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We examined 70 women who were 22-40 weeks pregnant and their newborns. Of these, 15 women with moderate PE made up group 1, 22 women with severe PE-group 2, and 55 women with uncomplicated pregnancy without hypertensive disorders - the control group. Blood was collected from women when they were admitted to the clinic, and blood was taken from newborns for 3-5 days of life. The concentration of hydrogen sulfide was determined by the method of K. Qu et al [17]. There was a decrease in the level of hydrogen sulfide in the blood serum of women whose pregnancy was complicated by severe preeclampsia. In newborns born to mothers with preeclampsia, an increase in the concentration of hydrogen sulfide was detected in the blood, which is probably a compensatory reaction aimed at restoring vascular homeostasis during early postnatal adaptation.

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One of the urgent problems of nursing premature babies is the timely prediction, diagnosis and treatment of anemia, the frequency of which reaches 90%. Of particular importance is the study of reticulocytic blood parameters in deep-premature newborns, since the correct assessment of hemograms is crucial in the management of this category of children. To determine the characteristics of red blood cells and reticulocyte parameters of venous blood hemogram in premature newborns 24-32 weeks of gestation in the dynamics of the neonatal period. 111 newborns were examined at 24-32 weeks of gestation in the early neonatal period (on day 3-7) and at the age of 1 month of life. Along with standard diagnostic procedures, in accordance with current clinical recommendations and standards, 28 parameters of erythrocyte and reticulocyte hemogram parameters were determined for children. Venous blood was examined using an automatic hematological analyzer ADVIA 2120i, Siemens, USA. In deep-premature newborns in the early neonatal period, there is a high activity of erythropoiesis, respectively, the severity of respiratory and metabolic disorders with rejuvenation of reticulocytic subpopulations. Negative values of Delta hemoglobin were found against the background of a decrease in the average amount of hemoglobin in reticulocytes in children 24-27 weeks of gestation, which characterizes the lowest values of iron availability for erythropoiesis in this category of newborns. It is shown that a decrease in reticulocyte counts and normochromia in all examined newborns by the age of one month are accompanied by high levels of immature reticulocyte fraction, while a third of children still have limited iron availability for erythropoiesis.

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We examined 66 women who were 22-40 weeks pregnant and their newborns. Of these, 15 women with moderate PE were in group 1, 22 women with severe PE were in group 2, and 55 women with uncomplicated pregnancy without hypertensive disorders were in the control group. Blood was taken from women when they were admitted to the clinic, and newborns ' blood was taken for 3-5 days of life. Free radical oxidation and antioxidant activity were evaluated by induced chemiluminescence. It was found that in patients with severe and moderate preeclampsia, the development of oxidative stress is accompanied by a weakening of antioxidant activity. In newborns born to mothers with preeclampsia, oxidative stress is accompanied by a compensatory increase in antioxidant activity.

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The aim of this research is the study of haemostasis of pregnant women suffering from various forms of hypertensive disorders in their III trimester of pregnancy. 165 women at 26-41 weeks of pregnancy were examined: 22 women had moderate preeclampsia, 31 had severe preeclampsia, 45 women suffered from chronic hypertension, 20 women have developed preeclampsia on the background of chronic hypertension and 47 women had no hypertensive disorders (control group). The hemostasis system has been assessed using the results of the following investigations: thromboelastography, induced platelet aggregation with ADP and adrenaline at a dosage of 1.25 and 2.5 µg/ml respectively and collagen at a dosage of 20 mg/ml, platelet ATP secretion and the average concentration of platelet components. Thromboelastography has been performed using TEG® 5000 thromboelastograph (Haemoscope Corporation, USA). The study of platelet aggregation and platelet ATP secretion has been performed at automatic aggregometer CHRONO-LOG® Model 700 (USA). The mean platelet component concentration has been measured using SIEMENS ADVIA 2120i automated hematology analyzer (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc., USA). Thromboelastogram analysis showed a decrease in the plasma hemostasis activity in all groups of women with hypertensive disorders. The functional activity of platelets of women with moderate preeclampsia and chronic arterial hypertension did not change in comparison with to the control group. The disorder of dense platelet granules degranulation and decrease in their aggregation ability have been detected in a cohort with severe preeclampsia. The decrease in adrenaline induced platelet aggregation has been noted in the group of women suffering from preeclampsia on the background of chronic arterial hypertension. Thromboelastography analysis (R, K, angle α, TMA, Cl, LY30) may be useful for the differential diagnosis of severe preeclampsia and chronic arterial hypertension. The results of the study led to the conclusion that it is advisable to use low doses of ADP and adrenaline as inducers of platelet aggregation, considering their granulocyticity and the ability to secrete ATP.

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Gaseous transmitters were assayed in rat blood during catecholamine-induced damage to the heart. Hypercatecholaminemia was modeled by single subcutaneous injection of 0.1% epinephrine hydrochloride in a dose of 2 mg/kg. The blood concentrations of NO, H2S, and CO were measured. The catecholamine-induced damage to the myocardium resulted in phasic changes in the blood levels of gaseous transmitters: CO concentration increased in 1 h, H2S increased in 24 h, and NO concentration increased in 72 h after injection.

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The influence of humoral factors on the state of hemostasis in nonpregnant and pregnant women. There were 70 women aged from 22 to 32 years, of which the 1st group consisted of 50 patients with physiological pregnancy at term gestation 38-40 weeks, the 2nd group - 20 healthy non-pregnant women. All women was measured in the plasma levels of e-NOS, cGMP, PF4, ß-TG, adrenaline and noradrenaline by ELISA, in serum NOx, indicators of gemostaziogramma. The results showed a significant decrease in the blood e-NOS, NOx, cGMP, PF4, as well as increased levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline in the blood of pregnant women in 38-40 weeks of gestation in comparison with nonpregnant women.

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The comparative characteristic of indicators of thromboelastography of umbilical cord blood and venous blood for 1-3 days of life at full-term and premature newborns is carried out. The study included 40 full term and 68 preterm infants at 1-5 days of life. Body weight of children was 3413.8±54.6 g and 2039.4±75.9 g, gestational age - 40.0±0.3 and 33.5±0.33 weeks, respectively. Mixed umbilical cord blood and venous blood taken from the ulnar vein of a child for 1-3 days of life were studied. The obtained data indicate that the main focus in the performance of thromboelastograms in premature and full-term newborns in the umbilical and venous blood are preserved. In preterm infants in cord blood decreased activity of the plasma level and functional activity of platelets, as well as reduced coagulation potential in General. After birth, premature newborns in the venous blood showed a slowdown in blood clotting, a decrease in the rate of formation and strength of clots. There is also a decrease in the functional activity of platelets, coagulation index and a more pronounced change in hemostatic potential in the direction of hypocoagulation. In full-term children, changes in the functional state of platelets and clot lysis in the umbilical and venous blood after birth do not change significantly. Hypercoagulable orientation of hemostasis in these children at birth was established.

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The sampling of newborns (n=28) was examined. Out of them, 18 premature children formed main group (gestation age from 28 to35 weeks, body mass 2067,3±76,7g) and 10 mature children formed comparison group (gestation age from 38 to 41 weeks, body mass 3380,2±57,2g) born from mothers with physiologically occurring pregnancy without extra-genital pathology. In all children, the detection of endothelial cells isolated from umbilical cord vein in mixed umbilical blood and lysate was applied and indices of free radical oxidation of lipids, characterizing oxidizing stress as well and anti-oxidation activity using chemiluminescence technique. The study results demonstrated in premature newborns increasing in umbilical blood of indices of fast flash chemiluminescence (Imax), light sun value (S) and tangent of kinetic curve slope (tga) and also increasing of parameters Imax and tga in lysate of endothelial cells of umbilical cord. Al these occurrences testify in these children development oxidation stress being accompanied by compensation increasing of antioxidant activity.

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The examined sampling consisted of 637 premature neonates in early neonatal period at 1-3 and 5-8 days of life. The analysis was applied to indices characterizing epithelium condition and regulating its function. It is noted that in premature neonates with respiratory distress-syndrome of derangement of regulation of function of endothelium are accompanied by increasing of hemostatic disorders and is characterized by increasing of thrombogenic and adhesive characteristics, decreasing of levels of VEGF, higher content of nitric oxide in the form of nitrites, cytokinemia and activation of complement systems.

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The markers of endothelium dysfunction and factors of inflammation in pregnant women with hypertension with hypertension disorders of various genesis were analyzed. The clinical laboratory study was carried out on the basis of sampling of 158 women at pregnancy period of22-3 7 weeks. Out of this sampling 30 women had previously present chronic arterial hypertension, 3 0 women had chronic arterial hypertension and consecutive preeclampsia, 43 women had preeclampsia and 55 women had uncomplicated course of pregnancy without hypertension disorders (control group). It is established that in pregnant women with hypertension disorders of various genesis endothelial dysfunction and inflammation are developed/ This occurrence is confirmed by increasing of in blood of number of circulating desquamated endotheliocytes, C-reactive protein and homocystein in all groups; by increasing of serum level of t-PA, endothelin (1-21), MMP-2, sVCAM-1 and IL-6 under preeclampsia, including one consecutive to chronic arterial hypertension; by increasing of content of IL-6 in blood serum under chronic arterial hypertension with consecutive preeclampsia. The criteria are developed concerning serum content of t-PA, sVCAM-1, endothelin (1-21) and MMP-2 permitting to diagnose differentially previously present hypertension and preeclampsia, including consecutive one to chronic arterial hypertension.

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We have studied the effect of nitric oxide and alpha-tocopherol on morphological changes in the placenta of white rats during pregnancy complicated by disorders of the uterine and placental circulation. Violation of the uteroplacental circulation was reproduced by the method of M. M. Vartanova (1984). In white rats with violated uteroplacental blood circulation, the use of L-arginine methyl ester compensates for disturbances of the fetoplacental blood flow. It is established that an increase in nitric oxide and the inhibition of free radical processes in the placenta of experimental animals under conditions of artificially created pathology of pregnancy belong to pathogenetic rather than sanogenetic factors.

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Distinctive features of human fetal thymus morphogenesis in early ontogeny in the case of uncomplicated pregnancy have been characterized. A steady increase of thymus dimensions and weight occurred concomitantly to differentiation of morphofunctional zones within the organ. Cell differentiation in the subcapsular and inner cortical zones of the thymus lobes was manifested as changes in parameters of expression of T-lymphocyte antigens CD1, CD2, and CD3 and ultrastructural features of reticuloepithelial cells (REC) type I and II forming a microenvironment for lymphocytes. RECs of the medullar zone formed a glomerular syncytium with desmosomal interepithelial contacts by week 22 of fetal development. Small lymphocytes predominated among thymocytes (66%). Hassall's corpuscles, the structural correlates of morphological and functional maturity, predominated in the fetal thymuses during developmental weeks 25-27.

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The effects of α-tocopherol on the function of the mother-placenta-fetus system and structural changes in the placenta in normal pregnancy were studied in albino rats. The results indicated that inhibition of free radical processes by injections of α-tocopherol in normal pregnancy led to disorders in the feto-maternal circulation, which was proven by morphological changes in the placenta. The disorders in the uteroplacental circulation manifested in the development of small-for-date fetuses and erythrocytosis.

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The effectiveness of surgery, immunomodulator "Vilon" therapy, and their combination in the treatment of experimental endometriosis in rats was assessed by the parameters of reproductive function. The experiments demonstrated that surgery combined with intraperitoneal application of "Vilon" is a promising option in the treatment of endometriosis.

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OBJECTIVE: To study structural changes in the germinal matrix (GM) in 22-to-40-week fetuses with ventriculomegaly (VM) and hydrocephalus (HC). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The width of the ventricular groove was borne in mind while forming study groups (the brain in VM (n = 30), HC (n = 20)) and a comparison group (n = 30). To trace changes in GM transformation, each group was divided into 4 subgroups according to the gestational sign. Materials were excised in the projection of the lateral ventricles onto the convexital surface of the brain. After the use of conventional methods, the specimens were stained with hematoxylin and eosin or Nissl. RESULTS: VM was found to be characterized by the early (at 22 weeks' gestation) regionalization of glio- and neuroblasts and by the completion of GM reduction at 35 weeks of intrauterine development. In HC, GM in all ventricular system regions was preserved and its structure was virtually unchanged at 22 to 40 weeks' gestation. CONCLUSION: The found structural changes may be used as diagnostic criteria for VM and HC and to elucidate gestational age in forensic medical practice.

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OBJECTIVE: To analyze pathomorphological changes in the thymus of extremely low birth weight (ELBW) neonatal infants who have developed in the presence of in utero infection. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A study group included 105 ELBW neonates who had developed in the presence of in utero infection. The main causes of their death were the following conditions: generalized viral and bacterial infection of mixed genesis (n = 56 (53.3%)), congenital pneumonia (n = 27 (25.7%)), bilateral hemorrhage into the ventricular system of the brain (n = 12 (11.4%)), congenital sepsis (n = 3 (2.8%)), and visceral malformations (n = 7 (6.7%)). A comparison group consisted of 30 ELBW babies; the main cause of their deaths was asphyxia resulting from acute uteroplacental circulatory disturbances. Transplancentally transmitted infections were not identified in this group. Thymic structural features in the examined groups were studied using a set of current morphological studies. RESULTS: Histological, immunohistochemical, electron microscopic, and morphological studies revealed three variants of thymic structural changes: normoplastic, retardant and dysplastic. Anomalies of the shape, ectopia, and hypoplasia of the thymus, impaired corticomedullary differentiation in the lobules, and decreased CD1a, CD3 T-cell expression were shown to be the morphological signs of dyschronic development of the thymus. CONCLUSION: The morphological criteria for the retardant and dysplastic types of dyschronic thymic development were determined, which constitute the structural basis of immunodeficiency states in in utero infected ELBW newborn infants.

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OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of nitric oxide (NO) on the morphology of the placenta and the activity of placental macrophages during uncomplicated pregnancy in albino rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The animals were divided into 3 groups. Group included animals with uncomplicated pregnancy; Group 2 was given drinking water containing 0.2% sodium nitrate on day 1 of pregnancy; Group 3 was intramuscularly injected with the NO synthesis inhibitor Nw-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) in a dose of 10 mg/kg on day 1 of pregnancy. The central portion of hematoxylin- and eosin-stained placentas was morphologically examined. The activity of placental macrophages was assessed by incubating them with autologous erythrocytes. RESULTS: Pathological examinations of the placentas reveal that when sodium nitrite and L-NAME enter the animal body, structural changes in the placental show that there are maternal and placental circulatory disorders concurrent with dystrophic and destructive processes. CONCLUSION: The activity of placental macrophages in the examined groups is diametrically opposite.

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The study was carried out using the sample of 40 full-term and 138 premature newborns at 1 - 15th day of live and 20 adult donors. The thromboflexograph TEG 5000 was applied. The study used citrate stabilized venous blood. In full-term newborns the activation of thrombin and fibrin formation (decreasing of constant of coagulation, increasing of velocity of fibrin formation) was detected as compared with adults. In premature newborns shortage of time period of development of reactions of enzyme cascade, shortage of time period of achievement of ultimate amplitude of forming clot and increasing of fibrinolysis were detected as compared with adult donors. The differences in hemostatic system of full-term and premature newborns are characterized by lower functional activity of thrombocytes, decreased strength of forming clots and lower blood coagulation index of premature newborns.

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We compared activity of peritoneal macrophages in rats during normal pregnancy and under the action of NO-synthase inhibitor L-NAME, of E. coli LPS, SOD, and α-tocopherol analogue trolox. In non-pregnant rats, E. coli LPS stimulated peritoneal macrophages, while L-NAME produced a dose-dependent effect. During pregnancy, E. coli LPS activated phagocytosis, while antioxidants trolox, SOD, and L-NAME produced an inhibitory effect.

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We evaluated physical development and activity of erythropoiesis in the offspring of rats with experimentally impaired uteroplacental circulation as well as the effect of exogenous nitric oxide donator used during pregnancy, on offspring development. Exogenous NO producing an anti-hypoxic effects contributes to the increase in somatometric parameters of the offspring on postnatal days 15 and 30. The rates of erythropoiesis in the liver and bone marrow did not differ from the normal; hemopoietic organs were not overstrained, which prevented exhaustion and failure of functional reserves of the erythrocyte system.

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