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RESUMO Avaliou-se a eficácia do treinamento resistido (TR) na melhoria da capacidade funcional (CF) e na qualidade de vida (QV) de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC). Uma busca eletrônica foi realizada em bancos de dados (PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, LILACS e Cochrane), sem restrições de linguagem ou ano de publicação, utilizando como descritores "heart failure", "resistance training", "exercise tolerance", "quality of life", "fatigue", "dyspnea" e "muscle strength". Foram incluídos ensaios clínicos, com amostra composta por indivíduos com IC, classe funcional I, II ou III da New York Heart Association; idade média <65 anos, sedentários, clinicamente estáveis e farmacologicamente otimizados; com fração de ejeção (FE) <45% do predito. A intervenção deveria ser o TR exclusivo. A descrição dos aspectos metodológicos pelo risco de viés e uma metanálise com uma análise por subgrupo foram executados. Sete estudos foram incluídos para análise qualitativa. O nível de concordância (índice kappa - k) entre os pesquisadores foi k=0,74. A maioria dos estudos que avalia CF e QV mostrou aumento no VO2 pico (pico de consumo de oxigênio) e nas pontuações finais dos questionários de QV para o grupo de intervenção. Os resultados de CF possibilitaram uma metanálise, exibindo um aumento final de 0,52 (0,17-0,87) mL.kg-1.min-1 (mililitros.quilograma-1.minuto-1) no VO2 pico depois do TR, com baixa heterogeneidade. Contudo, limitações estatísticas e diversidade de intervenções foram evidenciadas após a análise por subgrupos. As limitações encontradas nos estudos selecionados ainda não permitem considerar o TR eficaz na melhoria da CF e da QV em pacientes com IC.

RESUMEN Se evalúo si el entrenamiento de resistencia (ER) es eficaz para mejorar la capacidad funcional (CF) y la calidad de vida (CV) de pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca (IC). Se buscó estudios en las bases de datos electrónicas (PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, LILACS y Cochrane), sin restricciones de idiomas o de años de publicación, empleando las siguientes palabras clave: "heart failure", "resistance training", "exercise tolerance", "quality of life", "fatigue", "dyspnea" y "muscle strength". Para un muestreo se incluyeron ensayos clínicos, con muestras formadas por sujetos con IC, clase funcional I, II o III de la New York Heart Association; un promedio de edad de <65 años, sedentarios, clínicamente estables y farmacológicamente optimizados; con fracción de eyección (FE) <45% del predicho. La intervención debería ser un ER exclusivo. Se realizaron la descripción de los marcos teóricos por el riesgo del sesgo y un metanálisis con un análisis por subgrupo. Se incluyeron siete estudios para analizarlos cualitativamente. El nivel de concordancia (el índice kappa) entre investigadores fue de k=0,74. La mayoría de los estudios que evalúan la CF y la CV develan un aumento en el VO2 pico (pico de consumo de oxígeno) y en los puntajes finales del cuestionario de la CV en el grupo intervención. Los resultados de la CF posibilitaron un metanálisis, que tuvo un aumento final de 0,52 (0,17-0,87) ml.kg-1.min-1 (mililitros.quilogramo-1.minuto-1) en el VO2 pico tras el ER, de baja heterogeneidad. Se observaron limitaciones estadísticas y de diversidad de intervenciones tras el análisis por subgrupos. Pero estas limitaciones no permiten todavía considerar que el ER es eficaz para mejorar la CF y la CV en los pacientes con IC.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of resistance training (RT) on the improvement of functional capacity (FC) and quality of life (QOL) in heart failure (HF) patients. An electronic search was performed in databases (PubMed/Medline, SCOPUS, Web of Science, CINAHL, Lilacs, and Cochrane), without restrictions of language or year of publication, using the following keywords: heart failure, resistance training, exercise tolerance, quality of life, fatigue, dyspnea, and muscle strength. Clinical trials were included, with a sample composed of individuals with HF in the functional classes I, II, or III of the New York Heart Association; with average age < 65; sedentary; clinically stable and pharmacologically optimized; with ejection fraction (EF) < 45% of the predicted. The intervention should be the exclusive RT. We described the methodological aspects by the bias risk and a meta-analysis with subgroup analysis. Seven studies were included for qualitative analysis. The agreement (Kappa index - k) between researchers was k=0.74. Most studies that assess FC and QOL showed increase in VO2 max (maximal oxygen consumption) and in the final scores of the QOL questionnaires for the intervention group. The results of FC enabled a meta-analysis, showing a final increase of 0.52 (0.17-0.87) ml×kg−1×min−1 (milliliters×kilogram−1×min−1) in the VO2 max after RT, with low heterogeneity. However, statistical limitations and diversity of interventions were evidenced after the analysis by subgroups. The limitations found in the selected studies still do not allow considering RT effective in improving FC and QOL in HF patients.

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AIM: This research aims to analyze the acute effect of incremental inspiratory loads on respiratory pattern and on the predominant activity frequency of inspiratory muscle, taking into account differences in gender responses. Optoelectronic Plethysmography was performed during loads in 39 healthy subjects (20 women), placing 89 markers on the thoracic-abdominal wall to obtain total and regional volumes. Surface electromyography (SEMG) was taken simultaneously on the Sternocleidomastoid and Diaphragm muscles, to calculate the predominant muscle activity frequency through wavelet analysis. Inspiratory loads were performed using Threshold(®)with 2 min of breathing at different levels, ranging from a load of 10 cmH(2)O plus 5 cmH(2)O to 40 cmH(2)O or fatigue. RESULTS: Inspiratory Time increased during loads. Total and compartmental volumes increased with different regions, changing at different loads. These changes in volume occur earlier in women (20 cmH(2)O) than in men (30 cmH(2)O). The predominant activity frequency of Sternocleidmastoid muscle decreased at 30 cmH(2)O, while Diaphragm activity decreased at 40 cmH(2)O. CONCLUSION: The acute effects of incremental inspiratory loads are increases of total and regional volumes and inspiratory time. As for muscle activity, the predominant activity frequency declined in Sternocleidomastoid and Diaphragm muscles, but at different loads. Such respiratory and SEMG patterns and gender differences should be considered when clinical interventions are performed.

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Were evaluated individuals divided into two groups: we studied chronic heart failure (CHF) (19 patients with CHF plus cardiomegaly) and control (12 healthy volunteers) during performance of inspiratory loaded breathing (ILB). We evaluated: spirometry, functional capacity through the six-minute walk test (6MWT), and distribution of thoracoabdominal volumes via optoelectronic plethysmography (OEP), namely volume variations of pulmonary rib cage (Vrc,p), abdominal rib cage (Vrc,a), and abdomen (Vab). In each compartment, the percentage contributions of right and left sides were also calculated. During ILB, patients with heart failure were characterized by a significant reduction of the Vrc,a volume variations compared to the control group. Correlations were found between left %Vrc,a on the left side measured during ILB and left ventricular ejection fraction (r=0.468; p=0.049), and dyspnea after the 6MWT (r=-0.878; p<0.01).Then, patients with CHF and cardiomegaly are characterized by a reduced mobility in left part of the lower part of the rib cage, that contributes leading to increased perception of dyspnea during submaximal exercise.

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OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were to determine reference values for sniff nasal inspiratory pressure (SNIP) and to propose reference equations for the population of Brazil. METHODS: We evaluated 243 healthy individuals (111 males and 132 females), between 20 and 80 years of age, with an FVC and FEV1/FVC ratio > 80% and > 85% of the predicted value, respectively. All of the subjects underwent respiratory muscle strength tests to determine MIP, MEP, and SNIP. RESULTS: We found that SNIP values were higher in males than in females (p < 0.05) and that SNIP correlated negatively with age, for males (r = -0.29; p < 0.001) and for females (r = -0.33; p < 0.0001). Linear regression also revealed that age influenced the predicted SNIP, for males (R² = 0.09) and females (R² = 0.10). We obtained predicted SNIP values that were higher than those obtained for other populations. CONCLUSIONS: We have devised predictive equations for SNIP to be used in adults (20-80 years of age) in Brazil. These equations could help minimize diagnostic discrepancies among individuals.

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