RESUMEN
In India and some of the African countries, one of the unconventional meats receiving the latest attention in meat adulteration is camel meat. So, the objective of this study was to develop a species-specific PCR based on mitochondrial cytochrome b (CYTB) gene and a PCR-RFLP assay of mitochondrial 12S rRNA to identify camel meat in suspected samples. Known sample of camel meat, samples suspected to be from illegally slaughtered camel and known samples of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, pork and chicken were used in the study. DNA were extracted from all samples following spin column method and PCR amplification were carried out using both CYTB and 12S rRNA gene primers. The CYTB gene amplification produced amplicon with a size of 435 bp without any non-specific spurious amplification towards other species studied. Further, the 12S rRNA PCR products were analysed both by sequencing and by RFLP using enzyme AluI. On BLAST analysis the 448 bp sequence obtained from suspected samples showed > 99% sequence homology to previously reported Camelus dromedaries (accession no: AM 9369251.1). On AluI digestion of the 448 bp product from both known and suspected camel samples, a specific RFLP pattern with three distinct products of 90, 148 and 210 bp size were evident, which were significantly different from the pattern of cattle, sheep, goat, chicken and buffalo. Further, after in-house validation, this cost effective and rapid method of camel meat identification is placed into practice for regular screening of vetero-legal samples in the lab.
RESUMEN
A series of 5-nitrofuran-triazole conjugates were synthesized and evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. All the compounds exhibited promising inhibition towards Gram-positive pathogenic strains, while mild inhibitory effects were observed towards Gram-negative bacterial strains. Some of the compounds 8a, 8b, 8e, 8f, 8h are most active among the series exhibiting MIC value of 1.17 µg/ml against different bacterial strains. The bactericidal activity is found to be in accordance with the bacterial growth inhibition data. Compound 8e was found to be equipotent to the standard drug Ciprofloxacin displaying MBC value of 1.17 µg/ml against the bacterial strain Bacillus subtilis. The compounds have also demonstrated promising antibacterial activity against the resistant strain MRSA and were found to be effective inhibitors of biofilm formation. The compound 8b exhibited excellent anti-biofilm activity with IC50 value as low as 0.8 µg/ml. These conjugates were also screened for antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strain. Compound 8e showed promising antitubercular activity with MIC value of 0.25 µg/ml. Most of these compounds are less toxic to normal mammalian cells than the widely used antibacterial drug Ciprofloxacin.
Asunto(s)
Antituberculosos/síntesis química , Antituberculosos/farmacología , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/efectos de los fármacos , Nitrofuranos/química , Triazoles/química , Triazoles/farmacología , Animales , Antibacterianos/síntesis química , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antibacterianos/toxicidad , Línea Celular , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Chlorocebus aethiops , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Bacterias Gramnegativas/efectos de los fármacos , Bacterias Grampositivas/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Conformación Molecular , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
UNLABELLED: Hypnea musciformis red seaweed is popularly known to produce carrageenan was collected from the Gulf of Mannar, India. Strain HMGM-7 [MTCC 11712] was isolated from the surface of this seaweed, which was capable of producing an extracellular black-coloured polymeric pigment. Based on phenotypic characterization and 16S rDNA sequencing, the strain HMGM-7 was identified as Pseudomonas stutzeri. Biophysical characterization by UV-visible, FT-IR, EPR and XRD spectroscopic studies confirmed the pigment as melanin. Further chemical characterization showed that it was acid-resistant, alkali-soluble and alkali-insoluble in most of the organic solvents and distilled water. To our knowledge, this is a first report on a marine Pseudomonas stutzeri strain producing significant amounts of melanin of about 6·7 g l(-1) without L-tyrosine supplementation in the sea-water production medium. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This investigation reports a marine Pseudomonas stutzeri strain HMGM-7 [MTCC 11712] that produces significant quantities of melanin (6·7 g l(-1) ) in sea-water medium without the supplementation of L-tyrosine. The confirmation of the produced melanin was carried out by various chemical and physical characterization studies. The isolated melanin may find potential application for use in cosmetic and/or pharmaceutical industries.