RESUMEN
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) poses a significant health burden, particularly among individuals of low socioeconomic status (SES) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This study evaluates the clinical effectiveness of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) in addressing CVD outcomes among very low-SES patients in Colombia. Data from participants enrolled in a CR program in Colombia between 2022 and 2023 were analyzed retrospectively. Measures included heart-healthy behaviors, physical/psychological outcomes, and quality of life assessed at 18, 36, and 60 sessions. Significant improvements were observed in exercise capacity, psychological well-being, and quality of life metrics throughout the CR program. However, barriers to CR attendance and the critical need for expanded program availability remain evident, particularly in LMIC settings like Colombia. In conclusion, structured CR programs demonstrate substantial benefits for very low-SES individuals in a LMIC country, highlighting the urgent need for increased program accessibility and equitable healthcare provision to optimize cardiovascular health outcomes.
RESUMEN
In ecological contexts natural selection might favor individuals with a larger body mass to monopolize resources; however, there is wide variation in body mass within populations and potential factors. In this study, we evaluated whether fruit production limits body mass in one group of Sapajus apella, its effects on behavior, and whether there is a relationship between social status and body mass. We recorded activity patterns using focal follows (20 min), body mass (using a modified Ohaus scale), and community wide fruit production estimates (from 60 fruit traps). Body mass remained relatively stable during periods of food scarcity, but in periods of abundance most individuals gained weight, as indicated by their relative growth rates (RGR). Subordinate subadults showed the highest RGR, as expected by their age. In periods of high fruit production activities as traveling, grooming, and playing were more frequent than during fruit scarcity, suggesting energy maximization and potential energetic constraints. We found differences in behavior within the group, as the alpha male was observed feeding more frequently (and for longer periods of time), was more aggressive (e.g., feeding trees), and received more grooming than other individuals. In addition, the alpha male was 60% heavier than the group's average body mass. Our study supports the hypothesis that body weight gain is related to fruit abundance and that body size is associated with social dominance; however, large individuals (both males and females) seem to incur in high metabolic or reproductive costs, as they do not gain much weight as smaller individuals.
RESUMEN
Herein, we present a comprehensive total synthesis of cannabidiol integrating both batch and continuous flow conditions. Our approach is planned to streamline the synthesis of olivetolic acid derivatives and utilize an enantiomerically pure monoterpene moiety obtained from naturally occurring (R)-(+)-limonene by photocatalysis. Key reactions, including the synthesis of olivetolic ester and a Friedel-Crafts alkylation, are successfully adapted to continuous flow, resulting in improved yields and selectivities. This study not only offers a scalable and efficient route for cannabidiol synthesis but also contributes to the synthetic approaches to access cannabinoids (diversity synthesis), with potential applications in medicinal and industrial contexts.
Asunto(s)
Cannabidiol , Cannabidiol/química , Cannabidiol/síntesis química , Estereoisomerismo , Estructura Molecular , CatálisisRESUMEN
With the improvement in survival of patients undergoing knee reconstructive surgeries, the functional parameter became widely studied heading optimize and minimize motor sequelae. In patients undergoing knee endoprosthesis, proximal tibial or distal femoral resections affect the functioning of the knee extensor mechanism, with possible repercussions on gait. Seventeen patients were selected, divided into two groups, undergoing distal femoral or proximal tibial resection, and gait analysis examination was performed. Changes in gait velocity, cadence, step length, and alterations in the support and balance phase were observed. No major statistically significant differences were found in the kinetic and kinematic parameters between the operated groups. The study corroborates that although tibial resections have a higher theoretical risk of compromising the extensor mechanism, such data were not observed in the analyzed sample.
RESUMEN
Resumen Introducción: La neuropatía autonómica cardíaca es una entidad poco conocida y subdiagnosticada en los pacientes diabéticos, la cual se caracteriza por el daño de las fibras nerviosas autónomas; ocasiona síntomas como intolerancia al ejercicio e hipotensión postural. La prevalencia y los factores de riesgo en la población diabética colombiana son poco claros y poco estudiados. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de la neuropatía autonómica cardíaca y de los factores asociados en pacientes diabéticos de una población colombiana. Materiales y método: Estudio transversal analítico, en una población de 107 pacientes con diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus tipos I y II, que consultaron a un hospital de segundo nivel de atención en Colombia, entre abril y septiembre de 2022. Se realizó diagnóstico utilizando el test de Ewing de reflejo autonómico cardiovascular. Los análisis estadísticos fueron del orden descriptivo y de asociación mediante regresión logística calculando razón de disparidad e intervalos de confianza del 95%. Resultados: La población estudiada tuvo una edad promedio de 62 años; el 56.1% fueron mujeres. El 94.4% (IC 95%: 89.9-98.6) de los participantes presentaron una evaluación positiva para neuropatía autonómica cardíaca; el estado incipiente fue del 6.5%, la afectación confirmada del 26.2% y el compromiso grave del 61.7%. La edad está asociada con la aparición de neuropatía autonómica cardíaca (ORa: 1.07; IC 95%: 1.03-1.11). Conclusiones: Este estudio encontró alta prevalencia de neuropatía autonómica cardíaca (94.4%) cuando se utilizó el estándar de oro de diagnóstico. La edad de los pacientes tiene asociación con la presencia y la gravedad de esta enfermedad.
Abstract Introduction: Cardiac autonomic neuropathy is a little known and underdiagnosed entity in diabetic patients, characterized by damage to autonomic nerve fibers causing symptoms such as exercise intolerance and postural hypotension; the prevalence and risk factors in the Colombian diabetic population are unclear and understudied. Objective: To determine the prevalence of cardiac autonomic neuropathyand associated factors in diabetic patients in a Colombian population. Materials and method: Analytical cross-sectional study, in a population of 107 patients with a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus type I and type II, who consulted a second level of care hospital in Colombia, between April and September 2022. Diagnosis was performed using the Ewing test of cardiovascular autonomic reflex. Statistical analyses were performed at descriptive and association level by logistic regression calculating odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals. Results: The study population had a mean age of 62 years, 56.1% of whom were women. 94.4% (CI 95%: 89.9-98.6) of the participants presented a positive evaluation for cardiac autonomic neuropathy; incipient status was 6.5%, 26.2% confirmed involvement and 61.7% severe involvement; age is associated with cardiac autonomic neuropathy presentation, ORa: 1.07 (CI 95%: 1.03-1.11). Conclusions: The current study found high prevalence of cardiac autonomic neuropathy (94.4%) when using the gold standard of diagnosis. The age of patients has association with the presence and severity of this disease.
RESUMEN
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the Substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), which leads to motor and non-motor symptoms (NMS). NMS can appear many years before the classical motor symptoms and are associated with the neurodegeneration of several nuclei; in this work, we highlight the neurodegeneration of Locus coeruleus (LC) in PD. The aim was to investigate the effects of depleting SNpc and LC catecholaminergic neurons on behavioral and neurobiological endpoints. Here we used 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in order to induced neurotoxic damage in three independent experimental groups: SNpc lesion group, which 6-OHDA was injected into CPu (CPu-6-OHDA), LC lesion group, which 6-OHDA was injected directly on LC to selectively caused a damage on this nucleus (LC-6-OHDA), and the combined SNpc and LC lesion group (CL-6-OHDA). Next, the behavioral studies were performed using the Morris water maze (MWM), open field (OF), and elevated plus maze (EPM). After stereotaxic surgeries, the animals showed a loss of 67% and 77% of Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) reactive neurons in the SNpc and LC, respectively. The behavioral analysis showed the anxiety-like behavior in CL-6-OHDA group in the EPM test; in the MWM test, the combined lesions (CL-6-OHDA) showed an impairment in memory acquisition and spatial memory; and no changes were observed in locomotor activity in all the tests. Furthermore, our investigation demonstrating the effects of depleting SN and LC catecholaminergic neurons on behavioral and neurobiological parameters. All these data together lead us to believe that a bilateral PD model including a LC bilateral degeneration is potentially a more accurate model to evaluate the NMS in the pathological development of the disease in rodents.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de Parkinson , Animales , Oxidopamina/toxicidad , Enfermedad de Parkinson/metabolismo , Roedores , Locus Coeruleus/metabolismo , Neuronas Dopaminérgicas , Sustancia Negra/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de EnfermedadRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Family-centered rehabilitative care optimizes outcomes for children with significant developmental disabilities. Family-centered services involve assessing family resources that promote positive developmental outcomes for children. Little is known regarding family resources in the context of caring for a child with developmental disabilities in Brazil due to an absence of validated measures. This study describes the translation and cultural adaptation of the Family Resource Scale and explored the measurement quality of the resulting measure (the Brazilian-Family Resource Scale, or B-FRS). METHODS: A rigorous serial translation process that emphasized linguistic accuracy as well as cultural adaptation was utilized. The resulting 27-item B-FRS was theoretically related and reflected the contextual intent of the original measure. RESULTS: A four-factor scoring approach yielded acceptable internal consistency estimates for the subscales and total scale score. Overall, low levels of family resources were reported by caregivers of children with Congenital Zika Syndrome. Low family resources were associated with parental depressive and stress-related symptoms. CONCLUSION: Confirmatory factor analysis of the B-FRS in a larger sample is recommended. Practitioners in Brazil should broadly consider family needs and resources to provide family-centered care that is effective for the child and engages the family in a way that highlights their strengths and promotes positive developmental trajectories.
Asunto(s)
Infección por el Virus Zika , Virus Zika , Niño , Humanos , Brasil , Infección por el Virus Zika/congénito , Padres , Traducciones , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Reproducibilidad de los ResultadosRESUMEN
An adequate daily intake of minerals is essential for the prevention of chronic nutrition-related and degenerative diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and obesity. Seaweeds are marine aquatic vegetable that are rich in nutrients. They also have a natural and sustainable origin and clean and renewable sources when they come from marine aquaculture or controlled fisheries. Seaweeds have high nutritional value as a source of polyunsaturated fatty acids, proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and especially minerals. They are known for their high mineral content, which is gathered from seawater depending on the seasonal variation and the environment. Seaweeds are consequently rich in macro-elements and trace elements, with a mineral content at least 10 times higher than terrestrial plants and reaching 20-50% of its dry weight. Therefore, seaweeds can make an important contribution to the daily intake of minerals and are a promising source of essential minerals for functional food, food supplements, and nutraceuticals. The aim of the present review is to compare the contents of essential minerals (K, Ca, Na, P, Cu, Fe, Se, Mn, Zn, Mg, Cr, and I) as well as potential toxic minerals (Hg, Pb, Cd, As, and Al) in 14 main edible seaweeds that have availability of biomass from harvest and aquaculture. Another goal is to establish their safety in foods and contributions to the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) and adequate intake (AI) values.
Asunto(s)
Algas Marinas , Oligoelementos , Inocuidad de los Alimentos , Minerales/análisis , Oligoelementos/análisis , VerdurasRESUMEN
Soil ecosystem service (SES) approaches evidence the importance of soil for human well-being, contribute to improving dialogue between science and decision-making and encourage the translation of scientific results into public policies. Herein, through systematic review, we assess the state of the art of SES approaches in tropical regions. Through this review, 41 publications were identified; while most of these studies considered SES, a lack of a consistent framework to define SES was apparent. Most studies measured soil natural capital and processes, while only three studies undertook monetary valuation. Although the number of publications increased (from 1 to 41), between 2001 and 2019, the total number of publications for tropical regions is still small. Countries with the largest number of publications were Brazil (n = 8), Colombia (n = 6) and Mexico (n = 4). This observation emphasizes an important knowledge gap pertaining to SES approaches and their link to tropical regions. With global momentum behind SES approaches, there is an opportunity to integrate SES approaches into policy and practice in tropical regions. The use of SES evaluation tools in tropical regions could transform how land use decisions are informed, mitigating soil degradation and protecting the ecosystems that soil underpins.
RESUMEN
PURPOSE: To examine the psychological well-being of primary caregivers of infants and toddlers with Congenital Zika Syndrome (CZS), and the roles of family resources, parenting stress, and coping strategies in caregivers' adaptation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Family caregivers (N = 50) of children with CZS who were receiving treatment at a rehabilitation hospital in Recife, Brazil participated a cross-sectional survey study. Caregivers completed measures of anxiety and depression, coping strategies, family resources, and parenting stress. RESULTS: Mild to severe symptoms of depression were identified in 40% of caregivers and were a more prominent concern than symptoms of anxiety. Fewer family resources and high levels of parenting stress were significantly associated with both anxiety and depression. The association between parenting stress and depression was moderated by coping, such that parenting stress was associated with higher caregiver depression at low but not high levels of coping strategy use. CONCLUSIONS: Practitioners in Brazil should consider the role of family coping and resources as important resilience promoting factors in the development of new programs designed to promote psychological adaptation in caregivers to children with CZS. It is recommended that caregiver mental health support services be integrated into existing early intervention programs targeting children with CZS.Implications for RehabilitationParents and other primary caregivers are encouraged to take an active role in the care and developmental monitoring of children born with CZS, but their ability to provide care may be compromised by difficulties in psychological adaptation.Moderate and severe symptoms of depression were more prominent in caregivers than moderate and severe symptoms of anxiety (20% versus 6%, respectively).Practitioners should include assessment of coping strategies, parenting stress and family resources conjointly with evaluation of symptoms of depression and anxiety as part of routine CZS family evaluations.A useful approach for caregivers in Brazil may be to more fully integrate caregiver mental health support services into existing early intervention programs for children with CZS.
Asunto(s)
Infección por el Virus Zika , Virus Zika , Adaptación Psicológica , Ansiedad , Brasil , Cuidadores , Preescolar , Estudios Transversales , Depresión , Humanos , Lactante , Estrés PsicológicoRESUMEN
Avian coronavirus (AvCoV/IBV) is a virus with high morbidity, which can cause respiratory, digestive, renal, and reproductive diseases in chickens. Molecular detection and sequencing are the main tool for identification and classification of AvCoV. Thirty-six samples were collected in three broiler farms from different regions in Colombia, due to mortality increase; ten samples were positive using RT-qPCR targeted to the 5' UTR of AvCoV, and one sample was positive and had its partial S gene sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that this strain belongs to the GI-11 lineage, similar to the Brazilian cluster. Several lineages have already been described in Colombia but, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that GI-11 has been detected in this country, which suggests that this subtype may be more widespread in South America than previously thought.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes , Infecciones por Coronavirus/veterinaria , Gammacoronavirus/clasificación , Gammacoronavirus/genética , Genotipo , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/virología , Animales , Colombia/epidemiología , Filogenia , Vigilancia en Salud Pública , ARN ViralRESUMEN
Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC PUFAs) and vitamin D3 are essential components of human nutrition. A regular human diet is highly deficient in n-3 LC PUFAs. Fish like salmon are highly recommended in the human diet as they are a major source of high-value n-3 LC PUFAs and vitamin D3. The levels of these nutrients have been decreasing over the last few years in farmed salmon, whose production urgently needs sustainable sources of these nutrients. The microalga Nannochloropsis gaditana (NG) is known for its naturally high potential for the production of eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5 n-3) fatty acid. A commercial diet for Atlantic salmon was supplemented with 1% and 10% of spray-dried NG grown under controlled conditions for a high EPA content. Salmon were harvested on day 49, following which, boneless and skinless salmon meat was recovered from fish and analyzed for the fatty acid profile, total fat, and vitamin D3. Vitamin D3, EPA, and docosapentaenoic fatty acid (DPA, 22:5 n-3) levels were significantly increased (p < 0.05) by supplementing the basal diet with 10% NG, thus, NG represents a novel, functional, natural ingredient and a sustainable source of n-3 LC-PUFAs that can raise the levels of healthy fats and vitamin D3 in farmed salmon meat.
Asunto(s)
Colecalciferol/análisis , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/análisis , Ácidos Grasos Insaturados/análisis , Microalgas/química , Salmo salar/metabolismo , Animales , HumanosRESUMEN
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is an important pathogen of domestic and wild felids. Although serological tests suggest the presence of FIV in cats from Colombia, no molecular characterization has been reported. Here, we describe the near-complete genome of FIV subtype A from a Colombian domestic cat.
RESUMEN
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive and chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and affects multiple neurotransmission systems such as hypocretin/orexin (HO) release and can lead to cognitive and memory deficits. The HO neurons located in lateral hypothalamus/perifornical area (LH/PeF) are involved with consolidation and memory processes. Here we verified the involvement of HO deficit in learning and memory process in an animal model of PD induced by bilateral intra-striatal injections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). The present study performed a working memory test by object recognition task and spatial memory test using the Morris water maze in control and PD-induced animals after depletion of HO neurons. In addition, our results indicate that HO system in degenerative disorders such as PD may modulate the declarative and spatial memory (assessed by object recognition and Morris water maze tests, respectively). A significant reduction of HO neurons in the LH/PeF and HO degeneration process in the hippocampus (CA1 and dentate gyrus areas) were noticed. Our data suggest that the HO system degeneration could be associated to memory dysfunction in PD.
Asunto(s)
Hipotálamo/fisiopatología , Trastornos de la Memoria/fisiopatología , Neuronas/metabolismo , Orexinas/metabolismo , Trastornos Parkinsonianos/fisiopatología , Animales , Masculino , Ratones , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To design a multiscale descriptor capable of capturing complex local-regional unfolding patterns to support quantitation and diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) using T1-weighted structural magnetic resonance images (MRI) with voxel size of 1 × 1 × 1 mm. METHODS: The proposed image descriptor uses an adapted multiscale representation, the Curvelet transform, interpretable in terms of texture (local) and shape (regional) to characterize brain regions, and a Generalized Gaussian Distribution (GGD) to reduce feature dimensionality. In this approach, each MRI is first parcelled into 3D anatomical regions. Each resultant region is represented by a single 2D image where slices are placed next to each other. Each 2D image is characterized by mapping it to the Curvelet space and each of the different Curvelet sub-bands is described by the set of GGD parameters. To assess the discriminant power of the proposed descriptor, a classification model per brain region was built to differentiate ASD patients from control subjects. Models were constructed with support vector machines and evaluated using two samples from heterogeneous databases, namely Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange - ABIDE I (34 ASD and 34 controls, mean age 11.46 ± 2.03 and 11.53 ± 1.79 yr, respectively, male population) and ABIDE II (42 ASD and 41 controls, mean age 10.09 ± 1.37 and 10.52 ± 1.27 yr, respectively, male population), for a total of 151 individuals. RESULTS: When the model was trained with ABIDE II sample and tested with ABIDE I on a hold-out validation, an area under receiver operator curve (AUC) of 0.69 was computed. When each sample was independently used under a cross-validation scheme, the estimated AUC was 0.75 ± 0.02 for ABIDE I and 0.77 ± 0.01 for ABIDE II. This analysis determined a set of discriminant regions widely reported in the literature as characteristic of ASD. CONCLUSIONS: The presented image descriptor demonstrated differences at local and regional level when high differences were observed in the Curvelet sub-bands. The method is simple in conceptual terms, robust to several sources of noise, and has a very low computational cost.
Asunto(s)
Trastorno del Espectro Autista/diagnóstico por imagen , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagen , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador , MasculinoRESUMEN
Bismuth triiodide (BiI3) has been studied in recent years with the aim of developing lead-free semiconductors for photovoltaics. It has also appeared in X-ray detectors due to the high density of the Bismuth element. This material is attractive as an active layer in solar cells, or may be feasible for conversion into perovskite-like material (MA3Bi2I9), being also suitable for photovoltaic applications. In this study, we report on the thermomechanical properties (stress, hardness, coefficient of thermal expansion, and biaxial and reduced Young's moduli) of BiI3 thin films deposited by thermal evaporation. The stress was determined as a function of temperature, adopting the thermally induced bending technique, which allowed us to extract the coefficient of thermal expansion (31 × 10-6 °C-1) and Young's biaxial modulus (19.6 GPa) for the films. Nanohardness (~0.76 GPa) and a reduced Young's modulus of 27.1 GPa were determined through nanoindentation measurements.
RESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: PARP inhibitors are a new class of drugs that are currently being studied in several malignancies. Olaparib is FDA-approved for advanced breast cancer and advanced ovarian cancer patients. Fatigue and anemia are among the most common cancer and treatment-related symptoms. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCT) to characterize the incidence and relative risks (RRs) of fatigue and anemia associated with olaparib. METHODS: PubMed, Cohrane, Embase and abstracts presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) were searched for articles published from 2000 to June 2018. The eligible studies were phase II and III RCT of olaparib. Safety profile from each selected study was evaluated for all-grade and high-grade fatigue and anemia adverse events. Summary incidences and the RR, with 95% confidence intervals, of all-grade and high-grade events were calculated using random-effects or fixed-effects model based on the heterogeneity of selected studies. RESULTS: A total of 9 trials were selected, and included 2074 patients with advanced ovarian, gastric, prostate, lung or breast cancer. 908 patients received placebo/control treatments and 1166 received olaparib alone or combination with other active cancer treatments. The RR of all-grade and high fatigue was 1.24 (95% CI, 1.10-1.39) and 1.71 (95% CI, 1.06-2.77), respectively. The RR of all-grade and high-grade anemia was 2.10 (95% CI, 1.48-2.98) and 3.15 (95% CI, 1.73-5.71), respectively. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that the olaparib treatment is associated with an increased risk of fatigue and anemia. Since fatigue and anemia are very common treatment related adverse events, and both can impair the quality of life of patients, it is important to identify them early and manage it accordingly in order to optimize the overall treatment.
Asunto(s)
Anemia/etiología , Fatiga/etiología , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Ftalazinas/uso terapéutico , Piperazinas/uso terapéutico , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como Asunto/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Anemia/inducido químicamente , Anemia/epidemiología , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Fatiga/inducido químicamente , Fatiga/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Incidencia , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neoplasias/epidemiología , Neoplasias/patología , Calidad de Vida , Riesgo , Factores de Riesgo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Vector-borne diseases account for more than 17% of all infectious diseases, causing more than one million deaths annually. Malaria remains one of the most important public health problems worldwide. These vectors are bloodsucking insects, which can transmit disease-producing microorganisms during a blood meal. The contact of culicids with human populations living in malaria-endemic areas suggests that the identification of Plasmodium genetic material in the blood present in the gut of these mosquitoes may be possible. The process of assessing the blood meal for the presence of pathogens is termed 'xenosurveillance'. In view of this, the present work investigated the relationship between the frequency with which Plasmodium DNA is found in culicids and the frequency with which individuals are found to be carrying malaria parasites. A cross-sectional study was performed in a peri-urban area of Manaus, in the Western Brazilian Amazon, by simultaneously collecting human blood samples and trapping culicids from households. A total of 875 individuals were included in the study and a total of 13,374mosquito specimens were captured. Malaria prevalence in the study area was 7.7%. The frequency of households with at least one culicid specimen carrying Plasmodium DNA was 6.4%. Plasmodium infection incidence was significantly related to whether any Plasmodium positive blood-fed culicid was found in the same household [IRR 3.49 (CI95% 1.38-8.84); p = 0.008] and for indoor-collected culicids [IRR 4.07 (CI95%1.25-13.24); p = 0.020]. Furthermore, the number of infected people in the house at the time of mosquito collection was related to whether there were any positive blood-fed culicid mosquitoes in that household for collection methods combined [IRR 4.48 (CI95%2.22-9.05); p<0.001] or only for indoor-collected culicids [IRR 4.88 (CI95%2.01-11.82); p<0.001]. Our results suggest that xenosurveillance can be used in endemic tropical regions in order to estimate the malaria burden and identify transmission foci in areas where Plasmodium vivax is predominant.
Asunto(s)
Anopheles/parasitología , Malaria Vivax/epidemiología , Malaria Vivax/transmisión , Mosquitos Vectores/parasitología , Plasmodium vivax/fisiología , Animales , Anopheles/genética , Anopheles/fisiología , Sangre/parasitología , Brasil/epidemiología , Costo de Enfermedad , Estudios Transversales , ADN Protozoario/sangre , ADN Protozoario/aislamiento & purificación , Monitoreo Epidemiológico , Composición Familiar , Femenino , Tracto Gastrointestinal/parasitología , Humanos , Incidencia , Malaria Vivax/sangre , Malaria Vivax/parasitología , Mosquitos Vectores/genética , Mosquitos Vectores/fisiología , Plasmodium vivax/genética , Plasmodium vivax/aislamiento & purificación , Plasmodium vivax/patogenicidad , PrevalenciaRESUMEN
This study aimed to describe the growth parameters of Anchoa tricolor in a subtropical estuary. From August 2010 to July 2011, 10.009 specimens of the anchovy Anchoa tricolor, mean total length 4.2 cm (±1.45), were captured in the intertidal region of the Estuarine Complex of Paranaguá (25º 15' - 25° 35' S and 48° 20' - 48° 45' W). Species´s weight/length relationship for grouped genders was described as follow: W = 0.0000591.Lt3.282 (length in centimeters; weight in grams) showing a positive allometric growth pattern (b>3; P=0.000). Significant differences concerning weight/length relationship for males, females and unsexed individuals were identified. Parameters of the length to age growth curve were estimated by adjusting a von Bertalanffy growth equation from aged individuals from a length-frequency distribution: L∞ = 10.06 (1-e-17715(t + 0.205)) (length in centimeters, age in years). The age to attain 95% of the asymptotic length ( A95 ; longevity sensu Taylor) was estimated at 1.7 years. Size frequency distributions indicate that A. tricolor uses the estuarine area as reproductive and growing grounds, especially during the first year of the life cycle, where the species represent a key element for ecosystem functioning due to relatively high abundance and energy transference from plankton to top predators.
RESUMEN
In this paper the environmental evaluation of the separation process of the microalgal biomass Scenedesmus sp. from full-scale photobioreactors was carried out at the Research and Development Nucleus for Sustainable Energy (NPDEAS), with different flocculants (iron sulfate - FeCl3, sodium hydroxide - NaOH, calcium hydroxide - Ca(OH)2 and aluminum sulphate Al2(SO4)3, by means of the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology, using the SimaPro 7.3 software. Furthermore, the flocculation efficiency by means of optical density (OD) was also evaluated. The results indicated that FeCl3 and Al2(SO4)3 were highly effective for the recovery of microalgal biomass, greater than 95%. Though, when FeCl3 was used, there was an immediate change in color to the biomass after the orange colored salt was added, typical with the presence of iron, which may compromise the biomass use according to its purpose and Al2(SO4)3 is associated with the occurrence of Alzheimer's disease, restricting the application of biomass recovered through this process for nutritional purposes, for example. Therefore, it was observed that sodium hydroxide is an efficient flocculant, promoting recovery around 93.5% for the ideal concentration of 144 mg per liter. It had the best environmental profile among the compared flocculant agents, since it did not cause visible changes in the biomass or compromise its use and had less impact in relation to acidification, eutrophication, global warming and human toxicity, among others. Thus, the results indicate that it is important to consider both flocculation efficiency aspects and environmental impacts to identify the best flocculants on an industrial scale, to optimize the process, with lower amount of flocculant and obtain the maximum biomass recovery and decrease the impact on the extraction, production, treatment and reuse of these chemical compounds to the environment. However, more studies are needed in order to evaluate energy efficiency of the process coupled with other microalgal biomass recovery technologies. In addition, studies with natural flocculants, other polymers and changes in pH are also needed, as these are produced in a more sustainable way than synthetic organic polymers and have the potential to generate a biomass free of undesirable contaminants.