RESUMEN

Both palm weevils, the South American (Rhynchophorus palmarum) (SAPW) and the red palm weevil (R. ferrugineus, RPW), are present in South America, affecting commercial, ornamental, and native palms. These pests oviposit and thrive on selected Arecaceae. R. palmarum mainly infests coconut (Cocos nucifera), oil palms (Elaeis guineensis), and other ornamental and native palms in America, causing a significant social impact on growers. The weevils fulfill a significant ectosymbiotic macro- and microorganism role in the first period of larval development, worsening the damage which, during this period, is not yet apparent. Palm protection in the Brazilian context suggests the use of indigenous agents for microbiological biocontrol. This research identifies three Brazilian Beauveria bassiana isolates: CVAD01, CVAD02, and CVAD06. The results suggest that the strain's impact on R. palmarum can also be compared with that of the commercial strain Beauveria bassiana. Phylogenetic analysis allowed the delimitation of species of Beauveria (Hypocreales). Pathogenicity tests caused significant mortality in R. palmarum. The isolates CVAD01, CVAD02, and CVADO6 showed high pathogenicity between 7 and 21 days, with mortality rates between 90 and 100%, suggesting that they may be effective biological control agents of R. palmarum in the field when used, within available means, to mitigate the impact of R. palmarum and R. ferrugineus in South America.

RESUMEN

Bacteria of the genus Bacillus can colonize endophytically and benefit several crops including the control of some pest orders. In view of the benefits provided by these microorganisms and in order to find out an efficient biotechnological control for the giant borer, our interest in studying the microorganisms in symbiosis with sugarcane and the giant borer has arisen, since there is no efficient chemical or biological control method for this pest. Therefore, endophytic Bacillus strains were isolated from three sugarcane niches (apoplast fluid, central internode cylinder and roots) and also from the giant borer larvae living inside sugarcane varieties grown in the Northeast region of Brazil. The taxonomical characterization (16S rRNA) of 157 Gram-positive isolates showed that 138 strains belonged to the Bacillus genus. The most representative species were phylogenetically closely related to B. megaterium (11.5%) followed by B. safensis (10.8%), B. cereus (8.9%), B. oleronius (8.9%), B. amyloliquefaciens (7.0%), and B. pacificus (6.4%). BOX-PCR analyses showed very distinct band pattern profiles suggesting a great diversity of Bacillus species within the sugarcane niches and the digestive tract, while the B. cereus group remained very closely clustered in the dendrogram. According to XRE biomarker analysis, eleven strains (FORCN005, 007, 008, 011, 012, 014, 067, 076, 092, 093, and 135) correspond to B. thuringiensis species. Additional studies using conserved genes (glp, gmk, pta, and tpi) indicated that most of these strains were phylogenetically closely related to B. thuringiensis and may be considered different subspecies. In conclusion, this study suggests that the culturable Bacillus species are greatly diversified within the plant niches and showed Bacillus species in the digestive tract of the giant borer for the first time. These results open new perspectives to understand the role and functions played by these microorganisms in symbiosis with this pest and also the possibility of developing an efficient biological control method for the giant borer using strains identified as the B. thuringiensis species.

RESUMEN

With the aim of developing tools for simultaneously managing Rhynchophorus palmarum and the coconut stem bleeding disease, we evaluated the effects of the insecticide thiamethoxam and the fungicide cyproconazole on R. palmarum larvae under laboratory conditions. Early-instar and intermediate-instar larvae were fed on an artificial diet containing 0.1% concentration of insecticide, fungicide or a mixture of both. Larval mortality was assessed daily during the 48 hours after the application of the treatments. Mean mortality values were subjected to analysis of variance and compared by Tukey's test (p ≤ 0.05). Thiamethoxam caused mortality of 100% of early-instar and 90% of intermediate-instar larvae. In contrast, mortality was significantly lower in the cyproconazole treatment (60% for early-instar and 0% for intermediate-instar larvae) and the control (0% mortality for both treatments). The insecticide/fungicide mixture was equally effective (100% for early-instar and 86.67% for intermediate-instar larvae) to the insecticide only treatment. Differences in mortality between early-instar and intermediate-instar larvae were significant only for the thiamethoxam and cyproconazole treatments. These results indicate that, for the doses used here, thiamethoxam is toxic to both early-instar and intermediate-instar larvae, while cyproconazole is toxic just to early-instar larvae. Moreover, cyproconazole does not increase the toxicity of thiamethoxam. Early-instar larvae are more sensitive to thiamethoxam and cyproconazole than intermediate-instar larvae. We conclude that thiamethoxam + cyproconazole mixture may be effective for managing R. palmarum and associated fungal diseases on coconut palms.(AU)

Com o objetivo de desenvolver ferramentas para o manejo simultâneo de Rhynchophorus palmarum e da resinose do coqueiro, avaliou-se o efeito do inseticida tiametoxam e do fungicida ciproconazol sobre larvas de R. palmarum em laboratório. Larvas de ínstares iniciais e intermediários foram alimentadas com dieta artificial contendo 0,1% do inseticida, do fungicida, ou da mistura de ambos. A mortalidade larval foi avaliada diariamente, durante 48 horas, e as médias foram submetidas à análise de variância e comparadas entre si pelo teste de Tukey (p ≤ 0,05). O tiametoxam causou mortalidade de 100% às larvas de ínstares iniciais e de 90% às de intermediários. Em contraste, a mortalidade foi significativamente menor no tratamento ciproconazol (60% para larvas de ínstares iniciais e 0% para as de intermediários) e no controle (0% de mortalidade para ambos). A mistura inseticida/fungicida foi igualmente eficiente (100% para larvas de ínstares iniciais e 86,67% para as de intermediários) ao inseticida sozinho. Diferenças na mortalidade entre as larvas de ínstares iniciais e intermediários foram significativas somente para os tratamentos tiametoxam e ciproconazol. Tais resultados indicam que, nas doses avaliadas, o tiametoxam é tóxico às larvas de ínstares iniciais e intermediários, enquanto o ciproconazol é tóxico somente às de ínstares iniciais. Além disso, o ciproconazol não aumenta a toxicidade do tiametoxam. Larvas de ínstares iniciais são mais sensíveis a tiametoxam e ciproconazol que as de ínstares intermediários. Conclui-se que a mistura tiametoxam + ciproconazol pode ser eficiente no manejo de R. palmarum e de doenças fúngicas associadas a essa praga em coqueiros.(AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The giant African snail Achatina fulica was introduced in Brazil and since then has become an important pest, because of its resistance to abiotic conditions, hermaphroditism, polyphagia, and absence of natural predators. This study aims to evaluate the control of A. fulica in lettuce, in Alagoas, Brazil. Bioassays for the determination of lethal dose and lethal time to adults of A. fulica and the egg mortality were performed in the laboratory by applying commercial synthetic products, commercial and non-commercial alcoholic botanical extracts on mollusk adults. Additionally, the protein concentration, lipase activity and enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), in the stomach, intestine, nervous ganglion and liver were determined. The alcoholic extract of Capsicum frutescens caused higher mortality of A. fulica, and the alcoholic extract of C. frutescens and Piper tuberculatum oil can prevent the hatching of A. fulica. The lipase activity was present and in greater quantities in tissues, stomach, intestine, liver and ganglia of A. fulica, before and after exposure of the alcoholic extract of C. frutescens. The enzymatic activity of BuChE was present in the ganglia and liver of A. fulica, prior to exposure of the alcoholic extract of C. frutescens. The enzymatic activity of AChE was present only in the ganglion and absent in liver of A. fulica, prior to exposure of the alcoholic extract of C. frutescens. The concentration of 10% of the alcoholic extract of C. frutescens caused 84% mortality of adult A. fulica in lettuce in field conditions.(AU)

O caramujo-gigante-africano (Achatina fulica) foi introduzido no Brasil e desde então se tornou uma importante praga em virtude de sua resistência a condições abióticas, hermafroditismo, polifagia e ausência de predadores naturais. Este estudo visa avaliar o controle de A. fulica em alface no estado de Alagoas, Brasil. Bioensaios para a determinação da dose e de tempo letais para adultos de A. fulica e a mortalidade de ovos foram realizados em laboratório com a aplicação de produtos sintéticos comerciais, extratos botânicos alcoólicos comerciais e não comerciais sobre caramujos adultos. Adicionalmente, determinaram-se a concentração proteica, a atividade lipásica e as enzimas acetilcolinesterase e butirilcolinesterase, no estômago, intestino, gânglio nervoso e fígado. O extrato alcoólico de Capsicum frutescens causou maior mortalidade de A. fulica, e o extrato alcoólico de C. frutescens e Piper tuberculatum mostrou que pode prevenir a eclosão de A. fulica. A atividade lipase estava presente e em maior quantidade nos tecidos, estômago, intestino, fígado e gânglios de A. fulica, antes e depois da exposição do extrato alcoólico de C. frutescens. A atividade enzimática da butirilcolinesterase estava presente nos gânglios e fígado, antes da exposição do extrato alcoólico de C. frutescens. A atividade enzimática de acetilcolinesterase estava presente apenas no gânglio e ausente no fígado de A. fulica, antes da exposição do extrato alcoólico de C. frutescens. A concentração de 10% do extrato alcoólico de C. frutescens causou 84% de mortalidade de adultos de A. Fulica em alface em condições de campo.(AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The African snail Achatina fulica (Bowdich, 1822), originally from Africa, was introduced in Brazil and since then became an important pest, because of its resistance to abiotic conditions, hermaphroditism, polyphagia and absence of natural enemies. Considered as one of the 100 worst pests in the world, with the record of establishment in almost all Brazilian states, it causes sanitary, ecological and economic losses. In this context, the objective of this study was to determine the population dynamics and food preference of the giant snail in three areas of lettuce, located in Alagoas, Brazil. There was no statistical difference between food preference tests with and without choice among the varieties offered. To the fluctuation of the population of A. fulica, the Pearson correlation coefficients were negative only for temperature, and there was no correlation with precipitation and relative humidity.(AU)

O caramujo-africano Achatina fulica (Bowdich, 1822), originário da África, foi introduzido no Brasil e desde então se tornou uma praga importante, por sua resistência a condições abióticas, hermafroditismo, polifagia e ausência de inimigos naturais. Considerada uma das cem piores pragas do mundo, com registro de implantação em quase todos os estados brasileiros, causa perdas sanitárias, ecológicas e econômicas. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a dinâmica populacional e a preferência alimentar do caramujo-africano em três áreas de alface localizadas em Alagoas, Brasil. Não houve diferença estatística entre os testes de preferência alimentar com e sem escolha em meio às variedades oferecidas. Para a flutuação da população de A. fulica, os coeficientes de correlação de Pearson foram negativos apenas para a temperatura, não havendo correlação com a precipitação nem com a umidade relativa.(AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Stem bleeding disease, caused by the fungus Thielaviopsis paradoxa is one of the most important diseases of coconut palm Cocos nucifera worldwide and some insect species have been found in association with T. paradoxa infected coconut palms. The present research investigated whether coconut palm-infesting bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) could disseminate stem bleeding disease. Adult bark beetles collected from coconut palms presenting stem bleeding symptoms were inoculated in PDA culture medium. Results showed no germination of the fungus T. paradoxa from either cuticle or digestive tract of bark beetles. Thus, we found no evidence that bark beetles carry viable spores of T. paradoxa that could infect healthy coconut palms and disseminate stem bleeding disease.

A resinose, causada pelo fungo Thielaviopsis paradoxa, é uma das doenças mais importantes do coqueiro Cocos nucifera em todo o mundo, e algumas espécies de insetos têm sido encontradas em associação com coqueiros infectados por T. paradoxa. O presente trabalho investigou se os besouros escolitíneos (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) poderiam disseminar a resinose a partir de coqueiros infectados. Escolitíneos adultos coletados de coqueiros com sintomas da resinose foram inoculados em meio de cultura BDA. Os resultados mostraram que não houve germinação do fungo T. paradoxa da cutícula ou do trato digestivo dos insetos. Assim, não encontramos evidências de que besouros escolitíneos carreguem esporos viáveis de T. paradoxa que pudessem infectar coqueiros e disseminar a doença resinose.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Stem bleeding disease, caused by the fungus Thielaviopsis paradoxa is one of the most important diseases of coconut palm Cocos nucifera worldwide and some insect species have been found in association with T. paradoxa infected coconut palms. The present research investigated whether coconut palm-infesting bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) could disseminate stem bleeding disease. Adult bark beetles collected from coconut palms presenting stem bleeding symptoms were inoculated in PDA culture medium. Results showed no germination of the fungus T. paradoxa from either cuticle or digestive tract of bark beetles. Thus, we found no evidence that bark beetles carry viable spores of T. paradoxa that could infect healthy coconut palms and disseminate stem bleeding disease.(AU)

A resinose, causada pelo fungo Thielaviopsis paradoxa, é uma das doenças mais importantes do coqueiro Cocos nucifera em todo o mundo, e algumas espécies de insetos têm sido encontradas em associação com coqueiros infectados por T. paradoxa. O presente trabalho investigou se os besouros escolitíneos (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) poderiam disseminar a resinose a partir de coqueiros infectados. Escolitíneos adultos coletados de coqueiros com sintomas da resinose foram inoculados em meio de cultura BDA. Os resultados mostraram que não houve germinação do fungo T. paradoxa da cutícula ou do trato digestivo dos insetos. Assim, não encontramos evidências de que besouros escolitíneos carreguem esporos viáveis de T. paradoxa que pudessem infectar coqueiros e disseminar a doença resinose.(AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The African snail Achatina fulica (Bowdich, 1822), originally from Africa, was introduced in Brazil and since then became an important pest, because of its resistance to abiotic conditions, hermaphroditism, polyphagia and absence of natural enemies. Considered as one of the 100 worst pests in the world, with the record of establishment in almost all Brazilian states, it causes sanitary, ecological and economic losses. In this context, the objective of this study was to determine the population dynamics and food preference of the giant snail in three areas of lettuce, located in Alagoas, Brazil. There was no statistical difference between food preference tests with and without choice among the varieties offered. To the fluctuation of the population of A. fulica, the Pearson correlation coefficients were negative only for temperature, and there was no correlation with precipitation and relative humidity.(AU)

O caramujo-africano Achatina fulica (Bowdich, 1822), originário da África, foi introduzido no Brasil e desde então se tornou uma praga importante, por sua resistência a condições abióticas, hermafroditismo, polifagia e ausência de inimigos naturais. Considerada uma das cem piores pragas do mundo, com registro de implantação em quase todos os estados brasileiros, causa perdas sanitárias, ecológicas e econômicas. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a dinâmica populacional e a preferência alimentar do caramujo-africano em três áreas de alface localizadas em Alagoas, Brasil. Não houve diferença estatística entre os testes de preferência alimentar com e sem escolha em meio às variedades oferecidas. Para a flutuação da população de A. fulica, os coeficientes de correlação de Pearson foram negativos apenas para a temperatura, não havendo correlação com a precipitação nem com a umidade relativa.(AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The giant African snail Achatina fulica was introduced in Brazil and since then has become an important pest, because of its resistance to abiotic conditions, hermaphroditism, polyphagia, and absence of natural predators. This study aims to evaluate the control of A. fulica in lettuce, in Alagoas, Brazil. Bioassays for the determination of lethal dose and lethal time to adults of A. fulica and the egg mortality were performed in the laboratory by applying commercial synthetic products, commercial and non-commercial alcoholic botanical extracts on mollusk adults. Additionally, the protein concentration, lipase activity and enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), in the stomach, intestine, nervous ganglion and liver were determined. The alcoholic extract of Capsicum frutescens caused higher mortality of A. fulica, and the alcoholic extract of C. frutescens and Piper tuberculatum oil can prevent the hatching of A. fulica. The lipase activity was present and in greater quantities in tissues, stomach, intestine, liver and ganglia of A. fulica, before and after exposure of the alcoholic extract of C. frutescens. The enzymatic activity of BuChE was present in the ganglia and liver of A. fulica, prior to exposure of the alcoholic extract of C. frutescens. The enzymatic activity of AChE was present only in the ganglion and absent in liver of A. fulica, prior to exposure of the alcoholic extract of C. frutescens. The concentration of 10% of the alcoholic extract of C. frutescens caused 84% mortality of adult A. fulica in lettuce in field conditions.(AU)

O caramujo-gigante-africano (Achatina fulica) foi introduzido no Brasil e desde então se tornou uma importante praga em virtude de sua resistência a condições abióticas, hermafroditismo, polifagia e ausência de predadores naturais. Este estudo visa avaliar o controle de A. fulica em alface no estado de Alagoas, Brasil. Bioensaios para a determinação da dose e de tempo letais para adultos de A. fulica e a mortalidade de ovos foram realizados em laboratório com a aplicação de produtos sintéticos comerciais, extratos botânicos alcoólicos comerciais e não comerciais sobre caramujos adultos. Adicionalmente, determinaram-se a concentração proteica, a atividade lipásica e as enzimas acetilcolinesterase e butirilcolinesterase, no estômago, intestino, gânglio nervoso e fígado. O extrato alcoólico de Capsicum frutescens causou maior mortalidade de A. fulica, e o extrato alcoólico de C. frutescens e Piper tuberculatum mostrou que pode prevenir a eclosão de A. fulica. A atividade lipase estava presente e em maior quantidade nos tecidos, estômago, intestino, fígado e gânglios de A. fulica, antes e depois da exposição do extrato alcoólico de C. frutescens. A atividade enzimática da butirilcolinesterase estava presente nos gânglios e fígado, antes da exposição do extrato alcoólico de C. frutescens. A atividade enzimática de acetilcolinesterase estava presente apenas no gânglio e ausente no fígado de A. fulica, antes da exposição do extrato alcoólico de C. frutescens. A concentração de 10% do extrato alcoólico de C. frutescens causou 84% de mortalidade de adultos de A. Fulica em alface em condições de campo.(AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

ABSTRACT: Stem bleeding disease, caused by the fungus Thielaviopsis paradoxa is one of the most important diseases of coconut palm Cocos nucifera worldwide and some insect species have been found in association with T. paradoxa infected coconut palms. The present research investigated whether coconut palm-infesting bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) could disseminate stem bleeding disease. Adult bark beetles collected from coconut palms presenting stem bleeding symptoms were inoculated in PDA culture medium. Results showed no germination of the fungus T. paradoxa from either cuticle or digestive tract of bark beetles. Thus, we found no evidence that bark beetles carry viable spores of T. paradoxa that could infect healthy coconut palms and disseminate stem bleeding disease.

RESUMO: A resinose, causada pelo fungo Thielaviopsis paradoxa, é uma das doenças mais importantes do coqueiro Cocos nucifera em todo o mundo, e algumas espécies de insetos têm sido encontradas em associação com coqueiros infectados por T. paradoxa. O presente trabalho investigou se os besouros escolitíneos (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) poderiam disseminar a resinose a partir de coqueiros infectados. Escolitíneos adultos coletados de coqueiros com sintomas da resinose foram inoculados em meio de cultura BDA. Os resultados mostraram que não houve germinação do fungo T. paradoxa da cutícula ou do trato digestivo dos insetos. Assim, não encontramos evidências de que besouros escolitíneos carreguem esporos viáveis de T. paradoxa que pudessem infectar coqueiros e disseminar a doença resinose.

RESUMEN

With the aim of developing tools for simultaneously managing Rhynchophorus palmarum and the coconut stem bleeding disease, we evaluated the effects of the insecticide thiamethoxam and the fungicide cyproconazole on R. palmarum larvae under laboratory conditions. Early-instar and intermediate-instar larvae were fed on an artificial diet containing 0.1% concentration of insecticide, fungicide or a mixture of both. Larval mortality was assessed daily during the 48 hours after the application of the treatments. Mean mortality values were subjected to analysis of variance and compared by Tukey's test (p ≤ 0.05). Thiamethoxam caused mortality of 100% of early-instar and 90% of intermediate-instar larvae. In contrast, mortality was significantly lower in the cyproconazole treatment (60% for early-instar and 0% for intermediate-instar larvae) and the control (0% mortality for both treatments). The insecticide/fungicide mixture was equally effective (100% for early-instar and 86.67% for intermediate-instar larvae) to the insecticide only treatment. Differences in mortality between early-instar and intermediate-instar larvae were significant only for the thiamethoxam and cyproconazole treatments. These results indicate that, for the doses used here, thiamethoxam is toxic to both early-instar and intermediate-instar larvae, while cyproconazole is toxic just to early-instar larvae. Moreover, cyproconazole does not increase the toxicity of thiamethoxam. Early-instar larvae are more sensitive to thiamethoxam and cyproconazole than intermediate-instar larvae. We conclude that thiamethoxam + cyproconazole mixture may be effective for managing R. palmarum and associated fungal diseases on coconut palms.(AU)

Com o objetivo de desenvolver ferramentas para o manejo simultâneo de Rhynchophorus palmarum e da resinose do coqueiro, avaliou-se o efeito do inseticida tiametoxam e do fungicida ciproconazol sobre larvas de R. palmarum em laboratório. Larvas de ínstares iniciais e intermediários foram alimentadas com dieta artificial contendo 0,1% do inseticida, do fungicida, ou da mistura de ambos. A mortalidade larval foi avaliada diariamente, durante 48 horas, e as médias foram submetidas à análise de variância e comparadas entre si pelo teste de Tukey (p ≤ 0,05). O tiametoxam causou mortalidade de 100% às larvas de ínstares iniciais e de 90% às de intermediários. Em contraste, a mortalidade foi significativamente menor no tratamento ciproconazol (60% para larvas de ínstares iniciais e 0% para as de intermediários) e no controle (0% de mortalidade para ambos). A mistura inseticida/fungicida foi igualmente eficiente (100% para larvas de ínstares iniciais e 86,67% para as de intermediários) ao inseticida sozinho. Diferenças na mortalidade entre as larvas de ínstares iniciais e intermediários foram significativas somente para os tratamentos tiametoxam e ciproconazol. Tais resultados indicam que, nas doses avaliadas, o tiametoxam é tóxico às larvas de ínstares iniciais e intermediários, enquanto o ciproconazol é tóxico somente às de ínstares iniciais. Além disso, o ciproconazol não aumenta a toxicidade do tiametoxam. Larvas de ínstares iniciais são mais sensíveis a tiametoxam e ciproconazol que as de ínstares intermediários. Conclui-se que a mistura tiametoxam + ciproconazol pode ser eficiente no manejo de R. palmarum e de doenças fúngicas associadas a essa praga em coqueiros.(AU)

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RESUMEN

Stored product pests are responsible for losses that can amount 10% during cereal storage in the world. Aiming to find an alternative method to the chemicals used for the stored-product pests, eight strains of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) were tested against five species of stored product pests. The bioassays were conducted in microtubes containing paper, inoculated with EPNs and insect diet. All the insect species were susceptible to the EPNs strains. Anagasta kuehniella and Tenebrio molitor larvae and Acanthoscelides obtectus adults were highly sensitive to the higher doses with most species and/or strains of EPNs. Adults of Sitophilus oryzae and Sitophilus zeamais were relatively less sensitive to all EPNs. Therefore, EPNs show as potential control agents for stored products pests in prophylactic applications in warehouses.

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Planococcus citri (Risso, 1813) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is an important plant virus vector in grapevine crops in Brazil and other countries. The mealybug grows in roots and leaves of the grapes. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are efficient control agents against insects associated to the soil and could be applied with the same equipment used for chemical insecticides. The aim of this study was to select effective EPNs for controlling P. citri females in laboratory conditions (25±1°C, UR 60±10%). We tested 17 native [Steinernema rarum (6 strains), Steinernema glaseri, Steinernema feltiae, Steinernema riobrave, Steinernema sp., Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (7 strains)] and only one exotic strain (Steinernema carpocapsae ALL). The bioassays were done on Petri dishes infested with females of P. citri, which were sprayed with EPNs juveniles. The strain with larger pathogenicity and virulence in laboratory was H. bacteriophora RS33 (from 69.0% to 92.2% of mortality), native of Rio Grande do Sul.

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