RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Concerns about sodium overload when using sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Na-resin) as an ion-exchange resin for the treatment of hyperkalemia led our institution to gradually shift to the use of calcium polystyrene sulfonate (Ca-resin). However, as serum potassium levels were insufficiently controlled and patients experienced constipation, we returned to using Na-resin and observed better results than previously. OBJECTIVE: As few papers have examined the potassium adsorption ability of Ca-resin compared with Na-resin, we investigated this issue within our institution. METHODS: We studied potassium adsorption in patients who switched from Ca-resin to an equivalent amount of Na-resin (change group). We also investigated the incidence of sodium loading with Na-resin, including in patients newly commencing Na-resin treatment (new start group). RESULTS: Mean (± standard deviation) serum potassium levels decreased significantly, from 5.5 ± 0.6 to 4.9 ± 0.6 mEq/l in the change group and from 5.9 ± 0.4 to 4.7 ± 0.6 mEq/l in the new start group. No changes were observed in blood pressure, weight gain or serum sodium levels in the change group, but serum sodium levels in the new start group increased significantly, from 137.4 ± 2.3 to 139.0 ± 2.5 mEq/l, although they remained within the normal range. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that Na-resin exhibited an advantage in treating hyperkalemia when used in small amounts. However, when prescribing an ion-exchange resin at a higher dose, physicians should select the type and amount of resin according to the sodium and/or calcium load in each case.
Asunto(s)
Hiperpotasemia/terapia , Poliestirenos/uso terapéutico , Diálisis Renal , Administración Oral , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Poliestirenos/administración & dosificación , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Sarcoidosis is caused by Th1-type immune responses to unknown agents, and is linked to the infectious agent Propionibacterium acnes. Many strains of P. acnes isolated from sarcoid lesions cause intracellular infection and autophagy may contribute to the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis. We examined whether P. acnes induces autophagy. METHODS: Three cell lines from macrophages (Raw264.7), mesenchymal cells (MEF), and epithelial cells (HeLa) were infected by viable or heat-killed P. acnes (clinical isolate from sarcoid lymph node) at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 100 or 1000 for 1 h. Extracellular bacteria were killed by washing and culturing infected cells with antibiotics. Samples were examined by colony assay, electron-microscopy, and fluorescence-microscopy with anti-LC3 and anti-LAMP1 antibodies. Autophagy-deficient (Atg5-/-) MEF cells were also used. RESULTS: Small and large (≥5 µm in diameter) LC3-positive vacuoles containing few or many P. acnes cells (LC3-positive P. acnes) were frequently found in the three cell lines when infected by viable P. acnes at MOI 1000. LC3-positive large vacuoles were mostly LAMP1-positive. A few small LC3-positive/LAMP1-negative vacuoles were consistently observed in some infected cells for 24 h postinfection. The number of LC3-positive P. acnes was decreased at MOI 100 and completely abolished when heat-killed P. acnes was used. LC3-positive P. acnes was not found in autophagy-deficient Atg5-/- cells where the rate of infection was 25.3 and 17.6 times greater than that in wild-type Atg5+/+ cells at 48 h postinfection at MOI 100 and 1000, respectively. Electron-microscopic examination revealed bacterial cells surrounded mostly by a single-membrane including the large vacuoles and sometimes a double or multi-layered membrane, with occasional undigested bacterial cells in ruptured late endosomes or in the cytoplasm. CONCLUSION: Autophagy was induced by intracellular P. acnes infection and contributed to intracellular bacterial killing as an additional host defense mechanism to endocytosis or phagocytosis.
Asunto(s)
Células Epiteliales/citología , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/patología , Macrófagos/citología , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/citología , Propionibacterium acnes/patogenicidad , Sarcoidosis/microbiología , Animales , Autofagia , Proteína 5 Relacionada con la Autofagia/deficiencia , Células Epiteliales/microbiología , Células Epiteliales/patología , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/metabolismo , Células HeLa , Humanos , Proteína 1 de la Membrana Asociada a los Lisosomas/metabolismo , Macrófagos/microbiología , Macrófagos/patología , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/microbiología , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/patología , Ratones , Proteínas Asociadas a Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Modelos Biológicos , Células RAW 264.7 , Sarcoidosis/metabolismo , Sarcoidosis/patología , Vacuolas/metabolismo , Vacuolas/ultraestructuraRESUMEN
Thirteen patients, who received parathyroidectomy within 5 years after the initiation of hemodialysis, were discussed on their clinical characteristics and their prognoses. 204 patients received the first parathyroidectomy due to secondary hyperparathyroidism in our department, 13 of which were selected on dialysis duration. 9 patients were female and origin of CRF were analgesics-induced interstitial nephritis in 2 and prune-belly syndrome in 1. There were 2 patients who suffered from renal disease more than 30 years. Concomitant primary hyperparathyroidism was suspected in 1 case. In all cases, PTx achieved adequate control of 2HPT after the operation.
Asunto(s)
Hiperparatiroidismo Secundario/cirugía , Paratiroidectomía , Diálisis Renal , Adulto , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Many flowers have coevolved with their pollinator animals. Gravity has been one of selection pressure for the evolution of flowers. Gravity rules morphology and other features of flowers in many aspects. Pair matching between the flower and its specific pollinator is one of factors that determine the fitness of both sides. Evolution of flower morphology and its molecular basis are reviewed briefly. Anemophilous flowers are also under the influence of gravity. Shape and other features of entomophilous flowers have been highly diversed. Gravitropic response and its mechanism are summarized. Recent findings on gravitropism and phototropism of pistils and stamens are presented in this article.
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Flores/crecimiento & desarrollo , Gravitación , Gravitropismo/fisiología , Fenómenos Fisiológicos de las Plantas , Evolución Biológica , Fototropismo , PolenRESUMEN
When the four-week-old woody stem of Prunus jamasakura was grown under simulated microgravity condition on a three-dimensional clinostat, it bent at growth, and width of its secondary xylem decreased due to the reduction of fiber cell numbers and a smaller microfibril angle in the secondary cell wall, as reported in our previous paper. Gravity induces the development of the secondary xylem that supports the stem upward against the action of gravity. In this study, morphological changes of the tissues and cells were microscopically observed. Disorder was found in the concentric structure of tissues that organize the stem. The radial arrangement of the cells was also disturbed in the secondary xylem, and in the secondary phloem secondary cell walls of the bast fiber cells were undeveloped. These findings suggest that differentiation and development of the secondary xylem and the bast fiber cells are strongly controlled by terrestrial gravity. These tissue and cells functions to support the stem under the action of gravity. Furthermore, clinorotation induced disorder in the straight joint of vessel elements and the lattice-like structure of radial parenchyma cells, which is responsible for water transportation and storage, respectively. Gravity is an essential factor for keeping the division and differentiation normal in woody stem.
Asunto(s)
Gravitropismo/fisiología , Tallos de la Planta/ultraestructura , Prunus/fisiología , Prunus/ultraestructura , Simulación de Ingravidez , Pared Celular/fisiología , Gravitación , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Tallos de la Planta/citología , Prunus/citología , Rotación , Plantones/citología , Plantones/fisiología , Plantones/ultraestructuraRESUMEN
This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the diameters of the auditory and eighth cranial nerves and improvements in post-implant performance. Twenty prelingually deafened children (aged from 2.0 to 6.0 years) who received the Nucleus 24 cochlear implant participated in this study. All subjects had used their implant for at least 1 year after device connection. The diameters of cochlear and eighth cranial nerves were retrospectively measured on preoperative T2-weighted axial magnetic resonance image (MRI). In 17 of 20 subjects, the cochlear and eighth cranial nerves could be identified on MRI. The mean diameter of the cochlear and eighth cranial nerves were 0.9 +/- 0.2 mm and 1.2 +/- 0.3 mm, respectively. In the remaining three subjects, the cochlear and eighth cranial nerves could not be identified on MRI. These three subjects had significantly lower scores in the Infant-Toddler-Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale (IT-MAIS) than the other 17 subjects at 12 months post-implant. There was no significant correlation among the maximal diameters of the nerves and age, ECAP thresholds and IT-MAIS scores. A sufficient outcome from cochlear implantation can be expected when cochlear and eighth cranial nerves are depicted on MRI, regardless of the nerve diameters.
Asunto(s)
Implantes Cocleares , Nervio Coclear/patología , Sordera/terapia , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Análisis de Varianza , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Estudios Retrospectivos , Resultado del Tratamiento , Nervio Vestibulococlear/patologíaRESUMEN
This study investigated changes in long-term cochlear implant MAPs (values of the program to stimulate electrodes) in children, and examined whether there were significant differences between children and adults. Ten prelingually deafened children (aged from 2.7 to 7.8 years) who received the Nucleus 22 cochlear implant at Kyoto University between 1996 and 1998 participated in this study. Behavioral thresholds (T levels) and maximal comfortable levels (C levels) were evaluated at 3 months post-implant, and then every 6 months up to 4 years. Ten adult cochlear implant users were also evaluated as a control group. All subjects had used their implant for at least 4 years after device connection. All prelingually deafened children demonstrated slower but continuous improvements in speech perception and production abilities during the test period. T levels became stable at 30 months post-implant in children and at 24 months post-implant in adults. C levels became stable at 6 months post-implant in children and within 3 months post-implant in adults. In conclusion, T levels of prelingually deafened children became stabilized 30 months post-implant, while C levels stabilized 6 months post-implant. MAPs of prelingually deafened children were stabilized 30 months post-implant, which was longer than that in adult cochlear implant users.
Asunto(s)
Implantes Cocleares , Sordera/terapia , Percepción del Habla , Adulto , Anciano , Análisis de Varianza , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Medición de la Producción del Habla , Factores de Tiempo , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Eight-year-old Metasequoia glyptostroboides seedlings were tilted at a 45 degrees angle to induce compression-wood formation on the lower side of the stems. After 2 weeks of treatment, half of the seedlings were sampled and the remaining half were tilted to the opposite orientation to exchange the upper and lower sides and were kept for 2 more weeks until sampled. Cambium-emitted ethylene was analyzed by gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection. Endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) was measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Tracheid production and compression-wood formation were determined by light microscopy. Anatomical studies showed that tracheid production was promoted and compression-wood tracheids always developed on the gravitationally lower side of tilted stems in both the original tilting and the subsequent reverse-tilting periods. These were accompanied by an increase in IAA content in and an accelerated ethylene-evolution rate from the cambial region of the same side.
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Cupressaceae/química , Etilenos/química , Gravitropismo , Ácidos Indolacéticos/química , Fenómenos Fisiológicos de las Plantas , Evolución Biológica , Cupressaceae/fisiología , MaderaRESUMEN
This study investigated the texts attributed to Manase Gensaku (1549-1631, the second Mamase Dosan), successor to the first Manase Dosan (1507-1594). The investigation yielded the following results:(1) "Saiminki," "Sankyoshiyo Bassui" and "Iden Fukyuroku," said to have been authored by Manase Gensaku, constitute the first Manase Dosan's works. Manase Gensaku is thought to have revised "Saiminki," recompiled "Sankyoshiyo Bassui," and published "Iden Fukyuroku."(2) Manase Gensaku's medical writings, "Denshin Hoho," "Keitokuho" and "Jozanho," have the same contents.(3) Late in his life, Manase Gensaku wrote the pharmaceutical volumes, "Kyushin Zappo," "Iho Joboku" and "Iho Kenko." These books described pharmaceuticals that were described by Manase Dosan, as well as pharmaceuticals that were being developed at that time.(4) "Iho Meikan," the most important work of Manase Gensaku, contains descriptions of almost all of the pharmaceuticals described by the first Manase Dosan.(5) The principal aim of Manase Gensaku was the production of straightforward, compact and convenient medical texts that could be used by clinicians. This was because most of Manase Dosan's medical texts were too extensive to be useful for practicing clinicians of the time.(6) In addition to working on aspects of internal medicine investigated by Manase Dosan, Manase Gensaku made radical improvements in disciplines such as materia medica, regimens, acupuncture and moxibustion.
Asunto(s)
Médicos/historia , Libros de Texto como Asunto , Historia del Siglo XVI , Historia del Siglo XVII , JapónRESUMEN
Interactions between organisms and species have been long known. It has not been known that the interactive phenomena (allelopathy) may (or may not) differ in space from those on earth. We have studied the gravitational effects on allelopathy by exposing a plant-plant system to pseudo-microgravity, which was generated by a 3D-clinostat. We hypothesized that allelopathy would be modified under altered gravity. L-DOPA (L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) is known to be the major substance in the allelopathy of velvet bean, released from its root. It has been found that there have been some differences of the allelopathic action of velvet bean plant under pseudo-microgravity. Biosynthesis, release, transport and sensing mechanism associated with allelopathy might be affected by gravity.
Asunto(s)
Levodopa/biosíntesis , Mucuna/metabolismo , Feromonas/biosíntesis , Simulación de Ingravidez , Raíces de Plantas/metabolismo , RotaciónRESUMEN
Form of plant body shows vertical polarity. Photosynthetic organs deploy upwards to seek light. Root system extends downward for water. In addition to this major polarity, flowers has similar features, because they bloom in the world where up and down asymmetry dominates. Many flowering plants co-evolved with pollinator animals. Success of their reproduction is linked to the shape of flower organs in many ways. Orientation of inflorescence and each individual flowers, arrangement and shape of flower organs exhibit various up and down asymmetry. Some flowers mimic female of its pollinator animal. In such case, posture of the target animal is copied to the flower. Since animal posture and shape have vertical polarity, flower happens to equip same kind of polarity. Tropic response of pistils is another up and down feature that improves fitness of flowering plants. Certain lily flowers show phototropism to bend pistil upward. Azalea flower depends on gravity as the major environmental cue, and light as the secondary signal for up. Molecular machinery for those tropic responses seems to be shared with other tropism expressed in shoot and root. However, certain differences are found in distribution of sediment amyloplast, or spatial allocation of photo-sensing and bending site. Tropic responses result in adaptation of those flowers against behavior of pollinator animals and terrestrial environment, where gravity affects living organisms and interaction among them.
Asunto(s)
Flores/crecimiento & desarrollo , Gravitación , Gravitropismo/fisiología , Fenómenos Fisiológicos de las Plantas , Evolución Biológica , Flores/genética , Lilium/genética , Lilium/crecimiento & desarrollo , Fototropismo , Polen , Selección Genética , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
We have been studied the weeping habit of Japanese flowering cherry tree in the field of Tama Forest Science Garden, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute at the foot of Mt. Takao. Since cherry trees at various age were the materials for our plant physiology experiments, our studies were conducted in the fields where we experienced certain difficulties. Even under such difficult environment that was rather unexpected and uncontrollable, we could obtain fruitful results on the growth of cherry tree, and found them scientifically significant, especially in terms of biological effects of gravity on earth. Moreover an interesting interaction of cherry tree with various kinds of birds was also observed.
Asunto(s)
Giberelinas/farmacología , Sensación de Gravedad/fisiología , Tallos de la Planta/efectos de los fármacos , Prunus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Prunus/fisiología , Fenómenos Biomecánicos , Gravitación , Prunus/efectos de los fármacos , Rotación , Simulación de IngravidezRESUMEN
Flower shape shows up and down features in many cases. Pistils of lily flower, Lilium cv. 'Casablanca', bend upward by sensing exclusively light. There found no sediment amyloplast in pistil corresponding to the absence of gravitropism. Fine granules of amyloplast disappear from pistil and tepal after opening of flower, except stomatal guard cells distributed on their epidermis. Bending of pistil caused by phototropism occurs when rate of its local elongation passes maximum and decreases. Elongation of pistil starts from its basal part close to ovary, and propagate toward distal tip afterwards. Bending of pistil follows this propagation. Because of this feature, curvature of pistil tends to be rather steep at the basal part. From spot irradiation experiment, site of sensing light was found not spatially separated by twice of diameter from site of bending.
Asunto(s)
Flores/crecimiento & desarrollo , Flores/efectos de la radiación , Lilium/efectos de la radiación , Fototropismo/fisiología , Gravitropismo , Brotes de la Planta/efectos de la radiación , Plastidios/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens L.) has been found that the degree of suppression on the lettuce root growth by velvet bean was less on the 3D-clinorotation. The number and growth of adventitious root in velvet bean differed among the clinostated and control group. L-DOPA (L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) is known to be the major substance in the allelopathy of velvet bean plant, released from its root. Since L-DOPA is a precursor of melanin pigment, and is easily converted to melanin by oxidation, locality of L-DOPA production in the plant body can be seen through pigmentation. The amount of L-DOPA was analyzed by HPLC and LC-ESI/MS. The distribution of L-DOPA in the root was different among the ground control condition and pseudo-microgravity.
Asunto(s)
Lactuca/efectos de los fármacos , Lactuca/crecimiento & desarrollo , Levodopa/metabolismo , Mucuna/metabolismo , Feromonas/farmacología , Simulación de Ingravidez , Gravitación , Levodopa/aislamiento & purificación , Mucuna/crecimiento & desarrollo , Feromonas/aislamiento & purificación , Feromonas/metabolismo , Raíces de Plantas/crecimiento & desarrollo , RotaciónRESUMEN
The flying birds to cherry tree, Prunus campanulata, are well known. However since their relationship has not yet been examined, then the present study elucidated their relationship at Tama Forestry and Forest Product Research Institute. The observation of flying birds was carried out on their species, number, attitude and visiting time, with naked eye, a video camera, and a camera from the blind. The observations were carried out every 15 minutes during 5 to 12 hours per day. The efflorescence grade was divided into 4 stages. Bulbul visited most frequently to the tree among visiting birds, on the other hand white-eye visited hardly due to the disturbance by bulbul. The nectar grade gradually increased together with the efflorescence grade, then reached 30% at the 4th stage.
Asunto(s)
Aves , Conducta Alimentaria , Flores/crecimiento & desarrollo , Prunus/fisiología , Animales , Conducta Animal , Japón , Periodicidad , PolenRESUMEN
The expressions of gibberellin (GA) biosynthetic gene in both of the upright and the weeping types of Japanese flowering cherry (Prunus spachiana) were investigated. A part of the GA 3-beta hydroxylase gene of Prunus spachiana (Ps3bhx), which synthesizes active GAs, were amplified by real-time RT-PCR technique. The accumulation of Ps3bhx mRNA in the weeping type were much more than that in the upright type.
Asunto(s)
Giberelinas/biosíntesis , Prunus/metabolismo , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , ADN de Plantas , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Genes de Plantas , Giberelinas/genética , Prunus/genética , Prunus/crecimiento & desarrollo , ARN Mensajero/análisis , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa InversaRESUMEN
Expressions of the gibberellin biosynthesis gene were investigated in a normal upright type and a gravi-response mutant, a weeping type of Japanese flowering cherry (Prunus spachiana), that is unable to support its own weight and elongates downward. A segment of the gibberellin 3 beta-hydroxylase cDNA of Prunus spachiana (Ps3ox), which is responsible for active gibberellin synthesis, was amplified by using real-time RT-PCR. The content of Ps3ox mRNA in the weeping type was much greater than that in the upright type, while the endogenous gibberellin level was much higher in the elongating zone of the weeping type. These results suggest that the amount and distribution of synthesized gibberellin regulate secondary xylem formation, and the unbalanced distribution of gibberellin affects the gravi-response of the Prunus tree.
Asunto(s)
Gravitropismo/fisiología , Oxigenasas de Función Mixta/metabolismo , Prunus/genética , Secuencia de Bases , ADN Complementario/análisis , ADN de Plantas , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Genes de Plantas , Giberelinas/análisis , Giberelinas/metabolismo , Oxigenasas de Función Mixta/análisis , Prunus/crecimiento & desarrollo , ARN Mensajero/análisis , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa InversaRESUMEN
The genealogy of children's sedatives such as Kio-gan and Kyumei-gan, which remain in use even today for pediatric conditions including convulsions and nocturnal crying, was traced and the significance of these formulas was investigated. In the Edo Era, pediatric formulas for five kinds of gan (infantile malnutrition) combined four prescriptions to treat individual symptoms of "re (heat) gan," "leng (cool) gan," "hui (helminth parasite) gan," and "ji (spinal) gan" into one prescription. In contrast, during and after the Meiji Era, pediatric formulas for these five kinds of gan have used only one prescription to treat "re (heat) gan". Moreover, these formulas have tended to use a greater proportion of components that are used to treat "re gan". From this information, it readily became apparent that : 1) Edo Era pediatric formulas for the five kinds of gan were intended to improve the physical condition of the children prone to the illness; and, 2) modern (Meiji Era) prescriptions were intended to alleviate the acute symptoms of gan.
Asunto(s)
Hipnóticos y Sedantes/historia , Niño , Fiebre/tratamiento farmacológico , Fiebre/historia , Helmintiasis/tratamiento farmacológico , Helmintiasis/historia , Historia del Siglo XVII , Historia del Siglo XVIII , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Hipnóticos y Sedantes/uso terapéutico , Lactante , Trastornos de la Nutrición del Lactante/tratamiento farmacológico , Trastornos de la Nutrición del Lactante/historia , Convulsiones/tratamiento farmacológico , Convulsiones/historiaRESUMEN
Pistil and stamen of lily flowers bend upward. Such tropic response at sensing external stimuli increases the success of pollination in these flowers and improve their adaptability. They do not bend under the dark, but toward light irradiated. From these observation, lily flowers is concluded that they equip phototropic mechanism to sense direction of incident light and control differential elongation of pistil and stamen. Action spectrum of light for this tropism was found similar to those for the phototropism shown in coleoptiles of monocotyledonous plants. Image analysis of pistil and stamen indicates that elongation and bending does not proceed uniformly over those organs. In the case of pistil, elongation starts at its basal part and propagates towards its top after opening of perianth. Steep bending occurs at the basal zone of pistil as long as differential incidence of light is given at its part.
Asunto(s)
Flores/crecimiento & desarrollo , Luz , Liliaceae/crecimiento & desarrollo , Fototropismo , Flores/efectos de la radiación , Gravitropismo , Liliaceae/efectos de la radiaciónRESUMEN
It has been reported that Japanese flowering cherry promotes the formation of tension wood in the upper side of the inclined stem, which induces the negative gravitropism. In the other hand, the plant under simulated micro-gravity conditions reduces the width of the secondary xylem and increases the density of the vessels, which means decreased the density of the fiber cells. The plant under simulated micro-gravity conditions showed that the inhibition of xylem development and the decreased supporting mechanism in the stem. In this study we examined that the effects of auxin and gibberellin in the plant under simulated micro-gravity conditions and inclined stimulus. The gibberellin treatment promotes the secondary xylem development under simulated microgravity conditions and inclined stimulus. The upper side of the inclined stem contents much higher levels of IAA and gibberellin A1(GA1) than the lower side of that.