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The lungs of a tamandua were examined on the basis of the scheme proposed for the fundamental structure of the bronchial ramification of the mammalian lung. The right lung has the dorsal, lateral, medial and ventral bronchiole systems, whereas the left lung has the dorsal, lateral and medial bronchiole systems. Three kinds of upper lobe bronchioles and a middle lobe bronchiole are present on both sides. In addition, the right lung has an accessory lobe bronchiole. The remaining bronchioles constitute the lower lobe on both sides. The right pulmonary artery runs obliquely across the ventral side of the tracheal bifurcation and reaches the ventral side of the origin of right upper lobe bronchiole III. It then runs along the right bronchus, between the dorsal and lateral bronchiole systems. The left pulmonary artery runs across the dorsal side of left upper lobe bronchiole III, and then follows the same course as that of the right pulmonary artery. The fact that the three upper lobe bronchioles are present on both sides supports the author's scheme for the fundamental structure of the bronchial ramification of the mammalian lung.

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The right lung of the Japanese badger (Meles meles anakuma) consists of the cranial, middle, caudal and accessory lobes. The left lung consists of the middle and caudal lobes. The Japanese badger has four bronchiole systems, dorsal, lateral, ventral and medial, on each side. The cranial lobe is formed by the first bronchiole of the dorsal bronchiole system. The middle lobe is formed by the first bronchiole of the lateral bronchiole system. The accessory lobe is formed by the first bronchiole of the ventral bronchiole system. The remaining bronchioles of the four bronchiole systems constitute the caudal lobe.

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According to the fundamental structure of the bronchial ramification of the mammalian lung proposed by the present author [5, 6], the lung of the striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleo-albus) consists of the cranial and caudal lobes on either side. Both lobes are united to form a single one. The middle and accessory lobe bronchioles are lacking on either side.

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Four nutria (Myocastor coypu) lungs were examined. The right lung consists of the upper, middle, lower and accessory lobes, whereas the left lung consists of the upper, middle and lower lobes. These lobes are completely separated, and the upper and middle lobes are particularly well developed on either side. Each lung has four bronchiole systems, i.e., dorsal, lateral, ventral and medial. The upper lobe is formed by the first bronchiole of the dorsal bronchiole system. The middle lobe is formed by the first bronchiole of the lateral bronchiole system. The accessory lobe is formed by the first bronchiole of the ventral bronchiole system. The remaining bronchioles of the four bronchiole systems constitute the lower lobe. The right and left pulmonary arteries run across the ventral side of the upper lobe bronchiole and then across the dorsal side of the middle lobe bronchiole. Thereafter the pulmonary arteries run along the dorsolateral side of the bronchi. During their course, pulmonary arteries give off branches running mainly along the lateral or dorsal side of each bronchiole. The pulmonary veins run mainly along the ventral or medial side of the bronchioles, and between them.

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In the lung of the cow (Holstein), the right and left bronchi have the dorsal, lateral, ventral and medial bronchiole systems, respectively. Furthermore, the right lung has a tracheal bronchiole (bronchus). From the standpoint of bronchial ramifications, a bilobed cranial lobe and the middle, caudal and accessory lobes can be discriminated in the right lung, whereas a bilobed middle lobe and a caudal lobe can be discriminated in the left lung. The left cranial lobe is lacking. The right pulmonary artery runs obliquely across the ventral side of the trachea caudally to the origin of the cranial lobe bronchiole. It then runs across the dorsal side of the right middle lobe bronchiole, and thereafter along the dorsolateral side of the right bronchus. During its course, it gives off arterial branches running mainly along the dorsal or lateral side of each bronchiole. The left pulmonary artery runs the same course as that in the right lung. The pulmonary veins run mainly along the ventral or medial side of the bronchiole.

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The pig lung has the dorsal, ventral, medial and lateral bronchiole systems on either side. In addition, a tracheal bronchiole (bronchus) arises from the right side of the trachea. According to the bronchial ramification, the right lung consists of the cranial, middle, caudal and accessory lobes, while the left lung consists of the bilobed middle and caudal lobes. The right and left pulmonary arteries run along the dorsolateral side of the right and left bronchi, respectively. During their course, these pulmonary arteries give off arterial branches running mainly along the dorsal or lateral side of each bronchiole. The pulmonary veins run mainly along the medial or ventral side of each bronchiole.

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The right lung of the dog consists of the cranial, middle, caudal and accessory lobes. The left lung consists of the bilobed middle and caudal lobes. These lobes are separated by interlobular fissures on either side. The dog lung has four bronchiole systems, dorsal, lateral, ventral and medial, on either side. The right cranial lobe is formed by the first bronchiole of the dorsal bronchiole system. The right middle lobe is formed by the first bronchiole of the lateral bronchiole system, and the right accessory lobe is formed by the first bronchiole of the ventral bronchiole system. The remaining bronchioles of the dorsal, lateral and ventral bronchiole systems and all the bronchioles of the medial bronchiole system constitute the right caudal lobe. In the left lung, the left middle lobe is formed by the first bronchiole of the lateral bronchiole system. The remaining bronchioles of the lateral bronchiole system and all the bronchioles of the dorsal, ventral and medial bronchiole systems constitute the left caudal lobe. These findings are compared with those in other domestic animals and man.

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The lungs of 70 crab-eating monkeys were examined. The crab-eating monkey has the dorsal, lateral, ventral and medial bronchiole systems on both sides. According to the bronchial ramification, the right lung consists of the upper, middle, lower, and accessory lobes, whereas the left lung consists of a middle lobe which is bilobed and a lower lobe. These findings were based on the comparative anatomy of the bronchial tree and blood vessels of the mammalian lung.

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The right lung of the woodchuck (Marmota monax) consists of the upper, middle, lower and accessory lobes, which are separated by interlobular fissures. The left lung consists of the middle and lower lobes, which are united to form a single lobe. In one of the two specimens examined, the left lung had a small upper lobe bronchiole. The right pulmonary artery runs along the ventrolateral side of the right bronchus crossing the ventral side of the right upper lobe bronchiole, then crosses the dorsal side of the right middle lobe bronchiole, and thereafter runs between the dorsal and lateral bronchiole systems, along the dorsolateral side of the right bronchus. During its course, the right pulmonary artery gives off branches which run along each bronchiole, mainly on the dorsal or lateral side. The left pulmonary artery runs across the dorsal side of the left middle lobe bronchiole and is distributed to the left middle and lower lobes in a manner similar to the right pulmonary artery in the right middle and lower lobes. The pulmonary veins run mainly along the medial or ventral side of the bronchioles, and between them.

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The lung of the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) consists of the bilateral upper, middle and lower lobes. The right lung has four bronchiole systems, i.e., the dorsal, ventral, medial and lateral, whereas the left lung has the dorsal, ventral and lateral, but not the medial bronchiole system. The upper lobe is formed by the first bronchiole of the dorsal bronchiole system, and the middle lobe by the first bronchiole of the lateral bronchiole system. The remaining bronchioles constitute the lower lobe. The right pulmonary artery runs along the ventrolateral side of the right bronchus, across the ventral side of the right upper lobe bronchiole, then across the dorsal side of the right middle lobe bronchiole, and thereafter runs along the dorsolateral side of the right bronchus. The left pulmonary artery runs a similar course to that of the right. The branches of the pulmonary arteries mostly run along the dorsal or lateral side of the bronchiole. The pulmonary veins run mostly along the medial or ventral side of the bronchiole, and finally enter the left atrium with five veins.

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In the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus), the position of the tracheal bifurcation is fairly cranial compared with those of mammals in general. The right lung has the dorsal, ventral, medial and lateral bronchiole systems. The cranial lobe is formed by the first bronchiole of the dorsal bronchiole system. The middle lobe is formed by the first bronchiole of the lateral bronchiole system. The accessory lobe is formed by the first bronchiole of the ventral bronchiole system. The caudal lobe is formed by the remaining bronchioles of the dorsal and lateral bronchiole systems and all bronchioles of the medial bronchiole system. The left lung has the dorsal and lateral bronchiole systems. The middle lobe is formed by the first bronchiole of the lateral bronchiole system. The caudal lobe is formed by the remaining bronchioles of the lateral bronchiole system and all bronchioles of the dorsal bronchiole system.

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The right lung of the masked palm civet (Paguma larvata) consists of the cranial, middle, caudal and accessory lobes. The left lung has no cranial and accessory lobes and has a bilobed middle and caudal lobes. On either side, there are four bronchiole systems, i.e. dorsal, lateral, ventral and medial. The right cranial lobe is formed by the first bronchiole of the dorsal bronchiole system. However, this bronchiole arises from the right lateral side of the trachea, the so-called tracheal bronchus (bronchiole). The right middle lobe is formed by the first bronchiole of the lateral bronchiole system, and the right accessory lobe is formed by the first bronchiole of the ventral bronchiole system. The remaining bronchioles of the dorsal, lateral and ventral bronchiole systems and a bronchiole of the medial bronchiole system constitute the right caudal lobe. In the left lung, the left middle lobe is formed by the first bronchiole of the lateral bronchiole system. This bronchiole divides into two branches, each of which forms a lobule. The remaining bronchioles constitute the left caudal lobe as in the right lung. The branches of pulmonary arteries mostly run along the dorsal or lateral side of bronchioles. The pulmonary veins run the ventral or medial side of bronchioles and between the bronchioles.

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The lungs of five horses were examined. At present, in veterinary anatomy, the horse lung is divided into the cranial and caudal lobes by the cardiac notch on either side. In addition to these lobes, in the right lung, the accessory lobe is present. However, from the viewpoint of the bronchial ramifications, the horse lung can be divided into the cranial, middle, caudal and accessory lobes bilaterally. The horse lung has four bronchiole systems on either side, dorsal, lateral, ventral and medial. The cranial lobe is formed by the first bronchiole of the dorsal bronchiole system. The middle lobe is formed by the first bronchiole of the lateral bronchiole system. The accessory lobe is formed by the first bronchiole of the ventral bronchiole system. The remaining bronchioles of the dorsal, lateral and ventral bronchiole systems and all bronchioles of the medial bronchiole system constitute the caudal lobe. These features were compared with those of the lungs of other domestic animals.

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The bronchial tree, lobular division and blood vessels of the lungs were examined in three Japanese deer (Cervus nippon). The dorsal, lateral, ventral and medial bronchiole systems arose from the dorsal, lateral, ventral and medial sides of both bronchi, respectively. Furthermore, one bronchiole arose from the right side of the trachea, namely the tracheal bronchus (bronchiole). This bronchiole formed the right cranial lobe. The right middle lobe was formed by the first bronchiole of the lateral bronchiole system. The right accessory lobe was formed by the first bronchiole of the ventral bronchiole system. The remaining bronchioles of the four bronchiole systems constituted the right caudal lobe. In the left lung, the cranial and accessory lobes were absent. The left middle lobe was formed by the first bronchiole of the lateral bronchiole system. This bronchiole was well developed and formed a bilobed middle lobe. The remaining bronchioles constituted the left caudal lobe. The right lung consisted of the cranial, middle, caudal and accessory lobes. The left lung consisted of the middle and caudal lobes. The branches of the pulmonary arteries ran mostly along the dorsal or lateral side of the bronchioles. The pulmonary veins ran the ventral or medial side of the bronchiole, and between the bronchioles.

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A 17-year-old boy had a keratinous cyst on the sole. The keratinous cyst and its overlying epidermis had solitarily scattered keratinocytes, which contained a peculiar intracytoplasmic inclusion body above the lower spinous layer. Immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy revealed that the nuclei of these cells had virions of papillomavirus. These virions appeared above the spinous layer. The inclusion bodies were highly eosinophilic masses in the viable layer, and slightly basophilic, fine granules in the cornified layer. Their number at any time was usually one. Their histologic and ultrastructural features and their N-(7-dimethylamino-4-methylcoumarinyl)-maleimide staining property were different from those of keratohyalin and from those of amyloid or hyaline body. Also the keratinous cyst was associated with colloid bodies, showing the lamellated figure in the subepithelial area.

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The right lung is constituted of the bilobed upper, middle, accessory and lower lobes. The left lung consists of the bilobed middle and lower lobes. The bronchial ramification and lobular divisions are similar to those of the goat lung.

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The right lung is constituted of the upper, middle, accessory and lower lobes. The left lung lacks the upper and accessory lobes and consists of the bilobed middle and lower lobes.

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The right lung of the giraffe consists of bilobed upper, middle, accessory and lower lobes. The middle and lower lobes are united to form one lobe. The left lung consists of bilobed upper, middle and lower lobes. The middle and lower lobes are adhered.

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The right lung consists of the upper, middle, accessory and lower lobes. In the left lung, the upper and accessory lobes are lost. The middle and lower lobes are united to form one lobe. The left lung is smaller than the right lung.

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