RESUMEN
The present review of noncaloric sweeteners (NCSs) by the Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología was carried out to analyze and answer some of the most frequent questions and concerns about NCS consumption in patients with gastrointestinal disorders, through a thorough review of the medical literature. A group of gastroenterologists and experts on nutrition, toxicology, microbiology, and endocrinology reviewed and analyzed the published literature on the topic. The working group formulated conclusions, based on the scientific evidence published, to give an opinion with respect to NCS ingestion. Current evidence does not confirm the carcinogenic potential of NCSs. However, the studies analyzed showed that saccharin could have a proinflammatory effect and that polyols can cause gastrointestinal symptoms and manifestations, depending on the dose and type of compound. The ingestion of xylitol, erythritol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame K, and saccharin could increase the secretion of the gastrointestinal hormones that regulate intestinal motility, and stevia and its derivatives could have a favorable effect on the percentage of liver fat. Caution should be taken in recommending aspartame consumption in patients with chronic liver disease because it reduces the ratio of branched-chain amino acids to aromatic amino acids. In addition, NCS ingestion could modify the composition of the intestinal microbiota, having an effect on gastrointestinal symptoms and manifestations. It is important to continue conducting causality studies on humans to be able to establish recommendations on NSC consumption.
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Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/inducido químicamente , Edulcorantes/efectos adversos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Cirrosis Hepática/inducido químicamente , Edulcorantes/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Previously the effects (0.01-3.0â¯mg/kg) of post-training SB-699551 (a 5-HT5A receptor antagonist) were reported in the associative learning task of autoshaping, showing that SB-699551 (0.1â¯mg/kg) decreased lever-press conditioned responses (CR) during short-term (STM; 1.5-h) or (3.0â¯mg/kg) long-term memory (LTM; 24-h); relative to the vehicle animals. Moreover, as pro-cognitive efficacy of SB-699551 was reported in the ketamine-model of schizophrenia. Hence, firstly aiming improving performance (conditioned response, CR), in this work autoshaping lever-press vs. nose-poke response was compared; secondly, new set of animals were randomly assigned to SB-699551 plus forgetting or amnesia protocols. Results show that the nose-poke operandum reduced inter-individual variance, increased CR and produced a progressive CR until 48-h. After one week of no training/testing sessions (i.e., interruption of 216â¯h), the forgetting was observed; i.e., the CR% of control-saline group significantly decreased. In contrast, SB-699551 at 0.3 and 3.0â¯mg/kg prevents forgetting. Additionally, as previously reported the non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist dizocilpine (0.2â¯mg/kg) or the non-selective cholinergic antagonist scopolamine (0.3â¯mg/kg) decreased CR in STM. SB-699551 (0.3â¯mg/kg) alone also produced amnesia-like effect. Co-administration of SB-699551-dizocilpine or SB-699551-scopolamine reversed the SB-699551 induced-amnesic effects in LTM (24-h). Nose-poke seems to be a reliable operandum. The anti-amnesic and anti-forgetting mechanisms of amnesic SB-699551-dose remain unclear. The present findings are consistent with the notion that low doses of 5-HT5A receptor antagonists might be useful for reversing memory deficits associated to forgetting and amnesia. Of course, further experiments are necessary.
Asunto(s)
Amnesia/metabolismo , Memoria/fisiología , Receptores de Serotonina/metabolismo , Antagonistas de la Serotonina/uso terapéutico , Amnesia/inducido químicamente , Amnesia/tratamiento farmacológico , Análisis de Varianza , Animales , Compuestos de Bifenilo/uso terapéutico , Antagonistas Colinérgicos/toxicidad , Condicionamiento Clásico/efectos de los fármacos , Condicionamiento Operante/efectos de los fármacos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Maleato de Dizocilpina/farmacología , Antagonistas de Aminoácidos Excitadores/farmacología , Conducta Exploratoria/efectos de los fármacos , Extinción Psicológica/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Memoria/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Escopolamina/toxicidadRESUMEN
To our knowledge the intrahippocampal serotonergic 5-HT6 receptor tone on memory and amnesia models remains unexplored. Hence, in the present work we tested intrahippocampal administration of serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)6 receptor experimental molecules with differential intrinsic activity. Methods: In the present study, Automatized Autoshaping memory task was used, useful measuring memory, neural markers, and pharmacological effects. We are hypothesizing that experimental molecules with differential intrinsic activity might reveal serotonergic tone. Particularly, intrahippocampal administration of 5-HT6 receptor compounds with differential intrinsic activity (i.e., agonistic and antagonistic) might evidencing a serotonergic tone via this receptor. Bilateral intrahippocampal dose-response curves show that administration of EMD386088 (10 and 100 µg) had no effect or (50 µg) decreased conditioned responses (CR) in short- and long-term memory (STM and LTM, respectively); while SB-399885 (10 or 100 µg) significantly decreased CR in STM and LTM (24 and 48-h) or (50 µg) had no effect; thus suggesting that there is a 5-HT6 receptor tone regulating both STM and LTM. Moreover, intrahippocampal inactive doses of EMD386088 (5 µg) plus SB-399885 (0.5 µg) did not affect STM and LTM; however, partially or completely prevented the scopolamine or dizocilpine-induced amnesia. Thus confirming that both drugs exerted their effects through 5-HT6 receptor and that there is a hippocampal serotonergic tone under amnesic states, similar to that striatal.
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Hipocampo/efectos de los fármacos , Consolidación de la Memoria/efectos de los fármacos , Receptores de Serotonina/metabolismo , Serotoninérgicos/farmacología , Animales , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Indoles/farmacología , Masculino , Consolidación de la Memoria/fisiología , Memoria a Largo Plazo/efectos de los fármacos , Memoria a Largo Plazo/fisiología , Memoria a Corto Plazo/efectos de los fármacos , Memoria a Corto Plazo/fisiología , Piperazinas/farmacología , Piridinas/farmacología , Distribución Aleatoria , Ratas Wistar , Sulfonamidas/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Celiac disease, celiac sprue, or gluten-sensitive enteropathy, is a generalized autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation and atrophy of the small bowel mucosa. It is caused by dietary exposure to gluten and affects genetically predisposed individuals. In Mexico, at least 800,000 are estimated to possibly have the disease, prompting the Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología to summon a multidisciplinary group of experts to develop the "Clinical guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of celiac disease in Mexico" and establish recommendations for the medical community, its patients, and the general population. The participating medical professionals were divided into three working groups and were given the selected bibliographic material by the coordinators (ART, LUD, JMRT), who proposed the statements that were discussed and voted upon in three sessions: two voting rounds were carried out electronically and one at a face-to-face meeting. Thirty-nine statements were accepted, and once approved, were developed and revised by the coordinators, and their final version was approved by all the participants. It was emphasized in the document that epidemiology and risk factors associated with celiac disease (first-degree relatives, autoimmune diseases, high-risk populations) in Mexico are similar to those described in other parts of the world. Standards for diagnosing the disease and its appropriate treatment in the Mexican patient were established. The guidelines also highlighted the fact that a strict gluten-free diet is essential only in persons with confirmed celiac disease, and that the role of gluten is still a subject of debate in relation to nonceliac, gluten-sensitive patients.
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Enfermedad Celíaca/diagnóstico , Enfermedad Celíaca/terapia , Dieta Sin Gluten , Enfermedad Celíaca/dietoterapia , Enfermedad Celíaca/genética , Susceptibilidad a Enfermedades , Humanos , México , Cooperación del PacienteRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: The growing elderly population and wide use of capsule endoscopy have led to a higher number of procedures in those patients. The aim of the present study was to assess the usefulness of capsule endoscopy in older patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All consecutive patients undergoing capsule endoscopy at our center within the time frame of 2004-2016 were classified as older (≥75 years of age) and younger. Findings and diagnostic yield were comparatively assessed. RESULTS: Of 2311 patients (mean age: 59.5 ± 19.23 years, 44.48% male), 648 were in the older group and 1663 in the younger group. Gastric transit time was shorter in the older patients (p=0.001), whereas small bowel transit time was shorter in the younger patients (p<0.001). Overall diagnostic yield in the elderly was higher (50.66% vs. 41.19%, p<0.001). Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding was the most frequent indication for capsule endoscopy in the elderly (90.4% vs. 53.77%, p<0.001), achieving a higher diagnostic yield than in the younger population (51.47% vs. 42.76%, p=0.002), whereas Crohn's disease, suspected or known neoplasms/polyps, malabsorption syndrome, and abdominal pain were the indications in the younger patient group. Such indications were rare in the older group. Vascular lesions and active bleeding were more frequently diagnosed in the older patients, whereas ulcers/erosions and mucosal atrophy were more common in the younger patients (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Capsule endoscopy achieved a higher overall diagnostic yield in the elderly patients. Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding indication for capsule endoscopy was much more frequent in the advanced-age group and had a higher diagnostic yield.
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Endoscopía Capsular/estadística & datos numéricos , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/diagnóstico por imagen , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Envejecimiento , Femenino , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/diagnóstico , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/diagnóstico , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/diagnóstico por imagen , Tránsito Gastrointestinal , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios ProspectivosRESUMEN
The importance of non-Saccharomyces yeast species in fermentation processes is widely acknowledged. Within this group, Pichia kudriavzevii ITV-S42 yeast strain shows particularly desirable characteristics for ethanol production. Despite this fact, a thorough study of the metabolic and kinetic characteristics of this strain is currently unavailable. The aim of this work is to study the nutritional requirements of Pichia kudriavzevii ITV-S42 strain and the effect of different carbon sources on the growth and ethanol production. Results showed that glucose and fructose were both assimilated and fermented, achieving biomass and ethanol yields of 0.37 and 0.32 gg-1, respectively. Glycerol was assimilated but not fermented; achieving a biomass yield of 0.88 gg-1. Xylose and sucrose were not metabolized by the yeast strain. Finally, the use of a culture medium enriched with salts and yeast extract favored glucose consumption both for growth and ethanol production, improving ethanol tolerance reported for this genre (35 g L-1) to 90 g L-1 maximum ethanol concentration (over 100%). Furthermore Pichia kudriavzevii ITV-S42 maintained its fermentative capacity up to 200 g L-1 initial glucose, demonstrating that this yeast is osmotolerant.
Asunto(s)
Pichia , Carbono , Etanol , Fermentación , Sorghum , XilosaRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to isolate, from pulque, Lactobacillus spp. capable of survival in simulated gastrointestinal stress conditions. Nine Gram-positive rods were isolated; however, only one strain (J57) shared identity with Lactobacillus and was registered as Lactobacillus casei J57 (GenBank accession: JN182264). The other strains were identified as Bacillus spp. The most significant observation during the test of tolerance to simulated gastrointestinal conditions (acidity, gastric juice and bile salts) was that L. casei J57 showed a rapid decrease (p ≤ 0.05) in the viable population at 0 h. Bile salts were the stress condition that most affected its survival, from which deoxycholic acid and the mix of bile salts (oxgall) were the most toxic. L. casei J57 showed bile salt hydrolase activity over primary and secondary bile salts as follows: 44.91, 671.72, 45.27 and 61.57 U/mg to glycocholate, taurocholate, glycodeoxycholate and taurodeoxycholate. In contrast, the control strain (L. casei Shirota) only showed activity over tauroconjugates. These results suggest that L. casei J57 shows potential for probiotic applications.
Asunto(s)
Agave/microbiología , Amidohidrolasas/metabolismo , Bebidas/microbiología , Lactobacillus/aislamiento & purificación , Ácidos y Sales Biliares/metabolismo , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Fermentación , Jugo Gástrico/metabolismo , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Lactobacillus/efectos de los fármacos , Lactobacillus/enzimología , ProbióticosRESUMEN
Since the discovery of anti- inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties of glucocorticoids in the late 40's, these drugs have been a cornerstone in the treatment of a variety of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, being one of the most prescribed drugs in spite of their side effects occurring in up to 80% of patients treated. In Gastroenterology, as in other medical specialties, glucocorticoids are a widely used tool for the treatment of various diseases affecting the gastrointestinal tract, liver, bile ducts and pancreas, making it necessary to establish when and in which patients are indicated, as well as the glucocorticoid type, dose, route of administration and duration of treatment, taking into account that the long-term use without adequate control produces complications that may outweigh their beneficial effects.
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Corticoesteroides/uso terapéutico , Gastroenterología/tendencias , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/tratamiento farmacológico , Corticoesteroides/administración & dosificación , Corticoesteroides/efectos adversos , Antiinflamatorios/uso terapéutico , Enfermedades Autoinmunes/tratamiento farmacológico , Humanos , Inmunosupresores/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Tomographic finding of thickening of colon and terminal ileum and its correlation with colonoscopic findings has been poorly studied. Various radiographic patterns of intestinal thickening suggestive of benign disease have been described, but they cannot completely rule out malignancy. OBJECTIVE: To determine if a relationship exists between colonic wall or terminal ileum thickening documented by computed tomography with abnormal colonoscopic findings and colon cancer. METHODS: Retrospective study of radiology database of a tertiary hospital identifying patients with report of thickening of terminal ileum or colon and have colonoscopy performed. It was investigated the performance of endoscopic biopsies and histopathological outcome. RESULTS: We included 24 patients. The main site of colonic thickening on CT was sigmoid in 8 (33.3%) cases. The most common colonoscopic finding was colorectal tumor probably malignant in 7 (29.2%) patients, but adenocarcinoma was reported in 8 (33.3%) patients. There was a statistically significant relationship between colonic thickening and colorectal cancer (p < 0.001) but no statistically significant association was found between thickening and sigmoid colon cancer. There was statistical significant correlation between weight loss, melena, anemia, constipation, diarrhea, and hematochezia with diagnosis of cancer (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The finding of thickening of colon documented by computed tomography is significantly associated with the presence of colorectal carcinoma. Additional colonoscopy must always be performed in an attempt to elucidate the origin of this thickening.
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Colon/diagnóstico por imagen , Colon/patología , Neoplasias del Colon/diagnóstico , Colonoscopía , Íleon/diagnóstico por imagen , Íleon/patología , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Retrospectivos , Centros de Atención Terciaria , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
UNLABELLED: Obese, postmenopausal women have lower FSH levels. To determine whether this is due to higher estrogen exposure, we compared feedback gonadotropin sensitivity and its relation to insulin resistance in four groups of obese and lean, postmenopausal women. Group one was treated with 400 mg troglitazone (TG) daily for two weeks; 150 clomiphene citrate (CC) was added daily for the second week. Group two received 150 mg CC daily for a week. Group three received 1000 mg metformin (MET) daily for two weeks, with 120 mg raloxifene (RAL) added during the second week. Group four received 120 mg RAL for a week. Before and after each period, a serum pool was obtained from samples taken every minute during a 10 ml interval. The women recruited for this study were categorized as obese or lean based on BMI >/= 29 or BMI < 29, respectively. Obese, menopausal women had lower FSH (45.5 IU/l) and LH (16.2 IU/l) values than those of lean (64.1 IU/l and 23.0 IU/l), but the obese menopausal women had higher leptin, DHEAS, glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR levels. Log [FSH] was associated with BMI (r = -0.53, P < 0.000001) and number of pregnancies (r = -0.37, P = 0.0009). TG treatment did not change HOMA-IR or gonadotropin levels, but DHEAS and androstenedione levels decreased significantly. CC alone or together with TG, diminished FSH (-7.9 and -9.2) and LH (-2.5 and -3.6) concentrations, with a greater reduction in lean women. MET reduced glucose and the HOMA-IR index without affecting gonadotropin or steroid levels. CONCLUSIONS: obese, menopausal women have lower FSH levels due to greater estrogen exposure, by mechanisms unrelated to insulin resistance.
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Gonadotropinas/fisiología , Menopausia/fisiología , Tiazolidinedionas , Cromanos/administración & dosificación , Cromanos/farmacología , Clomifeno/administración & dosificación , Clomifeno/farmacología , Estrógenos/farmacología , Retroalimentación Fisiológica/fisiología , Femenino , Hormona Folículo Estimulante/sangre , Gonadotropinas/sangre , Humanos , Hipoglucemiantes/administración & dosificación , Hipoglucemiantes/farmacología , Resistencia a la Insulina , Menopausia/sangre , Metformina/administración & dosificación , Metformina/farmacología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Obesidad/sangre , Embarazo , Clorhidrato de Raloxifeno/administración & dosificación , Clorhidrato de Raloxifeno/farmacología , Moduladores Selectivos de los Receptores de Estrógeno/administración & dosificación , Moduladores Selectivos de los Receptores de Estrógeno/farmacología , Tiazoles/administración & dosificación , Tiazoles/farmacología , TroglitazonaRESUMEN
To analyze the contribution of MHC class II genes in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) with end stage renal disease (ESRD), we examined the distribution of HLA-DRB1, DQA1, DQB1 loci in Mexican Mestizos of Central Mexico, using PCR-SSOP and PCR-SSP. Three groups were included: 47 type 2 diabetic ESRD patients; 42 patients with ESRD and 50 type 2 DM patients with no kidney complication. The results were compared with those of 101 controls of the same area. The median since DM was first diagnosed, was 18 years prior to the onset of ESRD. The frequencies of DRB1*1502 and DQB1*0501 were increased in DM patients with ESRD (p = 0.004; RR = 7.4, CI = 1.5-37; EF = 0. 13; p = 0.007; RR = 2.9, CI = 2.3-3.5, EF = 0.21, respectively). In contrast, DRB1*0407 was decreased in the same group (p = 0.0008, RR = 0.2; CI = 0.035-0.70, PF = 0.19). Diabetic patients with DRB1*1502 are 8.8 times more likely to develop ESRD, independently of the duration time of DM. DRB1*1502 contributes to the susceptibility to ESRD while DRB1*0407 is involved in protection. The residue at DRB1-74 differs in these alleles: DRB1*0407 has glutamic acid and DRB1*1502 has an alanine, suggesting that this substitution may be important for both, peptide anchoring and for presentation to the T cells.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicaciones , Etnicidad/genética , Genes MHC Clase II , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Fallo Renal Crónico/genética , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiología , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Femenino , Humanos , Fallo Renal Crónico/epidemiología , Masculino , México/epidemiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/métodosRESUMEN
Hyperlipidemia is common in type 2 diabetic patients and is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The aim of this trial was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of once-daily atorvastatin 10-80 mg for the treatment of hyperlipidemia in type 2 diabetics with plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels exceeding 3.4 mmol/l (130 mg/dl). One hundred and two patients met the study criteria and received 10 mg/day atorvastatin. Patients who reached the target LDL-C level of
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Anticolesterolemiantes/uso terapéutico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicaciones , Ácidos Heptanoicos/uso terapéutico , Inhibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Reductasas/uso terapéutico , Hiperlipidemias/tratamiento farmacológico , Pirroles/uso terapéutico , Anticolesterolemiantes/efectos adversos , Atorvastatina , Femenino , Ácidos Heptanoicos/efectos adversos , Humanos , Inhibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Reductasas/efectos adversos , Hiperlipidemias/sangre , Hiperlipidemias/complicaciones , Lípidos/sangre , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pirroles/efectos adversosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Advanced glycosylation end product (AGE) formation is a major mechanism for the development of complications in diabetes, and the possible roles of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) are not clearly established. METHODS: We examined the associations of AGEs, free IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients under diverse conditions. In a cross-sectional design we studied 110 subjects (67 women and 43 men): non-diabetic controls in group 1, (n = 15) and diabetes patients as follows: group 2, without complications (n = 25); group 3, with chronic complications (n = 25); group 4, with acute or chronic infections (n = 24); group 5, hospitalized for reasons unrelated to diabetes (n = 9); group 6, with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) (n = 12). AGEs were determined by a spectrofluorometric method (HPLC). Insulin and IGFBP-3 were measured by RIA and free IGF-1 with an IRMA method. RESULTS: AGEs were 13-fold higher in patients with ESRD (p<0.001), and lower in healthy individuals. Free IGF-1 was lower in the patients with complications (p = 0.017), with infections (p = 0.006) and hospitalized (p = 0.04). IGFBP-3 was higher in hospitalized patients (p=0.017). AGEs were associated with free IGF-1 (r = 0.41, p = 0.04) in the group with complications, and with HbA(1c) (r = -0.90, p = 0.002) in hospitalized patients. In the total group, free IGF-1 (r = -0.25, p = 0.008), and IGFBP-3 (r = -0.22, p = 0.021) were associated with HbA(1c). CONCLUSION: We concluded that AGEs were markedly increased in diabetic patients with ESRD, IGF-1 was decreased in patients with infections and hospitalized, and was negatively associated with HbA(1c). IGFBP-3 was increased in hospitalized patients, with higher levels in patients with long bone fractures. A complex interaction of humoral factors may participate in the acceleration of complications of diabetes.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicaciones , Productos Finales de Glicación Avanzada/sangre , Proteína 3 de Unión a Factor de Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/sangre , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/metabolismo , Biomarcadores/sangre , Glucemia/metabolismo , Presión Sanguínea , Colesterol/sangre , Enfermedades Transmisibles/sangre , Estudios Transversales , Nefropatías Diabéticas/sangre , Femenino , Hemoglobina Glucada/análisis , Humanos , Pacientes Internos , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/análisis , Fallo Renal Crónico/sangre , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Valores de Referencia , Análisis de RegresiónRESUMEN
We proposed a simple analytical procedure for measurement of serum advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs) based on simultaneous detection of low-molecular-mass peptides and AGEs with a flow system and two detectors connected on-line: spectrophotometric for peptides (lambda = 280 nm) and spectrofluorometric for AGEs (lambda ex = 247 nm, lambda em = 440 nm). Sample pretreatment was carried out in microcentrifuge tubes: Serum (20 microL) was deproteinized with trichloroacetic acid (480 microL, 0.15 mol/L) and lipids were extracted with chloroform (100 microL). Twenty microliters of the filtered aqueous layer was injected to the flow system and the relation between fluorescence and absorption signals was measured. A peptide-derived AGE calibrator was used for calibration. Within-day and between-day CVs were 6.7% and 9.1%, respectively, at an AGE concentration corresponding approximately to that in healthy individuals. Mean results (+/-SD) in 10 healthy individuals were 10.1% +/- 1.0%, in 21 patients with diabetes without complications 18.0% +/- 6.2%, in 25 patients with complications 24.1% +/- 15.4%, and in 12 diabetic patients in end-stage renal disease 92% +/- 30%. Comparison with an ELISA procedure (x, in arbitrary units/L) yields a regression equation y = 0.713x + 1.24 (Sy [symbol: see text] x = 6777, r = 0.8477, n = 41).
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Diabetes Mellitus/sangre , Productos Finales de Glicación Avanzada/sangre , Productos Finales de Glicación Avanzada/análisis , Humanos , Sistemas en Línea , Péptidos/sangre , Péptidos/química , Valores de Referencia , Análisis de Regresión , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Albúmina Sérica Bovina/análisis , Espectrometría de Fluorescencia/métodos , Espectrofotometría/métodosRESUMEN
We studied the pulsatile luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretory patterns, at early or intermediate years of menopause in seven normal women with different degrees of obesity, taking blood samples every minute for 40 min to 2 h. The hormones were assayed with an immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) system, analyzing with the cluster pulse algorithm. All women showed hormone pulses every 8-10 min. In five of them were found periods of discrete pulses with oscillations of high amplitude alternating with periods of pulses of low amplitude. In two cases, the high-frequency oscillatory pattern with low amplitude was found around low mean levels of 22.8 and 25.7 IU/L. The LH oscillatory pattern also had a high frequency, but at a lower level, giving a high FSH/LH ratio. The coincidence index of FSH with LH peaks was 76.6%. We concluded that at menopause, the frequency of FSH and LH secretion increases with a high FSH/LH ratio. Obese menopausal women may have the same high-frequency oscillatory patterns, but at low levels.
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Hormona Folículo Estimulante/sangre , Hormona Luteinizante/sangre , Menopausia/sangre , Obesidad/sangre , Índice de Masa Corporal , Análisis por Conglomerados , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
We carried out a cross-sectional study to investigate factors associated with adherence to diet and medication in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients. A total of 200 patients not seeking treatment from clubs for diabetics from two hospitals in León, Mexico, accepted inclusion. Patients interviewed had a mean age of 58.8 (53.3-56.4, 95% C.I.) years. We evaluated adherence to diet and medication, knowledge on diabetes, social support, family's structure and functioning (with a modified McMaster model), metabolic control, and complications. Stepwise multiple regression procedure showed that adherence to diet was associated with years since diagnosis (p = 0.003) and with social support (p = 0.007). Adherence to medication was associated with social support (p = 0.002), and the age of the spouse (p = 0.016). Adherence to medication was lower in patients from families with rigid control than in the group with Laissez-faire type of control (p = 0.010) or the group with flexible control (p = 0.002). Social support was lower in the group with chaotic control than that in the group with flexible control (p < 0.001). Compliance to diet was associated with peripheral neuropathy and plasma creatinine, and adherence to medication with plasma glucose and peripheral neuropathy. We concluded that (1) adherence to treatment in NIDDM patients is associated with social support; (2) some aspects related to the family, such as the age of the spouse and the control of behavior, were also associated with compliance to treatment; and (3) it is important for the practicing physicians, and for institutional programs, to consider factors associated with adherence to treatment.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/psicología , Cooperación del Paciente , Apoyo Social , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Análisis de Varianza , Estudios Transversales , Demografía , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/rehabilitación , Dieta para Diabéticos , Familia , Femenino , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Humanos , Entrevistas como Asunto , Estilo de Vida , Masculino , México , Persona de Mediana Edad , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Grupos de Autoayuda , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
The association of periodontal disease with diabetes was studied in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients. In a cross-sectional design, 100 patients (46 males and 54 females) were selected in 4 groups according to age and years since diagnosis of diabetes. The groups were: group 1, > 55 years old, diabetes diagnosed > or = 5 years; group 2, < or = 55 years old, diabetes diagnosed > or = 5 years; group 3, > 55 years, diabetes diagnosed < 5 years; and group 4, < or = 55 years, diabetes diagnosed < 5 years. Buccal and lingual pockets were deeper and lingual and buccal recessions greater for groups diagnosed 5 or more years ago, (P < 0.0001). In groups diagnosed less than 5 years, higher recession indices were found for patients older than 55. The loss of buccal insertion was also greater for groups diagnosed 5 or more years ago (P < 0.0001). For groups diagnosed less than 5 years ago, the loss was greater in the group older than 55 (P = 0.01). There was a marginal difference in gingival bleeding among the 4 groups (P = 0.047). Post-hoc analysis showed differences between the 2 groups who had been diagnosed less than 5 years, with lower indices for patients < or = 55. All groups were statistically different regarding bone loss (P < 0.0001), with higher indices for the groups with older age, and for groups with 5 or more years since diagnosis. There was no difference in dental mobility among the 4 groups (P = 0.0981). It was concluded that years since diagnosis of diabetes is more significant than age for severity of periodontal disease in NIDDM.
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicaciones , Enfermedades Periodontales/etiología , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Edad de Inicio , Anciano , Pérdida de Hueso Alveolar/etiología , Análisis de Varianza , Estudios Transversales , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/diagnóstico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/fisiopatología , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Recesión Gingival/etiología , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Oportunidad Relativa , Pérdida de la Inserción Periodontal/etiología , Índice Periodontal , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
The role of the Na+/H+ exchanger in the phospholipase-A2 (PLA2) stimulation of LHRH release was investigated using in vitro incubations of rat hypothalamic fragments. It was found that monensin, the Na+/H+ ionophore, increased LHRH release in a dose-related manner. That effect diminished in the absence of calcium as well as after the addition of 2,4'-dibromoacetophenone, a blocker of PLA2 action. Amiloride, a blocker of the Na+/H+ exchanger, did not alter the effect of monensin. However, amiloride significantly diminished the effect of melittin, an activator of PLA2 action. LHRH release under PLA2 did not change when amiloride was added to the incubation medium. Lysophosphatidylcholine also increased LHRH release. These results were interpreted as evidence of the participation of Na+/H+ exchange in PLA2 activation in the release of LHRH in rat hypothalamic fragments. A role of lysophospholipids in this process is also suggested.