RESUMEN
The main goal of crossbreeding Holstein-Friesian (HF) cows with bulls of other dairy or combined breeds is to improve their performance traits. Thus, the aim of this investigation was to compare the dairy performance traits of first generation crossbreds produced by crossbreeding Polish HF cows with bulls of other breeds (Norman, Norwegian Red, Danish Red, Brown Swiss, Montbeliarde, and Simmental). This was done by analyzing the fatty acid profile and technological quality of the milk from these first generation crossbreds. The investigation showed that crossbreeding greatly influenced the performance parameters and technological quality of the milk of the first generation crossbreds obtained from crossbreeding Polish HF cows with bulls of other dairy or combined breeds. The crossbreed cows characterized by the highest both quantity and quality of milk. Also, the best parameters of milk fat dispersion (that is, the highest values of these parameters) that are useful in the production of hard ripening cheeses and butter were found in the milk of crossbreed cows. Health beneficially, saturated fatty acids level in milk of crossbreeds was by 25.96% lower in crossbreds milk when compared to purebred cows. The most beneficial content of whey proteins was found in the milk of Polish HF and Norwegian Red crosses, where it was 19.04% higher than in pure breed Holsteins. F1 cows tend to express better functional traits than Holstein (PHF) cows. Effect of heterosis was larger and gave better results when there was a greater genetic distance between the animals used for crossbreeding. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The effects of heterosis are opposite to the effects of inbreeding depression, and it extends the lifespan and use of animals as well as improves their fertility and health. The main goal of crossbreeding Holstein-Friesian cows with bulls of other dairy or combined breeds is to improve their performance traits. F1 cows tend to express better functional traits than Holstein (PHF) cows. Effect of heterosis was larger and gave better results when there was a greater genetic distance between the animals used for crossbreeding.
Asunto(s)
Industria Lechera , Calidad de los Alimentos , Hibridación Genética , Leche/química , Animales , Bovinos , Queso/análisis , Grasas de la Dieta/análisis , Ácidos Grasos/análisis , Femenino , Fertilidad , Lactosa/análisis , Masculino , Proteínas de la Leche/análisis , Fenotipo , Proteína de Suero de Leche/análisisRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine the influence of polymorphic variants of ß-lactoglobulin in cows supplemented with linseed and fish oil on the fatty acid composition and antioxidant capacity of milk. From the herd of 320 Polish Holstein Friesian cows three groups of cows were selected according to the variants of ß-LG (ß-LGAA, ß-LGBB, ß-LGAB). During the first 7 days (the initial period) all the cows were fed the same total mixed ration (TMR) diet. From day 8 to 28,150 g fish oil and 250 g linseed (FOL) was added to the TMR diet of each cow. RESULTS: The results showed that the diet supplemented with FOL was effective in reducing atherogenic and thrombogenic indices. Introducing supplementation improved the antioxidant capacity: higher concentration of C18:2cis-9 trans-11, C20:5 n-3, C22:6 n-3, bioactive whey proteins and vitamin soluble in fat has been recorded. The results showed that ß-LGAA was associated with lower levels of atherogenic and thrombogenic indices and higher concentration of C22:5 n-6, phospholipids and ß-carotene. ß-LGBB favours a higher content of C18:1trans-11, C18:2cis-9 trans-11 and lactoferrin. ß-LGAB was associated with higher concentrations of C20:5 n-3, Lysozyme, α-retinol, α-tocopherol and total antioxidant status. CONCLUSION: Modification of the diet of cows with fish oil and linseed significantly influenced fatty acid composition and antioxidant properties of milk. The effect of ß-LG phenotype on the fatty acid composition and antioxidant capacity of milk is variable, which could partly be the result of a ß-LG phenotype × diet interaction.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/química , Bovinos/fisiología , Ácidos Grasos/química , Aceites de Pescado/farmacología , Lactoglobulinas/metabolismo , Aceite de Linaza/farmacología , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los Animales , Animales , Dieta/veterinaria , Suplementos Dietéticos , Femenino , Aceites de Pescado/administración & dosificación , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Variación Genética , Lactoglobulinas/genética , Aceite de Linaza/administración & dosificación , Leche/químicaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to determine the impact of fish oil and linseed (FOL) supplements on the protein fraction levels of milk from cows with different phenotypes of ß-lactoglobulin. RESULTS: After 21 days of supplementation the study showed significantly higher concentrations of whey proteins, especially lysozyme (144% increase) and lactoferrin (45.5% increase), compared with milk from control cows (total mixed ration with no supplemented FOL). A reverse trend was demonstrated for casein, casein index and casein number (lower level). The most favourable change (higher level), in terms of lactoferrin, α-lactalbumin and bovine serum albumin contents in milk, was recorded in cows with the BB variant of ß-lactoglobulin. The highest level of lysozyme was recorded in the milk of cows with the AB variant of ß-lactoglobulin. CONCLUSION: The combined supplementation of fish oil and linseed had a positive impact on whey proteins in cow's milk. In addition, the phenotype of ß-lactoglobulin also played a role in milk protein composition. There is therefore a clear indication that nutritional experiments should take into account not only food supplements but also the genetic variants of ß-lactoglobulin.
Asunto(s)
Suplementos Dietéticos , Aceites de Pescado/farmacología , Lactoglobulinas/genética , Aceite de Linaza/farmacología , Proteínas de la Leche/genética , Leche/química , Fenotipo , Animales , Caseínas/genética , Caseínas/metabolismo , Bovinos , Grasas de la Dieta/farmacología , Femenino , Lino/química , Humanos , Lactalbúmina/genética , Lactalbúmina/metabolismo , Lactoferrina/genética , Lactoferrina/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Leche/metabolismo , Muramidasa/genética , Muramidasa/metabolismo , Albúmina Sérica/genética , Albúmina Sérica/metabolismo , Proteína de Suero de LecheRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to examine the influence of linseed variety on the concentration of cow's milk constituents, particularly fatty acids. The experiment was conducted on 30 Polish Holstein Friesian cows whose diet was supplemented with two varieties of crude linseed, Opal and Szafir. RESULTS: After 21 days of linseed supplementation, the Szafir variety proved to be a better supplement than the Opal variety, particularly in relation to the concentration of saturated fatty acids, C20:5 (69.2% higher) and C22:6 (147.1% higher) and also because of improved chemical composition of the milk (19.7% higher fat, 2.9% higher protein and 39.9% higher casein content). CONCLUSION: Linseed variety significantly influenced the lipid fraction level and the basic chemical composition of cow's milk. Linseed variety should therefore be taken into consideration in subsequent experiments in addition to the quantity and physical form of linseed. The results showed that the use of a diet supplemented with linseed, especially the Szafir variety, was effective in reducing saturation, atherogenic and thrombogenic indices, yielding benefits for consumers by improving the nutritional quality of cow's milk.
Asunto(s)
Dieta/veterinaria , Grasas Insaturadas en la Dieta/análisis , Ácidos Grasos/análisis , Lino/química , Proteínas de la Leche/análisis , Leche/química , Semillas/química , Animales , Animales Endogámicos , Aterosclerosis/prevención & control , Caseínas/análisis , Caseínas/biosíntesis , Bovinos , Grasas Insaturadas en la Dieta/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos/biosíntesis , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/análisis , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos Omega-6/análisis , Ácidos Grasos Omega-6/metabolismo , Femenino , Humanos , Lactancia/metabolismo , Leche/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Leche/biosíntesis , Valor Nutritivo , Polonia , Trombosis/prevención & controlRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: So far, in research studies, the age of cows has not been considered as a factor that may influence the changes in the content of milk ingredients with antioxidant properties modified by the feed supplementation. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of supplementation on the content of ingredients having antioxidant properties and to determine the influence of the age of cows taking part in the experiment on these changes. The experiment was conducted using 20 Polish Holstein Friesian cows, 10 primiparous and 10 multiparous. The combined supplementation of fish oil and linseed constituted the experimental factor. RESULTS: The milk of primiparous cows after 21 days of supplementation was characterised by a higher content of C18:1 trans-11, C18:2 cis-9, trans-11, α-retinol, α-tocopherol and ß-lactoglobulin compared to the milk of multiparous cows, in which a higher level of lactoferrin, C20:5 and ß-carotene was recorded. In both groups an increase in the total antioxidant status was noted (a higher level in the milk of primiparous cows). CONCLUSIONS: Modification of the diet of cows with fish oil and linseed significantly influenced antioxidant properties of their milk; however, the response of multiparous and primaparous cows was noticeably different to the supplement introduced.