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Cancer is a major adverse outcome of solid organ transplantation, and risks are especially high for malignancies caused by viral infections. HHV-8 is the etiologic agent of Kaposi´s sarcoma (KS). We report a case of visceral KS occurring in a 15-year-old patient after lung transplantation. The evolution was dramatically fast and interestingly, KS lesions were diffusely observed, but not in the skin. The autopsy showed the presence of numerous tumoral lesions in many organs. Microscopically, they all had very similar features, regardless of the organ affected. KS presented without cutaneous involvement. The girl was not tested for HHV-8 prior to transplantation as it was not part of our protocol. The donor was negative. The aim of the report is to alert other teams, especially those working in pediatrics, about this rare but potential complication in the setting of solid organ transplantation.

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La parálisis bilateral de cuerdas vocales (PBCV) es la segunda causa más frecuente de estridor neonatal. Nuestro objetivo es describir la demografía, etiología, comorbilidades y tratamientos instaurados. Materiales y métodos: Revisión retrospectiva de las historias clínicas de pacientes con diagnóstico de PBCV de 2011 a 2015. Resultados: Se incluyeron 47 pacientes. La edad media de diagnóstico fue un mes de vida, con predominio de sexo masculino (63%). El 59% fue por causa congénita y el 41% adquirida, por lo general idiopática y postoperatoria, respectivamente. Se realizó traqueostomía (TQT) en 42 pacientes (89%), sin diferencias significativas en relación con la causa. La recuperación de la movilidad cordal fue del 39% en toda la muestra, 44% en la congénita, 31% en la adquirida y 62,5% en la idiopática. A 5 pacientes se les realizó laringotraqueoplastia con injerto costal posterior y a un paciente cordectomía posterior. Todos fueron decanulados. A un paciente se le realizó lateralización cordal, evitando la TQT. Conclusión: Las causas congénitas fueron las más frecuentes, en su mayoría idiopáticas. Se registró una leve predilección por el sexo masculino. Un alto porcentaje de pacientes requirieron de TQT. La tasa de recuperación de la movilidad es mayor en causas idiopáticas. Se decanularon todos los pacientes operados, pero se requieren trabajos con mayor número de participantes, comparación de técnicas y evaluación de la deglución y la fonación de forma objetiva

Bilateral vocal cord paralysis (BVCP) is the second most common cause of neonatal stridor. The aim of this study was to describe the demographic features, aetiology, comorbidities, and management of our patients with BVCP. Material and methods: We conducted a retrospective review of the clinical charts of all patients diagnosed with BVCP seen at the Department of Respiratory Endoscopy between 2011 and 2015. Results: 47 patients were included. Mean age at diagnosis was 1 month and male sex predominated (63%). The aetiology was congenital in 59% and acquired in 41% of the infants. The cause was most frequently idiopathic in the former group and secondary to postoperative injury in the latter. Overall, 42 patients (89%) required tracheostomy, without statistically significant differences between the causes. Of all the patients, 39% regained vocal-cord mobility; 44% of those with congenital BVCP, 31% of those with acquired BVCP and 62.5% with idiopathic BVCP. In five patients a laryngotracheoplasty was performed with a posterior costal cartilage graft and one underwent posterior cordectomy. All were decannulated. In one patient vocal-cord lateralization was performed, avoiding tracheostomy. Conclusion: BVCP was most commonly of congenital cause and was mainly idiopathic within this group of patients, with a slight male preponderance. A high percentage of patients required tracheostomy. A higher recovery rate of vocal-cord mobility was observed in idiopathic BVCP, which allowed for successful decannulation. In this series, decannulation was possible in all patients that underwent surgery; however, further studies with comparison of techniques and objective assessment of swallowing and phonation are necessary

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Bilateral vocal cord paralysis (BVCP) is the second most common cause of neonatal stridor. The aim of this study was to describe the demographic features, aetiology, comorbidities, and management of our patients with BVCP. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of the clinical charts of all patients diagnosed with BVCP seen at the Department of Respiratory Endoscopy between 2011 and 2015. RESULTS: 47 patients were included. Mean age at diagnosis was 1 month and male sex predominated (63%). The aetiology was congenital in 59% and acquired in 41% of the infants. The cause was most frequently idiopathic in the former group and secondary to postoperative injury in the latter. Overall, 42 patients (89%) required tracheostomy, without statistically significant differences between the causes. Of all the patients, 39% regained vocal-cord mobility; 44% of those with congenital BVCP, 31% of those with acquired BVCP and 62.5% with idiopathic BVCP. In five patients a laryngotracheoplasty was performed with a posterior costal cartilage graft and one underwent posterior cordectomy. All were decannulated. In one patient vocal-cord lateralization was performed, avoiding tracheostomy. CONCLUSION: BVCP was most commonly of congenital cause and was mainly idiopathic within this group of patients, with a slight male preponderance. A high percentage of patients required tracheostomy. A higher recovery rate of vocal-cord mobility was observed in idiopathic BVCP, which allowed for successful decannulation. In this series, decannulation was possible in all patients that underwent surgery; however, further studies with comparison of techniques and objective assessment of swallowing and phonation are necessary.

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La patología respiratoria presenta un gran desafío para las instituciones de salud, por su frecuencia, su complejidad diagnóstica y terapéutica y la carga que representa en costos económicos y vitales. Estos conceptos se extienden a todos los grupos etarios y sus características han ido cambiando a lo largo del tiempo ante los avances producidos en las inmunizaciones, los métodos diagnósticos y los tratamientos. Aún así, las infecciones respiratorias bajas son todavía la causa más frecuente de consulta, internación, morbilidad crónica, discapacidad y mortalidad en pediatría. Este nuevo volumen aborda esta temática especial y entre sus características se destacan: El estudio de las patologías más frecuentes en los diferentes ámbitos de atención pero en particular en el primer nivel, con una exposición centrada en los aspectos que facilitan el diagnóstico rápido y el tratamiento adecuado, con el menor uso de recursos y con pautas que fijan la derivación oportuna hacia el especialista o hacia una institución de mayor complejidad. El desarrollo de importantes temas, como la patología obstructiva de la vía aérea superior, su estudio diagnóstico y sus formas recurrentes; bronquiolitis; las intercurrencias respiratorias en pacientes con condiciones clínicas especiales; y la supuración pleuropulmonar. La inclusión, en todos los capítulos, de casos clínicos con su evolución y desenlace, textos destacados con los principales conceptos y puntos claves para recordar. Una obra sólida y práctica, que transmite la experiencia de los profesionales de una institución del prestigio internacional del Hospital dePediatría Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, dedicada a todos los pediatras, dondequiera que trabajen al servicio de la salud de los niños.

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La proteinosis alveolar es una enfermedad pulmonar crónica poco frecuente, especialmente en pediatría, caracterizada por la acumulación anormal de lipoproteínas y derivados del surfactante en el espacio intraalveolar, que genera una grave reducción del intercambio gaseoso. La forma de presentación idiopática constituye más del 90% de los casos relacionados con un fenómeno de autoinmunidad, con producción de anticuerpos dirigidos contra el receptor del factor estimulante de colonias de granulocitos y macrófagos. Se presenta un caso clínico de una niña de 4 años de edad tratada por neumonía atípica con evolución desfavorable por hipoxemia persistente. El diagnóstico se obtuvo a través del estudio anatomopatológico de la biopsia pulmonar por toracotomía. Se llevaron a cabo 17 lavados broncopulmonares mediante endoscopía respiratoria y la paciente evidenció franca mejoría clínica.

Alveolar proteinosis is a rare chronic lung disease, especially in children, characterized by abnormal accumulation of lipoproteins and derived surfactant in the intra-alveolar space that generates a severe reduction of gas exchange. Idiopathic presentation form constitutes over 90% of cases, a phenomenon associated with production of autoimmune antibodies directed at the receptor for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. A case of a girl of 5 years of age treated because of atypical pneumonia with unfavorable evolution due to persistent hypoxemia is presented. The diagnosis is obtained through pathologic examination of lung biopsy by thoracotomy, as treatment is carried out by 17bronchopulmonary bronchoscopy lavages and the patient evidences marked clinical improvement.

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Alveolar proteinosis is a rare chronic lung disease, especially in children, characterized by abnormal accumulation of lipoproteins and derived surfactant in the intra-alveolar space that generates a severe reduction of gas exchange. Idiopathic presentation form constitutes over 90% of cases, a phenomenon associated with production of autoimmune antibodies directed at the receptor for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. A case of a girl of 5 years of age treated because of atypical pneumonia with unfavorable evolution due to persistent hypoxemia is presented. The diagnosis is obtained through pathologic examination of lung biopsy by thoracotomy, as treatment is carried out by 17bronchopulmonary bronchoscopy lavages and the patient evidences marked clinical improvement.

La proteinosis alveolar es una enfermedad pulmonar crónica poco frecuente, especialmente en pediatría, caracterizada por la acumulación anormal de lipoproteínas y derivados del surfactante en el espacio intraalveolar, que genera una grave reducción del intercambio gaseoso. La forma de presentación idiopática constituye más del 90% de los casos relacionados con un fenómeno de autoinmunidad, con producción de anticuerpos dirigidos contra el receptor del factor estimulante de colonias de granulocitos y macrófagos. Se presenta un caso clínico de una niña de 4 años de edad tratada por neumonía atípica con evolución desfavorable por hipoxemia persistente. El diagnóstico se obtuvo a través del estudio anatomopatológico de la biopsia pulmonar por toracotomía. Se llevaron a cabo 17 lavados broncopulmonares mediante endoscopía respiratoria y la paciente evidenció franca mejoría clínica.

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Introducción y objetivos: La aspiración de cuerpos extraños en niños es un problema frecuente y potencialmente grave. Las complicaciones pueden ser consecuencia tanto del propio episodio aspirativo como del retraso en el diagnóstico o de la terapéutica empleada. Describimos nuestra experiencia en un hospital pediátrico de Argentina. Métodos: Se evaluaron de forma retrospectiva 56 niños con complicaciones por cuerpo extraño en la vía aérea registrados en el Proyecto Susy Safe entre enero de 2010 y noviembre de 2013. Las variables analizadas fueron el sexo, la edad en el momento de la aspiración, la localización y el tipo de cuerpo extraño, el tiempo transcurrido desde el evento hasta la extracción del objeto, la técnica de extracción, las complicaciones, la necesidad de hospitalización y las circunstancias del evento. Resultados: El 58,9% de las complicaciones ocurrieron en varones, con alta presencia de adultos (76,8%) en el momento del accidente. La incidencia fue levemente mayor en mayores de 3 años. En 37 casos (66,1%) el cuerpo extraño se localizó en bronquio, siendo los más frecuentes las semillas de girasol y las partes de bolígrafo. Solo en 10 casos (17,9%) se extrajo el objeto dentro de las 24 h del evento. Las complicaciones más comunes fueron la neumonía (18 casos), el granuloma (15 casos) y la erosión mucosa (9 casos). Fueron hospitalizados 41 pacientes. Conclusión: Un diagnóstico precoz y un control inmediato a través de un equipo especializado son indispensables para garantizar un tratamiento apropiado sin riesgo de complicación (AU)

Introduction and objectives: Foreign body aspiration in childhood is a common and potentially serious problem. Complications may be the result of the aspiration episode itself, delayed diagnosis or treatment. We describe our experience in a paediatric hospital in Argentina. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 56 patients with complications due to foreign body aspiration recorded in the Susy Safe Project between January 2010 and November 2013. The clinical variables analysed were sex, age at time of aspiration, foreign body location and type, time elapsed from the event until object removal, extraction technique, complications, need for hospitalisation and circumstances of the event. Results: 58.9% of the cases described occurred in males, with high presence of adults (76.8%) at the time of aspiration. The incidence was slightly higher in children older than 3 years. In 37 cases (66.1%), the foreign body was located in bronchus; sunflower seeds and ballpoint caps were the most common foreign objects. Only in 10 cases (17.9%) was the object extracted within 24 h of the event. The most common complications were pneumonia (18 cases), granuloma (15 cases) and mucosal erosion (9 cases). Hospitalisation was necessary for 41 patients. Conclusion: Early diagnosis and immediate control through specialised teams are essential to ensure proper treatment, usually endoscopic, without risk of complications (AU)

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The care of the child with a tracheostomy deserves special attention because of the potential devastating airway compromise and because of the need of competent care by caregivers and professionals. The recommendations on tracheostomy care published are few and approaches are inconsistent among different institutions. This clinical consensus statement aims to improve care for children with tracheostomies. A literature search was conducted, reviewed and revised by this group of experts, who concurred with these statements, based on the best evidence available and taking into account the local context.

El cuidado del niño con traqueostomía merece especial atención por el potencial riesgo para la vida que podría ocasionarse con el compromiso súbito de la vía aérea y por la necesidad de contar con cuidadores y profesionales competentes para su cuidado. Los objetivos principales de este consenso son unificar criterios, promover prácticas seguras, fomentar el uso racional de los recursos y contribuir a optimizar la calidad de vida de los niños con traqueostomías y sus familias. Para poder cumplir con estos propósitos, se realizó una búsqueda exhaustiva de la literatura científica; se seleccionó, sobre la base del análisis crítico, la mejor evidencia disponible; y se formularon, por consenso interdisciplinario, una serie de recomendaciones prácticas y adaptables al contexto local.

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INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Foreign body aspiration in childhood is a common and potentially serious problem. Complications may be the result of the aspiration episode itself, delayed diagnosis or treatment. We describe our experience in a paediatric hospital in Argentina. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 56 patients with complications due to foreign body aspiration recorded in the Susy Safe Project between January 2010 and November 2013. The clinical variables analysed were sex, age at time of aspiration, foreign body location and type, time elapsed from the event until object removal, extraction technique, complications, need for hospitalisation and circumstances of the event. RESULTS: 58.9% of the cases described occurred in males, with high presence of adults (76.8%) at the time of aspiration. The incidence was slightly higher in children older than 3 years. In 37 cases (66.1%), the foreign body was located in bronchus; sunflower seeds and ballpoint caps were the most common foreign objects. Only in 10 cases (17.9%) was the object extracted within 24h of the event. The most common complications were pneumonia (18 cases), granuloma (15 cases) and mucosal erosion (9 cases). Hospitalisation was necessary for 41 patients. CONCLUSION: Early diagnosis and immediate control through specialised teams are essential to ensure proper treatment, usually endoscopic, without risk of complications.

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La estenosis subglótica es una de las causas más frecuentes de obstrucción de la vía aérea en pediatría. El 90% son secundarias a la intubación endotraqueal. El diagnóstico se sustenta en la clínica del paciente, la evaluación radiológica, la laringoscopía flexible y la endoscopía rígida de la vía aérea bajo anestesia general. Debe sospecharse en niños con dificultad respiratoria posextubación. La conducta terapéutica dependerá de la gravedad de la estenosis subglótica y de la sintomatología del paciente. Describimos nuestra experiencia en cuanto a las etiologías de las estenosis subglóticas, el diagnóstico, el tratamiento y la evolución de pacientes con esta patología.(AU)

Subglottic stenosis is among the most common causes of airway obstruction in children, 90% of which resulting from endotracheal intubation. The diagnosis is based on the patients clinical, radiologic evaluation, flexible laryngoscopy and rigid airway endoscopy under general anesthesia. It must be suspected in children with respiratory distress after extubation. The therapeutic approach depends on the severity of the subglottic stenosis and the patients symptoms. We describe our experience with the subglottic stenosis etiologies, diagnosis, treatment and outcome of patients with this condition.(AU)

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Subglottic stenosis is among the most common causes of airway obstruction in children, 90% of which resulting from endotracheal intubation. The diagnosis is based on the patient's clinical, radiologic evaluation, flexible laryngoscopy and rigid airway endoscopy under general anesthesia. It must be suspected in children with respiratory distress after extubation. The therapeutic approach depends on the severity of the subglottic stenosis and the patient's symptoms. We describe our experience with the subglottic stenosis etiologies, diagnosis, treatment and outcome of patients with this condition.

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There is a strong association between gastroesophageal reflux and pharyngolaryngeal reflux as factors leading to respiratory disease, manifested as dysphonia, wheezing, coughing, recurrent laryngitis, bronchial obstruction, laryngospasm and apparent life-threatening events (ALTEs). These manifestations can be mild or severe and may sometimes put the patient's life at risk. We present two cases of patients with severe laryngitis who required endotracheal intubation, one of which underwent tracheostomy. The diagnostic methods and their limitations and the patients outcomes are described.

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Está demostrado que hay una fuerte asociación entre el reflujo gastroesofágico y el reflujo faringolaríngeo como causantes de enfermedad respiratoria, que puede manifestarse como disfonía, estridor, tos, laringitis recurrente, obstrucción bronquial, laringoespasmo y eventos de aparente amenaza para la vida (ALTE). Estas manifestaciones pueden ser leves o graves y potencialmente mortales. Se presentan los casos de dos pacientes con laringitis grave que requirieron intubación endotraqueal, a uno de los cuales se le realizó una traqueotomía. Se describen los métodos diagnósticos, sus limitaciones y la evolución presentada por los pacientes

There is a strong association between gastroesophageal reflux and pharyngolaryngeal reflux as factors leading to respiratory disease, manifested as dysphonia, wheezing, coughing, recurrent laryngitis, bronchial obstruction, laryngospasm and apparent life-threatening events (ALTEs). These manifestations can be mild or severe and may sometimes put the patient’s life at risk. We present two cases of patients with severe laryngitis who required endotracheal intubation, one of which underwent tracheostomy. The diagnostic methods and their limitations and the patients outcomes are described.

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There is a strong association between gastroesophageal reflux and pharyngolaryngeal reflux as factors leading to respiratory disease, manifested as dysphonia, wheezing, coughing, recurrent laryngitis, bronchial obstruction, laryngospasm and apparent life-threatening events (ALTEs). These manifestations can be mild or severe and may sometimes put the patients life at risk. We present two cases of patients with severe laryngitis who required endotracheal intubation, one of which underwent tracheostomy. The diagnostic methods and their limitations and the patients outcomes are described.

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Introducción y objetivos: La estenosis subglótica es una de las causas más frecuentes de obstrucción laríngea. El 90% resultan de la intubación endotraqueal. La conducta terapéutica dependerá entre otros factores del grado de estenosis que se presente. Variará desde la conducta expectante en los grados leves hasta la cirugía compleja en los graves. Presentamos nuestra experiencia en el manejo quirúrgico de la estenosis subglótica postintubación en niños, y enfatizamos la necesidad de reconocimiento y prevención de los factores predisponentes de la estenosis por intubación. Método: Se evaluaron en forma retrospectiva 71 pacientes con estenosis subglótica moderada a severa postintubación, operados en el Servicio de Endoscopia Respiratoria durante un periodo de 8 años. Las variables analizadas fueron la edad al momento quirúrgico, el grado de la estenosis, la técnica quirúrgica utilizada, las complicaciones y los resultados. Resultados: El 84,5% de los pacientes requirió un solo tratamiento quirúrgico para lograr la decanulación. Se implementaron 3 técnicas quirúrgicas: reconstrucción laringotraqueal, resección cricotraqueal parcial y división anterior del cricoides. Se logró la decanulación en 70 casos, presentando buena ventilación, deglución y voz el 71,8%, disfonía el 23,9% y dificultad respiratoria leve el 2,8%. Un paciente falleció. Conclusión: Frente a un paciente con estenosis subglótica, seleccionar el tratamiento apropiado es la llave del éxito, disminuye el número de cirugías y previene las complicaciones (AU)

Introduction and objectives: Subglottic stenosis is one of the most common causes of upper airway obstruction. Almost 90% of them result from endotracheal intubation. Therapy depends on the degree of stenosis, among other factors. Therapeutic approaches range from watchful waiting, in mild stenosis, to complex surgery for severe cases. We report our experience on the surgical management of post-intubation subglottic stenosis in children, emphasising the need for recognition and prevention of predisposing factors of post-intubation stenosis. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 71 patients with moderate to severe post-intubation subglottic stenosis, operated in the Respiratory Endoscopy Service in a period of eight years. The clinical variables analysed were age at surgery, degree of stenosis, surgical technique, complications and outcome. Results: In 84.5% of patients, only 1 surgical approach was required to achieve decannulation. Three surgical techniques were implemented as therapy: laryngotracheal reconstruction, partial cricotracheal resection and anterior cricoid split. Decannulation was achieved in 70 cases. In 71.8%, ventilation, swallowing and voice qualities were good; 23.9% presented dysphonia; and 2.8% presented a mild respiratory distress. One patient died. Conclusion: In patients with subglottic stenosis, selection of the most accurate treatment is the key to success, reducing the number of surgeries and preventing complications (AU)

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INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Subglottic stenosis is one of the most common causes of upper airway obstruction. Almost 90% of them result from endotracheal intubation. Therapy depends on the degree of stenosis, among other factors. Therapeutic approaches range from watchful waiting, in mild stenosis, to complex surgery for severe cases. We report our experience on the surgical management of post-intubation subglottic stenosis in children, emphasising the need for recognition and prevention of predisposing factors of post-intubation stenosis. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 71 patients with moderate to severe post-intubation subglottic stenosis, operated in the Respiratory Endoscopy Service in a period of eight years. The clinical variables analysed were age at surgery, degree of stenosis, surgical technique, complications and outcome. RESULTS: In 84.5% of patients, only 1 surgical approach was required to achieve decannulation. Three surgical techniques were implemented as therapy: laryngotracheal reconstruction, partial cricotracheal resection and anterior cricoid split. Decannulation was achieved in 70 cases. In 71.8%, ventilation, swallowing and voice qualities were good; 23.9% presented dysphonia; and 2.8% presented a mild respiratory distress. One patient died. CONCLUSION: In patients with subglottic stenosis, selection of the most accurate treatment is the key to success, reducing the number of surgeries and preventing complications.

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Ingestion of foreign bodies is an avoidable accident that is seen mainly in children under 3 years-old. Most of them pass through the digestive tract without causing clinical manifestations or complications, but a significant percentage is impacted in the esophagus causing vomiting, sore throat, dysphagia and drooling. The most common foreign bodies are coins. Complications usually occur when there is a delay in diagnosis or with large, sharp or potentially toxic objects, as the button battery. It is essential to make differential diagnosis between coin and button battery, since the latter requires urgent removal due to the earliness of the injury caused. We report 115 cases of foreign bodies in the esophagus, and we alert the pediatrician in recognizing and preventing this problem.

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Aspiration of foreign bodies is an important and preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in childhood. The early diagnosis and treatment are essential for risk of mortality in the acute and complications arising from the continuance of a foreign body in the airway. The clinical presentation may mimic different diseases, delaying the correct diagnosis. Pediatricians should be aware of the possibility of foreign body in children with persistent respiratory symptoms, even in the absence of a history of choking. Bronchoscopy is indicated in all patients with suspected aspiration, even when the physical and radiological examination is inconclusive. We evaluate in 90 cases the time between the aspiration of foreign body and the removal, and emphasize the need for preventive measures and greater dissemination of knowledge in the community and health professionals about this problem.

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La ingestión de cuerpos extraños es un accidente evitable que se observa principalmente en niños menores de 3 años. La mayoría de ellos atraviesan el tubo digestivo sin ocasionar manifestaciones clínicas ni complicaciones; sin embargo, un porcentaje significativo se impacta en el esófago y causa vómitos, odinofagia, disfagia y sialorrea. Los cuerpos extraños más frecuentes son las monedas. Las complicaciones ocurren por lo general cuando se demora el diagnóstico o se trata de objetos grandes, afilados o potencialmente tóxicos, como la pila botón. Es fundamental realizar el diagnóstico diferencial entre una moneda y una pila botón, ya que esta última requiere su extracción urgente debido a la precocidad de las lesiones que produce. Se describen 115 casos de cuerpos extraños en el esófago. Se subraya la importancia de realizar un diagnóstico y tratamiento oportunos, así como de asesorar a los padres para la prevención.

Ingestion of foreign bodies is an avoidable accident that is seen mainly in children under 3 years-old. Most of them pass through the digestive tract without causing clinical manifestations or complications, but a significant percentage is impacted in the esophagus causing vomiting, sore throat, dysphagia and drooling. The most common foreign bodies are coins. Complications usually occur when there is a delay in diagnosis or with large, sharp or potentially toxic objects, as the button battery. It is essential to make differential diagnosis between coin and button battery, since the latter requires urgent removal due to the earliness of the injury caused. We report 115 cases of foreign bodies in the esophagus, and we alert the pediatrician in recognizing and preventing this problem.

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