Celular , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Proteína p24 del Núcleo del VIH/análisis , VIH-1/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Dosificación Letal Mediana , Ratones , Corteza de la Planta/química , Ratas , Úlcera Gástrica/tratamiento farmacológico , Triterpenos/química , Triterpenos/aislamiento & purificación , Triterpenos/uso terapéutico , Triterpenos/toxicidadRESUMEN
Hemisuccinates, hemiphthalates, acetylsalicylates, cinnamates, and p-methoxycinnamates of lupeol, betulin, and 3-O-acetylbetulin were synthesized via interaction with corresponding acid anhydrides or acid chlorides. A number of betulin esters in position 3 and 28 were shown to exhibit a pronounced hepatoprotective effect similar to that of betulin and silibor. These experimental data were in a good agreement with the computer prediction of their biological activity. Betulin 3,28-bis-hemiphthalate was more effective than carsil in models of experimental hepatitis caused by carbon tetrachloride, tetracycline, and ethanol.