RESUMEN
The Antillean manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus), a subspecies of the West Indian manatee, inhabits fresh, brackish, and warm coastal waters distributed along the eastern border of Central America, the northern coast of South America, and throughout the Wider Caribbean Region. Threatened primarily by human encroachment, poaching, and habitat degradation, Antillean manatees are listed as endangered by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. The impact of disease on population viability remains unknown in spite of concerns surrounding the species' ability to rebound from a population crash should an epizootic occur. To gain insight on the baseline health of this subspecies, a total of 191 blood samples were collected opportunistically from wild Antillean manatees in Belize between 1997 and 2009. Hematologic and biochemical reference intervals were established, and antibody prevalence to eight pathogens with zoonotic potential was determined. Age was found to be a significant factor of variation in mean blood values, whereas sex, capture site, and season contributed less to overall differences in parameter values. Negative antibody titers were reported for all pathogens surveyed except for Leptospira bratislava, L. canicola, and L. icterohemorrhagiae, Toxoplasma gondii, and morbillivirus. As part of comprehensive health assessment in manatees from Belize, this study will serve as a benchmark aiding in early disease detection and in the discernment of important epidemiologic patterns in the manatees of this region. Additionally, it will provide some of the initial tools to explore the broader application of manatees as sentinel species of nearshore ecosystem health.
Asunto(s)
Trichechus manatus/sangre , Trichechus manatus/fisiología , Trichechus manatus/parasitología , Animales , Animales Salvajes/sangre , Belice , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Ecosistema , Femenino , Geografía , Leptospira/metabolismo , Masculino , Morbillivirus/metabolismo , Valores de Referencia , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Toxoplasma/metabolismoRESUMEN
Este artigo trata do conceito de governança em rede como contraponto à compreensão do processo convencional, hierarquizado, de regulação no campo do ambiente de trabalho. A forma como as redes podem estimular mudanças na regulação do ambiente de trabalho é estudada em dois casos na Dinamarca. O primeiro caso se refere à alta incidência de distúrbios músculo-esqueléticos na atividade de manuseio de pacientes encontrados no setor saúde. A rede, desenvolvida de baixo para cima, gerou uma conexão do problema a novas soluções, em particular, com a criação de um novo agente social, o instrutor de transferência,a partir da idéia de que pessoas são transferidas, não levantadas como pesos. O segundo caso trata de um esforço para integrar a promoção da saúde com a forma de se pensar saúde no trabalho, a fim de enfrentar a desigualdade social em saúde. Iniciada de cima para baixo, a rede não conseguiu se estabilizar nem promover com êxito a abordagem integrada da promoção da saúde no local de trabalho. Os dois casos apontam, todavia, para a importância da aproximação de diversos grupos profissionais, quando os esforços pretendem ser verdadeiramente, inovadores e bem sucedidos. Em contraste com as visões que celebram a ausência do Estado, discuti-se também a importância deste como meta-governante nos processos que visam revigorar a regulação.
This article discusses the concept of network governance as a supplement to the conventional understanding of regulation in the of working environment. How networks can stimulate change in working environment regulation is studied in two cases in Denmark. The first case concerns the problem with musculoskeletal strains in the care sector manual handling of people. In Denmark a network has grown from below, and this network has generated a story line that connects the problem with new solutions, in particular the creation of the transfer instructor we transfer people, we dont lift. The second case deals with an effort to integrate health promotion with occupational health thinking; two s (public health and OHS) that for years have been separated in a Danish context. The problem in this case was/is a profound social inequality in health. This network was initiated from above, and has so far not managed to stabilize a network that is able to successfully promote the integrate approach of workplace health promotion. Both cases point at the importance of bridging gaps between various professional groups if the efforts are to be truly innovative and successful. And they point at the importance of the state as a meta-governor in processes that aim at invigorating the regulation; the concept of network governance can be taken to celebrate the absence of the state; our cases dont.