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Objetivo: describir la experiencia en el manejo quirúrgico de cierre de fístula de líquido cefalorraquídeo en base de cráneo, mediante la técnica endoscópica transnasal en dos hospitales de Bogotá. Diseño: estudio observacional descriptivo. Metodología: se realizó un estudio descriptivo con recolección retrospectiva, se evaluaron pacientes con diagnóstico de fístula de líquido cefalorraquídeo manejados con endoscópica transnasal, para determinar complicaciones, manifestaciones clínicas, hallazgos imagenológicos, morbilidad y recidiva. Resultados: se incluyeron 19 casos de fístula de LCR manejados con técnica endoscópica transnasal. El 63% de los pacientes fueron de sexo femenino, con una mediana de edad de 40 años (RIQ: 31 - 52), los síntomas más frecuentes fueron rinoliquia (73%), cefalea (42%) y me- ningitis (21%). La etiología idiopática se presentó en la mayoría de los casos (47%) seguida de origen tumoral (31%). El cierre fue exitoso en el 94% de los pacientes. El 94% de los pacientes no presentó complicaciones, solo en un caso se reportó meningitis. Conclusión: El abordaje endoscópico para el cierre de fístulas de líquido cefalorraquídeo ha demostrado ser una opción de tratamiento adecuado con buen desempeño clínico y baja recidiva de las lesiones.

Objectives: to describe the experience in the surgical management of cerebrospinal fluid fistula by the transnasal endoscopic technique in the Otorhinolaryngology Service in two tertiary hospitals in Bogotá. Desing: Descriptive study. Methods: a descriptive study with retrospective collection was carried out, patients with a diagnosis of cerebrospinal fluid fistula managed with transnasal endoscopy were evaluated to determine complications, clinical manifestations, imaging findings, morbidity and recurrence. Results: We included 19 cases of CSF fistula managed with transnasal endoscopic technique during between the years 2012 to 2018. 63% were female, median age of 40 years (RIQ: 31 - 52), the most frequent symptoms were rhinoliquia (73%), headache (42%) and meningitis (21%). The idiopathic etiology was the majority (47%). The closure was successful in 94% of patients, 94% of the patients did not present complications, one case reported meningitis. Conclusions: The endoscopic approach for the closure of cerebrospinal fluid fistulas has proven to be an adequate option with good clinical outcomes and low recurrence.

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Objetivo. Eficacia de una intervención educativa para mejorar el conocimiento de las/os enfermeras/os sobre el sondaje gástrico en pediatría. Métodos. Estudio multicéntrico cuasi experimental pre- y postest mediante intervención educativa teórica basada en la evidencia bibliográfica y la evaluación de su eficacia a los 4 meses. Resultados. Cuestionarios entregados: 1019. Válidos: 557 (54,66 %) pretest, 246 (24,14 %) postest. Las respuestas pre- y postest fueron que el riesgo implícito que conllevaba siempre el procedimiento había sido percibido por el 53,2 % y aumentó al 70,7 % (p < 0,001). El 4,3 % elegía el tamaño de la sonda gástrica (SG) mediante tablas y se elevó al 24,6 % (p < 0,001). La longitud de la SG por introducir medida mediante el método nariz-oreja-distancia media xifoides-ombligo (nose-ear-mid-umbilicus; NEMU, por sus siglas en inglés) ascendió del 34,2 % al 81,3 % (p < 0,001). La comprobación de la ubicación de la SG previa a su uso pasó del 73,1 % al 86,5 % (p < 0,001). La comprobación de los cinco correctos (paciente, medicamento, dosis, vía y hora) previa a la utilización de la SG aumentó del 85,6 % al 91 %. Como métodos de comprobación, mejoró la percepción de inseguridad de la auscultación del 11,7 % al 31,1 % (p < 0,001), y disminuyó su uso del 95,1 % al 81,6 %. Creció la percepción de seguridad de la medición del pH gástrico del 71,3 % al 91,1 % (p < 0,001), y aumentó su uso del 7,6 % al 54,3 % (p < 0,001). Conclusiones. La intervención educativa resultó eficaz para incrementar el conocimiento de enfermería sobre el sondaje gástrico pediátrico.

Objective. To establish the effectiveness of an educational intervention to improve nurses' knowledge on pediatric nasogastric intubation. Methods. Multicenter, quasi-experimental, pre- and post-test study using a theoretical educational intervention based on bibliographic evidence and assessment of its effectiveness after 4 months. Results. Delivered questionnaires: 1019. Valid questionnaires: 557 (54.66 %) pre-test and 246 (24.14 %) post-test. Pre- and post-test answers indicated that the implied risk always entailed by the procedure had been perceived by 53.2 % and then increased to 70.7 % (p < 0.001). Nasogastric (NG) tube size was chosen using tables by 4.3 % of participants, and increased to 24.6 % (p < 0.001). The length of NG tube to be inserted as measured by the nose-ear-midumbilicus distance (NEMU) method increased from 34.2 % to 81.3 % (p < 0.001). Confirmation of NG tube placement prior to use increased from 73.1 % to 86.5 % (p < 0.001). Confirmation of the five rights (patient, drug, dosage, route, and timing) prior to NG tube use increased from 85.6 % to 91 %. In relation to confirmation methods, the perception that auscultation was unsafe improved from 11.7 % to 31.1 % (p < 0.001), and its use reduced from 95.1 % to 81.6 %. The perception that the measurement of gastric pH was safe increased from 71.3 % to 91.1 % (p < 0.001), and its use rose from 7.6 % to 54.3 % (p < 0.001). Conclusions. The educational intervention was effective to increase nurses' knowledge on pediatric nasogastric intubation.

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OBJETIVE: To establish the effectiveness of an educational intervention to improve nurses' knowledge on pediatric nasogastric intubation. METHODS: Multicenter, quasi-experimental, pre- and post-test study using a theoretical educational intervention based on bibliographic evidence and assessment of its effectiveness after 4 months. RESULTS: Delivered questionnaires: 1019. Valid questionnaires: 557 (54.66 %) pre-test and 246 (24.14 %) post-test. Pre- and post-test answers indicated that the implied risk always entailed by the procedure had been perceived by 53.2 % and then increased to 70.7 % (p < 0.001). Nasogastric (NG) tube size was chosen using tables by 4.3 % of participants, and increased to 24.6 % (p < 0.001). The length of NG tube to be inserted as measured by the nose-ear-midumbilicus distance (NEMU) method increased from 34.2 % to 81.3 % (p < 0.001). Confirmation of NG tube placement prior to use increased from 73.1 % to 86.5 % (p < 0.001). Confirmation of the five rights (patient, drug, dosage, route, and timing) prior to NG tube use increased from 85.6 % to 91 %. In relation to confirmation methods, the perception that auscultation was unsafe improved from 11.7 % to 31.1 % (p < 0.001), and its use reduced from 95.1 % to 81.6 %. The perception that the measurement of gastric pH was safe increased from 71.3 % to 91.1 % (p < 0.001), and its use rose from 7.6 % to 54.3 % (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The educational intervention was effective to increase nurses' knowledge on pediatric nasogastric intubation.

Objetivo. Eficacia de una intervención educativa para mejorar el conocimiento de las/os enfermeras/os sobre el sondaje gástrico en pediatría. Métodos. Estudio multicéntrico cuasi experimental pre- y postest mediante intervención educativa teórica basada en la evidencia bibliográfica y la evaluación de su eficacia a los 4 meses. Resultados. Cuestionarios entregados: 1019. Válidos: 557 (54,66 %) pretest, 246 (24,14 %) postest. Las respuestas pre- y postest fueron que el riesgo implícito que conllevaba siempre el procedimiento había sido percibido por el 53,2 % y aumentó al 70,7 % (p < 0,001). El 4,3 % elegía el tamaño de la sonda gástrica (SG) mediante tablas y se elevó al 24,6 % (p < 0,001). La longitud de la SG por introducir medida mediante el método nariz-oreja-distancia media xifoides-ombligo (nose-ear-mid-umbilicus; NEMU, por sus siglas en inglés) ascendió del 34,2 % al 81,3 % (p < 0,001). La comprobación de la ubicación de la SG previa a su uso pasó del 73,1 % al 86,5 % (p < 0,001). La comprobación de los cinco correctos (paciente, medicamento, dosis, vía y hora) previa a la utilización de la SG aumentó del 85,6 % al 91 %. Como métodos de comprobación, mejoró la percepción de inseguridad de la auscultación del 11,7 % al 31,1 % (p < 0,001), y disminuyó su uso del 95,1 % al 81,6 %. Creció la percepción de seguridad de la medición del pH gástrico del 71,3 % al 91,1 % (p < 0,001), y aumentó su uso del 7,6 % al 54,3 % (p < 0,001). Conclusiones. La intervención educativa resultó eficaz para incrementar el conocimiento de enfermería sobre el sondaje gástrico pediátrico.

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La inyección intratecal de fluoresceína es un método que se utiliza en las cirugías de reparación de fístulas de líquido cefalorraquídeo. El procedimiento quirúrgico más frecuente es la endoscopia endonasal y el propósito de la inyección de este colorante es la localización del área de la fístula. La participación en el proceso anestésico-quirúrgico del anestesiólogo (facultativo que habitualmente realiza la punción) hace indispensable la revisión de este método y la puntualización de algunas consideraciones anestésicas, como la correcta dosificación, el manejo de protocolos de administración seguros, aspectos médico-legales y relativos a la seguridad del paciente, que son claves. En este caso describimos el protocolo de actuación pre, intra y postoperatorio implementado en nuestro servicio y que básicamente consiste en: obtención de un consentimiento específico, la valoración neurológica/oftalmológica previa para descartar hipertensión y daño cerebral, el uso de corticoides y antihistamínicos previos, elegir la dosis y concentración correcta de fluoresceína sódica intratecal (máximo de 1ml a una concentración del 5%, diluida en 9ml de líquido cefalorraquídeo) y un estrecho seguimiento intra y postoperatorio (AU)

Intrathecal injection of fluorescein is a method for repairing cerebrospinal fluid fistulas. The most frequent surgical procedure is endonasal endoscopy and the purpose of injecting this dye is to locate the fistula. The anaesthesiologists usually perform the puncture, therefore it is necessary to review this method and to specify some anaesthetic considerations such as correct dosing, safe management protocols and medical-legal aspects. In this case-report we describe the pre, intra and postoperative protocol of action implemented in our department that basically consists of: obtaining a specific consent, prior neurological/ophthalmologic assessment to rule out hypertension and brain damage, use of corticosteroids and previous antihistamines, choosing the correct dose and concentration of intrathecal sodium fluorescein (maximum 1ml at a concentration of 5% diluted in 9ml of cerebrospinal fluid) and close intra and postoperative monitoring (AU)

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La neuralgia del pudendo se define como un síndrome doloroso neuropático, que involucra al dermatomo y a la inervación motora del nervio pudendo. Cualquier punto de su trayecto, desde su origen hasta sus ramificaciones terminales, es susceptible de sufrir diferentes grados de afectación o lesión. La localización del dolor puede ser perineal, rectal o en el área del clítoris/pene, presentándose de forma unilateral o bilateral; se agrava al sentarse y disminuye o desaparece al estar de pie; habitualmente respeta el descanso nocturno y puede asociarse a disfunción urinaria, anal e incluso sexual. Son múltiples las causas que pueden provocar la afectación del nervio pudendo, como partos, caídas, golpes directos y cirugías pélvicas. Esta patología constituye una entidad relativamente frecuente en las unidades de dolor crónico. Son varias las terapias utilizadas, incluyendo fármacos, bloqueos nerviosos del pudendo, cirugía descompresiva y neuromodulación de cordones posteriores medulares. Presentamos el caso de un paciente que, tras ser sometido a prostatectomía radical, consultó por dolor crónico continuo de tipo quemante junto a crisis lancinantes en parte distal derecha del pene (territorio del pudendo) y en el que aplicamos radiofrecuencia pulsada sobre el nervio dorsal derecho del pene obteniendo un buen resultado. Son varios los autores que han publicado tratamientos exitosos con radiofrecuencia pulsada del pudendo para el tratamiento de la neuralgia de dicho nervio, pero hasta ahora no se ha publicado ningún artículo de radiofrecuencia pulsada sobre los nervios dorsales del pene (AU)

Pudendal neuralgia is defined as a neuropathic pain syndrome, involving the dermatome and motor innervation of the pudendal nerve. Any point in its journey, from its origin to its terminal branches, is susceptible to varying levels of damage or injury. The location may be perineal pain, rectal or clitoral/penis area, presenting unilateral or bilateral. It is aggravated by sitting and diminishes or disappears when standing; usually respects people’s sleep and may be associated with urinary or anal dysfunction, and even sex. There are multiple causes that can lead to involvement of the pudendal nerve, such as births, falls, direct hits and pelvic surgeries. This disease is a relatively common condition in chronic pain units. There are several therapies used, including drugs, pudendal nerve blocks, decompressive spinal surgery and neuromodulation posterior columns. We report the case of a patient who, after undergoing radical prostatectomy, chronic pain consulted by continuous burning pain with lancinating type crisis penis right (territory of the pudendal) distal part and in which we apply on the nerve pulsed radiofrequency right dorsal penile obtaining a good result. There are several authors who have published successful treatments with pulsed radiofrequency to treat pudendal neuralgia of the nerve, but so far has not published any articles of pulsed radiofrequency of the dorsal nerves of the penis (AU)

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OBJECTIVES: Therapy against anisakiasis requires invasive techniques to extract L3 , and an effective drug against this nematode is needed. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of peppermint essential oil (EO) and its main components against the parasite in comparison to albendazole, a drug currently prescribed to treat anisakiasis. METHODS: We conducted in vitro experiments and studied an experimental model simulating the human infection in Wistar rats. We used polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism to identify A. simplex s.s. and A. pegreffii and determine any differences in their pathogenicity and susceptibility to the treatments. RESULTS: The in vitro and in vivo experiments both showed that the larvicidal activity of peppermint EO, menthol, menthone and menthyl acetate is higher than that of albendazole. Large stomach lesions were observed in 46.7% of the albendazole-treated rats, whereas no gastrointestinal lesions were detected in those treated with peppermint EO, menthol, menthyl acetate or menthone. CONCLUSIONS: In this animal model, treatment with peppermint EO or its main components was more effective than was treatment with albendazole. Lesions were more frequently produced by A. simplex s.s. larvae than by A. pegreffii larvae.

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Existen pocos instrumentos para la evaluación de sintomatología postraumática en niños/as y adolescentes en Latinoamérica. El presente estudio analiza las propiedades psicométricas de la child PTSD Symptom Scale CPSS (Foa, Johnson, Feeny y Treadwell, 2001), en niños y niñas víctimas de un desastre natural. Se realizan los análisis psicométricos habituales, incluyendo un análisis factorial exploratorio y uno confirmatorio. Se analiza la convergencia de la escala CPSS con el diagnóstico de TEPT a través de la entrevista estructurada DISC-IV Una estructura de tres factores de primer orden fue la que mostró mejor ajuste en el análisis confirmatorio. La escala mostró alta consistencia interna. Un puntaje de 24 o más puntos permite obtener una sensibilidad de 82 por ciento y especificidad de 88 por ciento respecto del diagnóstico de TEPT con el DISC-IV Estas positivas cualidades psicométricas indican la utilidad de la escala para ser usada en chile con niños/ as y adolescentes expuestos a desastres naturales.

There are not many instruments about evaluation of post Traumatic symptomatology in Latin-American children and adolescents. The current study analyzes the psychometric properties of the child PTSD Symptom Scale CPSS (Foa, Johnson, Feeny y Treadwell, 2001), among young victims of a natural disaster. Regular psychometric analyses were carried out, including an exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of the instrument. The structured interview DISC-IV was used as a criterion test. An structure of three first order factors showed the best fit. The scale presented high internal consistency. A score of 24 or more points allowed a sensitivity of 82 percent and a specificity of 88 percent according to DISC-IV. These positive psychometric qualities indicate the utility of this scale to be used in chilean children and adolescents.

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There are approximately from 1,100 to 1,200 HIV-infected children in a follow-up in Spain. In 2008 an open, multicentral, retrospective and prospective Cohort of the Spanish Paediatric HIV Network (CoRISpe) was founded. The CoRISpe is divided into the node 1 and node 2 representing geographically almost the whole territory of Spain. Since 2008 seventy-five hospitals have been participating in the CoRISpe. All the retrospective data of the HIV-infected children have been kept in the CoRISpe since 1995 and prospective data since 2008. In this article we are going to present the notion of CoRISpe, its role, the structure, how the CoRISpe works and the process how a child is transferred from Paediatric to Adults Units. The main objective of the CoRISpe is to contribute to furthering scientific knowledge on paediatric HIV infection by providing demographic, sociopsychological, clinical and laboratory data from HIV-infected paediatric patients. Its aim is to enable high-quality research studies on HIV-infected children.

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OBJECTIVE: To assess attitudes and the influence of emotional intelligence is the objective of this work. METHOD: Nursing professionals answered a questionnaire that assessed the attitude towards suicide and emotional intelligence. RESULTS: The results show a general adverse attitude towards suicidal behavior. The moral dimension of suicide makes the differences between mental health and emergency professionals. CONCLUSIONS: Possessing a higher degree of mental health training and a high level of emotional intelligence is associated with a more positive attitude towards patients with suicidal behavior. The formation and development of emotional skills are essential for care delivery to patients with suicidal behavior.

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Emotional disorders (Anxiety disorders and Mood disorders) are one of the most common health problems worldwide, and their economic costs are very high. People suffering from emotional disorders often use maladaptive emotion regulation strategies and have low coping behaviour that contributes to the presence of clinical symptoms. For this reason, it is important to develop strategies to monitor coping and promote emotion regulation in people exposed to high levels of stress. Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) can help us in this task. Recent systematic reviews of literature on evidence-based CBT treatments delivered via the Internet show that these approaches are effective. We have developed an intervention program ICT based: Coping with Stress and Emotion Regulation Program (Smiling is Fun), a self-applied program via the Internet. Smiling is Fun follows a transdiagnostic perspective, and it is based on CBT techniques. However, it also includes other psychological strategies to improve positive mood. The aim of the present work is to describe Smiling is Fun and the study designed to test its efficacy.

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Dysbindin-1 is a relatively ubiquitous protein in the brain which is involved in the modulation of synaptic homeostasis. The dysbindin-1 gene (DTNBP1) has been associated with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder diagnoses. However, its contribution to the severity of the clinical and neurocognitive expression of these disorders remains controversial. We aimed to explore the association between DTNBP1 and the phenotypes which are more directly linked with the underlying biology, such as age at onset and neurocognitive impairment. The present family sample comprised 894 Caucasian individuals: 268 patients affected by functional psychosis [58% with illness onset before 18 years, mean age at onset (SD): 14.71 (2.10)], 483 parents and 143 siblings. Ten DTNBP1 single nucleotide polymorphisms were genotyped in all individuals and their transmission disequilibrium was tested in relation to: (i) the risk for psychosis; (ii) patients' age at onset; and (iii) familial neurocognitive performance (including IQ estimation and executive functioning). In early-onset families a 5-marker haplotype encompassing exons 2-4 and the surrounding introns was significantly over-transmitted to cases, while in adult-onset families two haplotypes corresponding to the region between introns 4 and 7 were over-transmitted to cases. Estimated IQ was associated with the rs760666 marker in the whole sample, whereas a significant association between executive functioning and the rs2619522 marker appeared in early-onset families. Our findings confirm the role of the dysbindin-1 gene in the risk for functional psychosis and show a differential haplotypic risk pattern in families with early as opposed to adult onset in the affected offspring.

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Objetivo: Identificar el riesgo de complicaciones neurológicas de la anestesia espinal en los pacientes con un síndrome de Chiari tipo I preexistente y diferenciarlo del llamado “Chiari I adquirido” causado por un síndrome de hipotensión intracraneal, radiológicamente difícil de distinguir del anterior. Caso clínico: Mujer de 37 años, que tras recibir una punción dural durante la realización de una epidural analgésica para el parto, presentó cefalea pospunción dural (CPPD) recurrente. Se practicó resonancia magnética (RM) cerebral que puso de manifiesto malformación de Chiari tipo I (desplazamiento caudal de las amígdalas cerebelosas por el orificio magno) y engrosamiento difuso de las meninges. Aunque no lo había manifestado con anterioridad a la realización de la técnica epidural, la paciente presentaba cefaleas crónicas que se exacerbaban con las maniobras de Valsalva. La paciente fue tratada con analgésicos, cafeína y corticoides, y quedó asintomática. Tras 6 meses de seguimiento se realizó una nueva RM de control donde se observó la persistencia de los cambios anatómicos que definen el síndrome de Chiari tipo I, pero ausencia de las alteraciones meníngeas. Discusión: Tras una punción dural se puede producir el llamado “síndrome de hipotensiónin tracraneal”, motivado por la alteración del flujo y presiones del líquido cefalorraquídeo entre los compartimientos craneal y espinal. La pérdida continua de líquido cefalorraquídeo por el orificio de la punción originaría un gradiente de presión negativa que “empuja” las amígdalas cerebelosas hacia el orificio magno. ¿Es más acusado el cambio de presiones en aquellos pacientes con alteraciones previas, como el síndrome de Chiari? ¿Justifica la persistencia de una CPPD, a pesar del tratamiento? (...) (AU)

Objective: To identify the risk of neurological complications of spinal anesthesia inpatients with preexisting Chiari I malformation and to differentiate this entity from“ acquired Chiari I malformation”, caused by intracranial hypotension. These two entities can be difficult to distinguish radiologically. Case report: After undergoing dural puncture for epidural analgesia during delivery, a37-year-old woman developed recurrent postdural puncture headache (PDPH). Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed Chiari I malformation (displacement of the cerebellar tonsils into the foramen magnum) and diffuse dural gadolinium enhancement. The patient had experienced chronic headaches exacerbated by Valsalva’s maneuver before receiving epidural analgesia but had not reported these symptoms. She was treated with analgesics, caffeine and corticosteroids, which resolved the symptoms. After 6 months of follow-up, a second MRI scan revealed the persistence of the anatomical alterations characteristic of Chiari I malformation but without meningeal alterations. Discussion: After dural puncture, “intracranial hypotension syndrome” can occur, caused by alteration of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow and pressure between the cranial and spinal compartments. Continuous CSF leak through the puncture site would cause a negative pressure gradient that would “push” the cerebellar tonsils toward the foramen magnum. Is the pressure change more marked in patients with prior alterations, such as Chiari malformation? Is the previous malformation the cause of the recurrent headache, despite treatment? Conclusion: Thorough clinical evaluation is required before spinal anesthesia is administered since severe neurological complications can occur in patients with undiagnosed Chiari malformations (AU)

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La presente revisión aborda el metabolismo lipoproteico comparado y la inducción de la aterosclerosis con sus controversias en varios modelos animales pertenecientes a un amplio espectro evolutivo que abarca desde los roedores (ratón, conejo, rata, hámster, cobaya), las aves (paloma), los cetartiodáctilos (cerdo) y los carnívoros (perro) hasta los primates (macacos, Rhesus, mono verde africano) (AU)

Current review presents an overview of the compared lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis development and their controversies in several animal models covering a wide phylogenetic spectrum. Orders are rodents (mice, rabbits, rats, hamsters, guinea pigs), birds (pigeons), cetartiodactyla (pigs), carnivores (dogs) and primates (macaques, Rhesus, African green monkey) (AU)

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