RESUMEN
Aspergillus spp. are among the most common causes of opportunistic invasive fungal infections in tertiary care hospitals. Little is known about the prevalence and in vitro susceptibility of Aspergillus species in Latin America, because there are few medical centers able to perform accurate identification at the species level. The purpose of this study was to analyze the distribution of cryptic and rare Aspergillus species among clinical samples from 133 patients with suspected aspergillosis admitted in 12 medical centers in Brazil and to analyze the in vitro activity of different antifungal drugs. The identification of Aspergillus species was performed based on a polyphasic approach, as well as sequencing analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, calmodulin, and ß-tubulin genes and phylogenetic analysis when necessary. The in vitro susceptibility tests with voriconazole, posaconazole, and itraconazole were performed according to the CLSI M38-A2 document (2008). We demonstrated a high prevalence of cryptic species causing human infection. Only three isolates, representing the species Aspergillus thermomutatus, A. ochraceus, and A. calidoustus, showed less in vitro susceptibility to at least one of the triazoles tested. Accurate identifications of Aspergillus at the species level and with in vitro susceptibility tests are important because some species may present unique resistance patterns against specific antifungal drugs.
Asunto(s)
Antifúngicos/farmacología , Aspergilosis/epidemiología , Aspergilosis/microbiología , Aspergillus/clasificación , Aspergillus/efectos de los fármacos , Triazoles/farmacología , Aspergillus/aislamiento & purificación , Brasil/epidemiología , Calmodulina/genética , Análisis por Conglomerados , ADN de Hongos/química , ADN de Hongos/genética , ADN Espaciador Ribosómico/química , ADN Espaciador Ribosómico/genética , Humanos , Itraconazol/farmacología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Filogenia , Prevalencia , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Tubulina (Proteína)/genética , Voriconazol/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Se ha optimizado, desde el punto de vista funcional, un embutido cocido, útil para prevenir la aterosclerosis, usando aceites vegetales con alto contenido en ácidos grasos poliinsaturados.El producto obtenido a nivel artesanal y posteriormente a nivel industrial con el apoyo de importante frigorífico, no posee grasas animales adicionadas, no contiene ácidos grasos trans, tiene bajo contenido en sodio, es bajo en calorías, no presenta cambios organolépticos considerables con relación a productos similares de primeras marcas, y esta enriquecido con AGPIw3 obteniéndose una relación w6:w3 ideal.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Alimentos Funcionales , Ácidos Grasos , Grasas Insaturadas , Aceites de PlantasRESUMEN
Se ha optimizado, desde el punto de vista funcional, un embutido cocido, útil para prevenir la aterosclerosis, usando aceites vegetales con alto contenido en ácidos grasos poliinsaturados.El producto obtenido a nivel artesanal y posteriormente a nivel industrial con el apoyo de importante frigorífico, no posee grasas animales adicionadas, no contiene ácidos grasos trans, tiene bajo contenido en sodio, es bajo en calorías, no presenta cambios organolépticos considerables con relación a productos similares de primeras marcas, y esta enriquecido con AGPIw3 obteniéndose una relación w6:w3 ideal.
Asunto(s)
Grasas Insaturadas , Ácidos Grasos , Alimentos Funcionales , Aceites de PlantasRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) is an endogenous substrate for the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase, which plays an important role in insulin signaling. Mutations in the IRS-1 gene are associated in some populations with obesity and Type 2 diabetes. METHODS: To determine whether variation in the IRS-1 gene contributes to genetic susceptibility to insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes in Mexican Americans, the entire coding region of the IRS-1 gene was screened for variation in 31 unrelated subjects with Type 2 diabetes using single-stranded conformational polymorphism analysis (SSCP) and dideoxy sequence analysis. Variants encoding amino acid substitutions were genotyped in 27 unrelated nondiabetic Mexican Americans and in all family members of subjects containing these variants, and association analyses were performed. To trace the ancestral origins of the variants, Iberian Caucasians and Pima Indians were also genotyped. RESULTS: Eight single base changes were found: four silent polymorphisms and four missense mutations (Ala94Thr, Ala512Pro, Ser892Gly and Gly971Arg). Allele frequencies were 0.009, 0.017, 0.017 and 0.043, respectively. There were no significant associations of any of these variants with diabetes, glucose or insulin levels during an oral glucose tolerance test, or with body mass index (BMI) in Mexican American families except for a modest association between the Ala94Thr variant and decreased BMI (30.4 kg/m(2) vs 24.0 kg/m(2); p=0.035). None of these four missense mutations were detected in Pima Indians. In Iberian Caucasians, neither Ala94Thr nor Ser892Gly were detected, and Ala512Pro was detected in only 0/60 diabetic patients and 1/60 nondiabetic controls. Gly971Arg was relatively more common in Iberian Caucasians with 12/58 diabetic patients and 7/60 nondiabetic controls being heterozygous for this variant (p=0.21 for comparison between diabetic and nondiabetic subjects). CONCLUSIONS: Ala94Thr, Ala512Pro and Ser892Gly mutation are rare in the populations studied. Gly971Arg, is more common in Mexican Americans and Caucasians, but is not a major contributor to genetic susceptibility to Type 2 diabetes.
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Variación Genética , Americanos Mexicanos/genética , Fosfoproteínas/genética , Mutación Puntual , Polimorfismo Conformacional Retorcido-Simple , Adulto , Anciano , Sustitución de Aminoácidos , Familia , Femenino , Genotipo , Humanos , Proteínas Sustrato del Receptor de Insulina , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Linaje , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , TexasRESUMEN
Dematophytoses comprise mycoses which are very frequently diagnosed in the routine of clinical laboratories of Florianópolis, like any other Brazilian cities. However, no clinical or epidemiological studies data have been published for that city so far. To partially clarify these questions, we carried out a study on this subject on patients who sought the mycology services of Hospital of Federal University of Santa Catarina, from January 1995 to November 1996. The most prevalent dermatophyte was Trichophyton rubrum (58.6%), followed by T. mentagrophytes (25.3%), Epidermophyton floccosum (7.2%), Microsporum canis (4.8%), T. tonsurans T. violaceum (1.6%) and M. gypseum (0.8%). The prevalence of T. mentagrophytes was significantly higher for females than for males, with a frequency of 37.3% and 16.0% respectively, which could be explained by higher infection of T. mentagrophytes in feet and nails, which were percentually more affected in females than in males. These results suggest that, in general, the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of dermatophytoses of our study have similar patterns of those occurring in other southern and southeastern Brazilian cities.
Asunto(s)
Dermatomicosis/epidemiología , Brasil , Femenino , Hospitales Universitarios , Humanos , Masculino , PrevalenciaRESUMEN
O autor apresenta um metodo simples e pratico para calcular areas em exames ultrasonograficos com aparelhos de tempo real que nao possuem equipamento eletronico para tal