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Food allergy is a major health concern worldwide, encompassing both immunologic and non-immunologic reactions. This review thoroughly examines the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment options for various types of food allergies. Immunologic food allergies, including IgE-mediated reactions such as oral allergy syndrome and systemic anaphylaxis, pose various diagnostic and management challenges. Non-IgE-mediated reactions such as food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome, dermatitis herpetiformis, and proctocolitis necessitate individualized patient care. In addition, mixed reactions such as eosinophilic esophagitis and atopic dermatitis complicate the clinical picture. Skin prick tests, serum-specific IgE tests, and oral food challenges are all necessary for accurate food allergy diagnosis. The primary therapeutic options are allergen avoidance, epinephrine-based emergency management, and emerging treatments like immunotherapy. Our review emphasizes the importance of multidisciplinary collaboration and ongoing research in improving our understanding and managing food allergies, promising a brighter future for those affected.
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Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic affected life and livelihood worldwide, including India, with over five million deaths recorded over two years. In the present study, our objective was to analyze the COVID-19 deaths during the first and second waves in relation to demographic factors and comorbid conditions. Methods This was a hospital-based, retrospective comparative study of COVID-19 deaths that occurred in our hospital during the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 210 (6.69%) deaths recorded during both waves of the pandemic were analyzed. Microsoft Excel sheets (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA) were used to collect data from the medical records section, and the data were compiled. Descriptive statistics were used and analyzed using SPSS version 21 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Results Out of 3136 inpatients, mortality was 6.69% (n=210). Out of 210 deaths recorded in the study, 34 (2.25%) and 176 (10.7%) were during the first and second waves of the pandemic, respectively. The most common age group affected during the two waves was 50-75 years (67.6% & 47.7%; n=23 & n=84). People from urban (52.9%; n=18) and rural (67%; n=118) backgrounds were affected more during the first and second waves, respectively. Males were affected more (72.8%; n=153) in both waves. Age group (P=0.009) and locality (P=0.026) were statistically significant factors associated with mortality in the two COVID-19 waves. The time interval from admission in the hospital to death was less than seven days in both waves (70.5% & 69.8%; n=24 & n=123). A large number of subjects died after 48 hours of admission during both waves (70% (n=24 & n=124) in each wave). More than half of the subjects who died (52.9% (n=18) & 59% (n=104)) had comorbid conditions in both waves. Diabetes mellitus (17.6%; n=6) and hypertension (23.5%; n=8) were the most common comorbid conditions during the first wave of the pandemic while diabetes mellitus (30.6%; n=54) alone was the most common during the second wave. Conclusion The findings of this study stress the importance of considering demographic factors and geographic locations in understanding the impact of COVID-19, providing valuable inputs for public health interventions and resource allocation in response to similar pandemics.
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Globally, one of the primary factors leading to death is cardiovascular disorders, specifically coronary artery disease, which leads to myocardial infarction (MI). This article investigates the potential of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy for regenerating cardiac cells following MI. We look into the pathophysiology of MI, current treatment methods, and the heart's limited ability to heal itself. This is done to see if PRP could help the heart heal faster, reduce the size of the infarct, and stop scar tissue from forming. We analyze the production procedure of PRP, its composition of growth factors, and its utilization in many medical domains. The ways that PRP helps the heart heal are also being looked into. This includes how it affects inflammation, oxidative stress, angiogenesis, and cell proliferation. Although we recognize the existing constraints, we meticulously take into account issues such as standardization, therapeutic variance, and potential harmful effects. This study highlights the importance of comprehensive guidelines, continuous research, and enhanced clinical applications to fully harness the potential of platelet-rich plasma in the regeneration of cardiac cells after a heart attack.
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Angina bullosa hemorrhagica (ABH) is a condition of the oral mucous membrane, characterized by the sudden appearance of blood-filled blister(s) within the oral cavity. In the majority of cases, these blisters occur on the oropharynx or palate. The blisters usually rupture in a day or two and heal spontaneously without any further scarring or discomfort. In rare cases, if a large lesion located in the throat does not rupture spontaneously, it may lead to airway obstruction. We present the case of a 64-year-old-female who presented with a recurrent manifestation of well-defined oral blood-filled blisters which ruptured and healed spontaneously. There were no identifiable risk factors. Angina bullosa hemorrhagica was diagnosed clinically. The main objective of this case report is to bring awareness and avoid unnecessary investigations and misdiagnosis.
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Coronary angioplasty procedure, also known as percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), is performed to restore blood flow across significantly blocked coronary vessels. Perforation of coronary vessels may occur rarely during the procedure or within 24 hours post-procedure and is considered a serious complication. We wish to share our experience of a case of perforation in the proximal and mid-portion of the right coronary artery (RCA) during coronary angioplasty. To seal the perforation, the balloon was inflated and vitals were monitored. Check coronary angiography showed persisting extravasation but with no collection on serial echocardiograms. It was confirmed that the perforation was not in the pericardial space but inside the cardiac chamber. The patient was shifted to the cardiac care unit, for further monitoring of vitals and echocardiogram studies for the next 72 hours to ensure recovery. Wire-induced coronary perforations into the cardiac chamber are most of the time benign and are conservatively managed.
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Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is a medium vessel vasculitis that affects multiple organ systems except the lungs. It is transmural segmental necrotizing inflammation associated with fibrinoid necrosis. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is strongly associated with PAN. It commonly affects medium-sized muscular arteries and typically involves renal, coronary, and mesenteric vessels, but not pulmonary arteries. Vascular lesions occur mostly at bifurcations in medium-sized muscular arteries. A case of polyarteritis nodosa was reported in a 21-year-old female who presented with blackish discoloration of feet, loss of appetite, loss of weight, colicky pain, and distension of the abdomen. Leukocytoclastic vasculitis was confirmed by skin biopsy; ascites was detected on computed tomography and chest and abdomen (erect) radiograph; and explorative laparotomy was done, but she died on the second postoperative day due to septicemic shock and acute renal and respiratory failure.