Asunto(s)
Endotelio Vascular/efectos de los fármacos , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/toxicidad , Radicales Libres/metabolismo , Deformidades Congénitas de las Extremidades/inducido químicamente , NG-Nitroarginina Metil Éster/toxicidad , Vasos Sanguíneos/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Deformidades Congénitas de las Extremidades/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo IIIRESUMEN
In continuing studies of limb effects resulting from fetal exposure to N(G)-nitro-(L)-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), we examined the early time course of vascular changes and the effectiveness of fetal intraamniotic injection. Vascular engorgement and hemorrhage occurred within 4 hr of L-NAME treatment on gestational day (gd) 17, and direct injection appeared to be as effective as maternal intraperitoneal injection in inducing limb hemorrhage. Further studies examined protein nitration and electron transport inhibition in tissues of exposed fetuses. L-NAME caused significant increases in nitrotyrosine (NT) formation in limb but not in heart or brain, and reduced electron transport rates in limb. Three agents, alpha-phenyl-N-t-butylnitrone (PBN), a radical trap and inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), allopurinol, an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, and aminoguanidine, a relatively specific inhibitor of iNOS, significantly moderated limb hemorrhage and protein nitration in distal limb. These results suggest that L-NAME works directly on the fetal limb vasculature and indicate a cytotoxic role for peroxynitrite, a potent oxidant and nitrating agent that is the reaction product of nitric oxide and superoxide anion radical. We propose that L-NAME and other vasoactive toxicants disrupt the fetal limb in a sequential process. Initially, nitric oxide (NO) is depleted, causing hemorrhage and edema in the limb. Within hours, iNOS is induced, resulting in cytotoxic tissue concentrations of NO and reactive nitrogen species that induce apoptosis and/or necrosis in the limb. We suggest that L-NAME exposure may serve as a model of vascular disruptive limb malformations.
Asunto(s)
Inhibidores Enzimáticos/efectos adversos , Extremidades/irrigación sanguínea , Extremidades/embriología , Deformidades Congénitas de las Extremidades/etiología , NG-Nitroarginina Metil Éster/efectos adversos , Flujo Sanguíneo Regional/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Femenino , Radicales Libres , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa/fisiología , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II , Embarazo , Ratas , Teratógenos/toxicidadRESUMEN
Exposure of gravid rats to the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) in drinking water or by implanted osmotic minipumps significantly elevates maternal blood pressure, reducing uteroplacental perfusion. Administration by either route causes fetal growth retardation, but oral exposure also causes hind limb reduction malformations. The present study employed both oral and intraperitoneal routes to determine the period of sensitivity to developmental toxicity, dose-response, and possible fetotoxic mechanisms. Hind limb hemorrhage occurred only in litters from dams exposed to oral doses of 1 to 2 mg/mL from gestational days 15 through 17. In contrast to oral exposure, single intraperitoneal injections caused both fore and hind limb reductions at doses of 25 mg/kg and above administered on gestational day 16 and later. Many other exposures that reduce uteroplacental perfusion have been associated with vascular disruptive dysmorphogenesis. These exposures include phenytoin, calcium channel inhibitors, cocaine, and uterine vascular clamping. Limb hemorrhage induced by these exposures is usually limited to distal structures, typically phalanges, and the incidence of affected fetuses rarely exceeds 50%. By contrast, hemorrhage caused by L-NAME frequently involves entire limbs, extending into adjacent flank in severe instances, and 100% of fetuses from treated dams may be affected. The basis of this difference and the differing defect patterns associated with the various routes of exposure are unclear, but the generation of reactive oxygen species during resumption of normal perfusion may play a role in this vascular disruption.