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Traditional clinical teaching emphasises the importance of a full clinical examination. In the clinical assessment of lesions that may be skin cancer, full examination allows detection of incidental lesions, as well as helping in the characterisation of the index lesion. Despite this, a total body skin examination is not always performed. Based on two prospective studies of over 1,800 sequential patients in two UK centres we show that over one third of melanomas detected in secondary care are found as incidental lesions, in patients referred for assessment of other potential skin cancers. The majority of these melanomas occurred in patients whose index lesion turned out to be benign. Alternative models of care--for instance some models of teledermatology in which a total body skin examination is not performed by a competent practitioner--cannot be considered equivalent to a traditional consultation and, if adopted uncritically, without system change, will likely lead to melanomas being missed.

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We have studied the cutaneous response to ultraviolet radiation, measured objectively as erythema in a sample of 12 body sites on 15 Northern European subjects with multiple doses of ultraviolet B (UVB). Skin pigmentation and the development of photoadaptation in response to five repeated doses of irradiation at three body sites was also measured. We report striking differences of up to 5-fold at different body sites to the same challenge dose (p < 0.001) and demonstrate that for this population, site variation is just as important as between-person variation. Skin color at each body site is a strong predictor of response (p < 0.001) and that this cannot be attributed to vascular differences, but instead we believe it reflects site-specific variations in melanin pigmentation. We also observed similar but smaller within-person effects for responses to another inflammatory agent, dithranol (p < 0.01). Despite this, we did not find evidence for differences in the development of photoadaptation by body site. These results have clear clinical implications for the practice of phototesting prior to commencing phototherapy, for therapeutic failure in sites such as the legs in patients with psoriasis, and perhaps for melanoma body-site distribution.

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This review of ectodermal dyplasias (ED) presents the particular syndromes that might present to the otolaryngologist for management and discusses the ear, nose and throat manifestations of the condition.

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Variation in human hair and skin color is the most striking visible aspect of human genetic variation. The only gene known to exert an effect on pigmentary within the normal population is the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R). Previous studies have used a Mendelian framework to relate MC1R genotype to phenotype, by measuring pigmentary status using categorical scales. Such approaches are inadequate. We report results using direct measures of hair color using objective colorimetric dimensions and HPLC determined hair melanins. We have linked MC1R genotype with chemical measures of melanin quantity and type and objective phenotype measures of color. MC1R genotype was predictive of hair melanin expressed as the ratio of the loge of eumelanin to pheomelanin ratio, with a dosage effect evident: MC1R homozygote mean, 1.46; heterozygote, 4.44; and wild type, 5.81 (p<0.001). Approximately 67% of the variance in this model could be accounted for in terms of MC1R genotype. There was also a relation between MC1R status and hair color, most prominently for the b* axis (p<0.001), but also for the a* and L* scales (L*a*b*, CIE). We show for one of the most polymorphic human traits that it is possible to demonstrate meaningful relations between various physical characteristics: DNA sequence diversity, hair-wavelength-specific reflectance patterns, and chemical melanin assays.

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The relationship between skin colour and experimental exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) B, with response measured as erythema was studied. Two reflectance methods were used to measure skin colour--tristimulus colorimetry using a Minolta instrument (summarized as the alpha characteristic angle) and the melanin index based on the Diastron reflectance instrument. As expected both measures are highly correlated (0.91). A dose-dependent relationship between skin colour measured as the alpha characteristic angle and UVR was established, with the gradient increasing from 0.99 at 119 mJ to 2.7 at 300 mJ, with the relevant standard errors being 0.39 and 0.47, respectively. Similarly, for the melanin index (where the scale goes in the opposite direction) the gradient differs between -0.49 for 119 mJ and -0.91 for 300 mJ, with the standard errors being 0.14 and 0.17 respectively. The proportion of variation explained is also greater at higher UVR challenge doses. Studies relating UVR sensitivity and pigmentation need to take account of the dose of UVR administered.

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