RESUMEN
The discharge of the toxic phenol-polluted petro-industrial effluents (PPPIE) has severe environmental negative impacts, thus it is mandatory to be treated before its discharge. The objective of this review was to discuss the sustainable application of microalgae in phenols degradation, with a special emphasis on the enzymes involved in this bioprocess and the factors affecting the success of PPPIE phycoremediation. Moreover, it confers the microalgae bioenergetic strategies to degrade different forms of phenols in PPPIE. It also points out the advantages of the latest application of bacteria, fungi and microalgae as microbial consortia in phenols biodegradation. Briefly, phycoremediation of PPPIE consumes carbon dioxide emitted from petro-industries for; valorization of the polluted water to be reused and production of algal biomass which can act as a source of energy for such integrated bioprocess. Besides, the harvested algal biomass can feasibly produce; third-generation biofuels, biorefineries, bioplastics, fish and animal feed, food supplements, natural dyes, antioxidants and many other valuable products. Consequently, this review precisely confirms that the phycoremediation of PPPIE is a win-win process for a green environment and a sustainable future. Thus, to achieve the three pillars of sustainability; social, environmental and economic; it is recommendable to integrate PPPIE treatment with algal cultivation. This integrated process would overcome the problem of greenhouse gas emissions, global warming and climate change, solve the problem of water-scarce, and protect the environment from the harmful negative impacts of PPPIE.
Asunto(s)
Microalgas , Fenol , Animales , Biocombustibles , Biomasa , Fenoles , Aguas ResidualesRESUMEN
AIMS: This research was conducted to investigate the biocatalytic remediation of xenobiotics polluted seawater using two biocatalysts; whole bacterial cells of facultative aerobic halotolerant Corynebacterium variabilis Sh42 and its extracted crude enzymes. METHODS AND RESULTS: One-Factor-at-A-Time technique and statistical analysis were applied to study the effect of initial substrate concentrations, pH, temperature, and initial biocatalyst concentrations on the batch biocatalytic degradation of three xenobiotic pollutants (2-hydroxybiphenyl (2-HBP), catechol and benzoic acid) in artificial seawater (salinity 3·1%). HPLC and gas-chromatography mass spectroscopy analyses were utilized to illustrate the quantitative removal of the studied aromatic xenobiotic pollutants and their catabolic pathway. The results revealed that the microbial and enzymatic cultures followed substrate inhibition kinetics. Yano and Koga's equation showed the best fit for the biokinetic degradation rates of 2-HBP and benzoic acid, whereas Haldane biokinetic model adequately expressed the specific biodegradation rate of catechol. The biokinetic results indicated the good efficiency and tolerance of crude enzyme for biocatalytic degradation of extremely high concentrations of aromatic pollutants than whole C. variabilis Sh42 cells. The monitored by-products indicated that the catabolic degradation pathway followed an oxidation mechanism via a site-specific monooxygenase enzyme. Benzoic acid and catechol were identified as major intermediates in the biodegradation pathway of 2-HBP, which were then biodegraded through meta-cleavage to 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde. With time elapsed, the semialdehyde product was further biodegraded to acetaldehyde and pyruvic acid, which would be further metabolized via the bacterial TCA cycle. CONCLUSION: The batch enzymatic bioreactors performed superior-specific biocatalytic degradation rates for all the studied xenobiotic pollutants. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The enzymatic system of C. variabilis Sh42 is tolerable for toxic xenobiotics and different physicochemical environmental parameters. Thus, it can be recommended as an effective biocatalyst for biocatalytic remediation of xenobiotics polluted seawater.
Asunto(s)
Agua de Mar/química , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/metabolismo , Xenobióticos/metabolismo , Biocatálisis , Biodegradación Ambiental , Reactores Biológicos , Corynebacterium/metabolismo , Cinética , Redes y Vías MetabólicasRESUMEN
AIMS: Investigate the capability of Aspergillus brasiliensis ATCC 16404 to mycosynthesize Co3 O4 -NPs. METHODS AND RESULTS: Mycelial cell-free filtrate of A. brasiliensis ATCC 16404 was applied for mycosynthesis of Co3 O4 -NPs. The preliminary indication for the formation of Co3 O4 -NPs was the change in colour from yellow to reddish-brown. One-factor-at a time-optimization technique was applied to determine the optimum physicochemical conditions required for the mycosynthesis of Co3 O4 -NPs and they were found to be: 72 h for reaction time, pH 11, 30°C, 100 rev min-1 for shaking speed in the darkness using 4 mmol l-1 of CoSO4. 7H2 O and 5·5% of A. brasiliensis dry weight mycelium (w/v). The mycosynthesized Co3 O4 -NPs were characterized using various techniques: spectroscopy including UV/Vis spectrophotometry, dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential measurement, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction; and vibrating sample magnetometry and microscopy including field emission scanning electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Spectroscopic techniques confirmed the formation of Co3 O4 -NPs and the microscopic ones confirmed the shape and size of the mycosynthesized Co3 O4 -NPs as quasi-spherical shaped, monodispersed nanoparticles with a nano size range of 20-27 nm. The mycosynthesized Co3 O4 -NPs have excellent magnetic properties and exhibited a good antimicrobial activity against some pathogenic micro-organisms. CONCLUSION: Ferromagnetic Co3 O4 -NPs with considerable antimicrobial activity were for the first time mycosynthesized. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The use of fungi as potential bionanofactories for mycosynthesis of nanoparticles is relatively a recent field of research with considerable prospects.
Asunto(s)
Antifúngicos/química , Antifúngicos/farmacología , Aspergillus/efectos de los fármacos , Cobalto/química , Cobalto/farmacología , Nanopartículas del Metal/química , Nanopartículas del Metal/toxicidad , Óxidos/química , Óxidos/farmacología , Antifúngicos/síntesis química , Aspergillus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Magnetismo , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Microscopía Electrónica de Transmisión , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de Fourier , Difracción de Rayos XRESUMEN
AIMS: In order to efficiently control the corrosive sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB), the main precursor of the microbial influenced corrosion (MIC) in oil industry, the ability of Trichoderma longibrachiatumDSMZ 16517 to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was investigated and their biocidal activity against halotolerant SRB was tested. METHODS AND RESULTS: The mycelial cell-free filtrate (MCFF) bioreduced the silver ions (Ag+ ) to their metallic nanoparticle state (Ag0 ), which was presumptively indicated by the appearance of a dark brown suspension and confirmed by the characteristic absorbance of AgNPs at Ê422nm . One-factor-at-a-time technique was used to optimize the effect of temperature, time, pH, fungal biomass and silver nitrate concentrations, stirring rates and dark effect. The dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis revealed average AgNPs size and zeta potential values of 17·75 nm and -26·8 mV, respectively, indicating the stability of the prepared AgNPs. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern assured the crystallinity of the mycosynthesized AgNPs, with an average size of 61 nm. The field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) showed nonagglomerated spherical, triangular and cuboid AgNPs ranging from 5 to 11 ± 0·5 nm. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis of the mycosynthesized AgNPs affirmed the role of MCFF as a reducing and capping agent. A preliminary suggested mechanism for mycosynthesis of AgNPs was elucidated. The mycosynthesized AgNPs expressed high biocidal activity against a halotolerant planktonic mixed culture of SRB. The HRTEM analysis showed a clear evidence of an alteration in cell morphology, a disruption of SRB cell membranes, a lysis in cell wall and a cytoplasmic extraction after treatment with AgNPs. This confirmed the bactericidal effect of the mycosynthesized AgNPs. CONCLUSION: The biocidal activity of the mycosynthesized AgNPs against halotolerant planktonic SRB makes it an attractive option to control MIC in the petroleum industry. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This research provides a helpful insight into the development of a new mycosynthesized biocidal agent against the corrosive sulphate-reducing bacteria.
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Antibacterianos/metabolismo , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Bacterias/efectos de los fármacos , Nanopartículas del Metal/química , Plata/metabolismo , Plata/farmacología , Sulfatos/metabolismo , Trichoderma/metabolismo , Antibacterianos/química , Bacterias/metabolismo , Microscopía Electrónica de Transmisión , Oxidación-Reducción , Plata/química , Cloruro de Sodio/metabolismo , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de Fourier , Trichoderma/química , Trichoderma/genética , Difracción de Rayos XRESUMEN
AIMS: Since mycosynthesis of metal nanoparticles (NPs) is advertised as a promising and ecofriendly approach. Thus, this study aims to investigate the capability of Aspergillus brasiliensis ATCC 16404 for mycosynthesis of silver NPs (AgNPs). METHODS AND RESULTS: One-factor-at-a-time-technique was used to study the effect of different physicochemical parameters: the reaction time, pH, temperature, different stirring rates, illumination, and finally, the different concentrations of silver nitrate and fungal biomass on the mycosynthesis of AgNPs. The visual observation showed the characteristic brown colour formation due to the bioreduction of Ag+ ions to Ag0 by the mycelial cell-free filtrate (MCFF). The UV/visible spectrophotometric technique displayed a characteristic sharp peak at Ê440 confirming the mycosynthesis of AgNPs. The zeta potential value -16·7 mV assured the long-term stability of AgNPs and the dynamic light scattering analysis revealed good dispersion and average particle size 77 nm. The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy displayed a maximum elemental distribution of silver elements. The X-ray diffraction spectroscopy demonstrated the crystallinity of the mycosynthesized AgNPs. The field emission scanning electron microscope and high-resolution transmission electron microscope revealed monodispersed spherical shaped AgNPs with average particle size of 6-21 nm. The FTIR analysis showed the major peaks of proteins providing the possible role of MCFF in the synthesis and stabilization of the AgNPs. The mycosynthesized AgNPs expressed good biocidal activity against different pathogenic micro-organisms causing some water-related diseases and health problems to local residents. CONCLUSIONS: This study proved that A. brasiliensis ATCC 16404 MCFF has good potential for mycosynthesis of AgNPs, which exhibited good antimicrobial effect on different pathogenic micro-organisms; thus, it can be applied for water disinfection. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This research provides a helpful insight into the development of a new mycosynthesized antimicrobial agent.