RESUMEN
Q fever is a disease of humans, caused by Coxiella burnetii, and a large range of animals can be infected. This paper presents a review of the epidemiology of Q fever in humans and farm animals between 1982 and 2010, using case studies from four European countries (Bulgaria, France, Germany and the Netherlands). The Netherlands had a large outbreak between 2007 and 2010, and the other countries a history of Q fever and Q fever research. Within all four countries, the serological prevalence of C. burnetii infection and reported incidence of Q fever varies broadly in both farm animals and humans. Proximity to farm animals and contact with infected animals or their birth products have been identified as the most important risk factors for human disease. Intrinsic farm factors, such as production systems and management, influence the number of outbreaks in an area. A number of disease control options have been used in these four countries, including measures to increase diagnostic accuracy and general awareness, and actions to reduce spillover (of infection from farm animals to humans) and human exposure. This study highlights gaps in knowledge, and future research needs.
Asunto(s)
Animales Domésticos , Coxiella burnetii/aislamiento & purificación , Exposición Profesional/estadística & datos numéricos , Fiebre Q/diagnóstico , Fiebre Q/transmisión , Animales , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/análisis , Coxiella burnetii/inmunología , Brotes de Enfermedades , Reservorios de Enfermedades/veterinaria , Europa (Continente)/epidemiología , Humanos , Incidencia , Prevalencia , Fiebre Q/epidemiología , Fiebre Q/veterinaria , Factores de Riesgo , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Zoonosis/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
A mesocosm experiment was conducted to quantify the relationships between the presence and body size of two burrowing heart urchins (Brissopsis lyrifera and Echinocardium cordatum) and rates of sediment nutrient flux. Furthermore, the impact of seawater acidification on these relationships was determined during this 40-day exposure experiment. Using carbon dioxide (CO2) gas, seawater was acidified to pHNBS 7.6, 7.2 or 6.8. Control treatments were maintained in natural seawater (pH≈8.0). Under normocapnic conditions, burrowing urchins were seen to reduce the sediment uptake of nitrite or nitrate whilst enhancing the release of silicate and phosphate. In acidified (hypercapnic) treatments, the biological control of biogeochemical cycles by urchins was significantly affected, probably through the combined impacts of high CO2 on nitrifying bacteria, benthic algae and urchin behaviour. This study highlights the importance of considering biological interactions when predicting the consequences of seawater acidification on ecosystem function.
Asunto(s)
Dióxido de Carbono/toxicidad , Ecosistema , Erizos de Mar/fisiología , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad , Animales , Dióxido de Carbono/análisis , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Nitratos/análisis , Fosfatos/análisis , Agua de Mar/química , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisisAsunto(s)
Brotes de Enfermedades/prevención & control , Brotes de Enfermedades/estadística & datos numéricos , Vacunas contra la Influenza/uso terapéutico , Gripe Humana/epidemiología , Gripe Humana/prevención & control , Vigilancia de la Población/métodos , Medición de Riesgo/métodos , Europa (Continente)/epidemiología , Unión Europea/organización & administración , Humanos , Incidencia , Administración en Salud Pública/métodos , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
Abundant massive sulfide deposits are present at the crest of the East Pacific Rise near 13 degrees North, where the opening rate is about 12 centimeters per year. Large manganese and helium-3 anomalies in seawater samples, evidence of intense present-day activity of hydrothermal springs, indicate that sulfides are still being produced along this segment of the rise. Massive sulfides also occur on adjacent off-axis seamounts.