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Epilepsy is a common neurological disease characterized by seizures. A person with a seizure onset can lose consciousness which in turn can lead to fatal accidents. Electroencephalogram (EEG) is a recording of the electrical signals from the brain which is used to analyse the epileptic seizures. Physical visual examination of the EEG by trained neurologists is subjective and highly difficult due to the non-linear complex nature of the EEG. This opens a window for automatic detection of epileptic seizures using machine learning methods. In this work, we have used a standard database that consists of five different sets of EEG data including the epileptic EEG. Using this data, we have devised a novel 22 possible clinically significant cases with the combination of binary and multi class type of classification problem to automatically classify epileptic EEG. As the EEG is non-linear, we have devised 11 statistically significant non-linear entropy features to extract from this database. These features are fed to 10 different classifiers of various types for each of the 22 clinically significant cases and their classification accuracy is reported for 10-fold cross validation. Random Forest and Optimized Forest classifiers reported accuracies above 90% for all 22 cases considered in this study. Such vast possible clinically significant 22 cases from the combination of the data from the database considered has not been in the literature with the best of the knowledge of the authors. Comparing with the literature, several studies have presented one or few combinations of these 22 cases in this work. In comparison to similar works, the accuracies obtained by the classifiers were highly competitive. In addition, a novel integrated epilepsy detection index named EpilepIndex (IED) is able to differentiate between epileptic EEG and a normal EEG with 100% accuracy.

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Intelligent machines have grown in importance in recent years in object recognition in terms of their ability to envision, comprehend, and reach decisions. There are a lot of complicated algorithms that accomplish AI utilities. In addition to their use in the medical industry, these methods of object recognition have a wide range of other fields, most notably industries, in which they can be applied. In contrast to the proposed calculation, the proposed calculation is less complex and more accurate under certain SNR conditions. In the deep nervous tissue fine-tuning discriminator, phantom highlights and binding highlights are separated as sources; modified direct components are used as neuronal activation abilities; and cross entropy is used as unfortunate abilities. Optimized recognition of profound nervous tissue builds profound and periodic nervous tissue for regulatory confirmation of the corresponding signal.

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Hyperspectral microscopy in biology and minerals, unsupervised deep learning neural network denoising SRS photos: hyperspectral resolution enhancement and denoising one hyperspectral picture is enough to teach unsupervised method. An intuitive chemical species map for a lithium ore sample is produced using k-means clustering. Many researchers are now interested in biosignals. Uncertainty limits the algorithms' capacity to evaluate these signals for further information. Even while AI systems can answer puzzles, they remain limited. Deep learning is used when machine learning is inefficient. Supervised learning needs a lot of data. Deep learning is vital in modern AI. Supervised learning requires a large labeled dataset. The selection of parameters prevents over- or underfitting. Unsupervised learning is used to overcome the challenges outlined above (performed by the clustering algorithm). To accomplish this, two processing processes were used: (1) utilizing nonlinear deep learning networks to turn data into a latent feature space (Z). The Kullback-Leibler divergence is used to test the objective function convergence. This article explores a novel research on hyperspectral microscopic picture using deep learning and effective unsupervised learning.

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Background: Grape seed extract contains Proanthocyanin, which reduces collagen degradation by inhibiting interstitial and extracellular collagenase, thus having the potential to reduce the progression of periodontitis. Here we compare and evaluate the aerobic and anaerobic microorganism's CFUs (colony forming units) in plaque samples of Group A, Group B, Group C and severity of periodontal disease on day 0 and 7. Methods: Forty-five subjects in age range 18-30 years were selected among undergraduate students and randomly divided into Group A: 15, 2% grape seed extract mouthwash (GSE), Group B: 15, 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash (CHX) and Group C: 15, distilled water (control). The supragingival plaque was collected into transport media. Kruskal Wallis test followed by Mann Whitney test was used to compare the mean CFUs (×103) of microorganisms and severity of periodontal disease was compared, by clinical parameters among all groups on day 0 and 7. Results: There was a significant difference concerning mean scores of all clinical parameters (P<0.001) and mean CFUs of microorganisms between 3 study groups (P=0.005) at 7 days post-intervention period. Intragroup comparison, mean scores were significantly reduced on day 7 as compared to day 0 at (P<0.001) in Group A and B, but no significant difference was noted with Group C. Conclusion: Intervention with GSE mouthwash showed a positive effect on reducing CFUs in the plaque when compared with the control group. GSE group also showed similar results in reducing CFUs in plaque when compared to CHX group, thereby demonstrating the agent's antimicrobial efficacy, therapeutic effect and its potential usefulness in controlling plaque and periodontal diseases.

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Using energy efficiency to increase the life and sustainability of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) for biomedical applications is still a challenge. Clustering has boosted energy productivity by allowing cluster heads to be categorized, but its implementation is still a challenge. Existing cluster head selection criteria start with determining acceptable cluster head locations. The cluster heads are picked from the nodes that are most closely connected with these places. This location-based paradigm incorporates challenges such as faster processing, less precise selection, and redundant node selection. The development of the sampling-based smart spider monkey optimization (SSMO) approach is addressed in this paper. If the sample population's nodes are varied, network nodes are picked from among them. The problems with distributed nodes and cluster heads are no longer a concern. This article shows how to use an SSMO and smart CH selection to increase the lifetime and stability of WSNs. The goal of this study is to look at how cluster heads are chosen using standard SMO and sampling-based SMO for biomed applications. Low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy centralized (LEACH-C), particle swarm optimization clustering protocol (PSO-C), and SSMO improved routing protocol measurements are compared to those obtained in homogeneous and heterogeneous settings using equivalent methodologies. In these implementations, SSMO boosts network longevity and stability periods by an estimated 12.22%, 6.92%, 32.652%, and 1.22%.

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The mouse is one of the wonderful inventions of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) technology. Currently, wireless mouse or a Bluetooth mouse still uses devices and is not free of devices completely since it uses a battery for power and a dongle to connect it to the PC. In the proposed AI virtual mouse system, this limitation can be overcome by employing webcam or a built-in camera for capturing of hand gestures and hand tip detection using computer vision. The algorithm used in the system makes use of the machine learning algorithm. Based on the hand gestures, the computer can be controlled virtually and can perform left click, right click, scrolling functions, and computer cursor function without the use of the physical mouse. The algorithm is based on deep learning for detecting the hands. Hence, the proposed system will avoid COVID-19 spread by eliminating the human intervention and dependency of devices to control the computer.

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INTRODUCTION: Smokeless tobacco (SLT) jeopardizes periodontal health and also produces an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants (AO) such as glutathione. Glutathione is an important redox regulator in saliva and its maintenance is essential for periodontal health. Periodontitis patients have a reduced total AO capacity in whole saliva, and periodontal therapy restores the redox balance. Hence, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of smokeless tobacco use on saliva glutathione levels in patients with chronic periodontitis and to evaluate these effects after non-surgical periodontal therapy. METHODS: The study included 100 subjects in four groups; healthy, gingivitis, and chronic periodontitis (CP) patients with and without SLT use. Saliva samples were collected, and clinical periodontal parameters were recorded at baseline and at one month after non-surgical periodontal therapy. Glutathione levels were analyzed using spectrophotometry at 412 nm. Statistical analysis was carried out using paired t-test, chi-squared, and analysis of variance (ANOVA). RESULTS: Mean glutathione values in saliva were found to be lower in periodontitis patients compared to SLT users at baseline and at 1 month post non-surgical periodontal therapy (p<0.001) In addition, non-surgical therapy leads to a highly significant improvement in the glutathione levels in gingivitis, in the CP with and without ST groups (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Successful non-surgical periodontal therapy leads to considerable progress in the redox balance, thus regulating glutathione levels and reducing the effects of SLT on the periodontium. This emphasises the importance of non-surgical therapy, especially among SLT users.

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Background. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are associated with the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases and have a direct or indirect role in tissue damage constituting oxidative stress. ROS are also involved in impairment of ß-cell function during development of diabetes, which leads to genetic ablation of KATP channels, triggering up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes. Several markers of lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and DNA damage induced by ROS can be measured. Over the last decade, isoprostanes have been considered as the best markers of lipid peroxidation. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of 8-isoprostane in healthy, chronic periodontitis and chronic periodontitis subjects with type II diabetes and to find the correlation between 8-isoprostane levels among groups and with clinical parameters like gingival index, probing depth and clinical attachment levels. Methods. Ninety subjects were selected and divided into 3 groups: healthy, chronic periodontitis and chronic periodontitis subjects with type II diabetes (n=30 each). Saliva was collected from these subjects after obtaining consent and analyzed for 8-isoprostane levels using ELISA kit. Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman's correlation coefficient (P<0.001). Results. Statistically significant difference was found in the levels of 8-isoprostane between healthy, chronic periodontitis and chronic periodontitis subjects with type II diabetes and with all clinical parameters. Conclusion. 8-isoprostane can be considered as a pathophysiological marker to measure oxidative stress in periodontal diseases.

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INTRODUCTION: Oxidative Stress (OS) is implicated in the pathogenesis of many systemic and oral diseases such as periodontal disease. Smokeless tobacco extract produces apoptosis and causes an imbalance between reactive oxygen species and antioxidants, such as Gamma Glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGT). Epidemiological research implied serum GGT within its normal range to be an early sensitive enzyme related to OS. AIM: To assess how GGT fares as a biomarker in periodontitis subjects with or without the usage of smokeless tobacco and correlate it with clinical parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety subjects were divided into three groups of healthy, chronic periodontitis, and smokeless tobacco users with chronic periodontitis from the dental outpatient department of P.M. Nadagouda Memorial Dental College and Hospital. Serum samples of patients were collected after obtaining consent and analyzed for GGT. Statistical Analysis was performed using ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS: GGT levels were found to be significantly higher in chronic periodontitis patients compared to smokeless tobacco users with chronic periodontitis and healthy subjects. Conclusion: GGT may be used as a quick, easy and precise marker for measuring OS in patients with chronic periodontitis and smokeless tobacco users.

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A three-day-old female child presented to us with abdominal distension and lower limb swelling. On ultrasound examination, there was a cystic mass contiguous with the uterus in the lower abdomen and pelvis which showed fluid- debris level. This mass was causing displacement of the urinary bladder anteriorly. MRI confirmed the findings of ultrasound. A diagnosis of hydrometrocolpos secondary to imperforate hymen was made following physical examination. Neonatal hydrometrocolpos is a rare condition which requires a high index of suspicion for diagnosis. Hydrometrocolpos refers to the accumulation of secretions within the endometrial and endovaginal canal. Diagnosis can be made prenatally or post natally using ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging. Early diagnosis reduces the incidence of complications.

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Persistent primitive hypoglossal artery (PPHA) is a rare embryonic carotid vertebrobasilar artery anastomosis. Hypoglossal artery arises from the internal carotid artery (ICA) between the C1 and C2 vertebral levels and traverses through the hypoglossal canal to join the vertebro-basilar system. We present a rare case of an anomalous right sided PPHA as a sole supply to posterior circulation of brain with absent/hypoplastic bilateral vertebral arteries in a two year child who had presented with acute left sided haemiplegia. Three dimensional time of flight magnetic resonance angiography identified an anomalous vessel arising from the right internal carotid artery at the level of axis vertebra and joining the vertebra-basilar arterial system after coursing through the right hypoglossal canal. This anomaly when present may predispose the person to aneurysm formation, ischaemia in the posterior circulation and atherosclerotic disease of the intracranial vessels.

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Congenital renal parenchymal and pelvicalyceal abnormalities have a wide spectrum. Most of them are asymptomatic, like that of ectopia, cross fused kidney, horseshoe kidney, etc., while a few of them become complicated, leading to renal failure and death. It is very important for the radiologist to identify these anatomic variants and guide the clinicians for surgical and therapeutic procedures. Cross-sectional imaging with a volume rendered technique/maximum intensity projection has overcome ultrasonography and IVU for identification and interpretation of some of these variants.

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PURPOSE: Osmotic devices are the most promising strategy-based systems for controlled drug delivery. By optimizing formulation and processing parameters, possible to develop osmotic systems to deliver drugs at predetermined rate with high in vitro-in vivo correlation. The aim of the present investigation was to develop an oral elementary osmotic pump (EOP) of atenolol with zero-order or near zero-order drug release profile. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy studies did not show any evidence of interaction between the drug and excipients. Formulations were prepared by wet granulation method and coated with cellulose acetate (CA)/ethyl cellulose containing varying amounts of dibutyl phthalate (DBP)/poly (ethylene glycol)-400 as a plasticizer. The effect of different formulation variables on drug release: type and concentration of osmogen and plasticizer, size of the delivery orifice, nature of the rate controlling membrane, and membrane weight gain were studied. The release studies also compared with marketed immediate release formulation. RESULTS: Formulations containing NaCl, mannitol, and combination of both as osmogens in the drug:osmogen ratio of 1:3 and 1:4 showed zero-order drug release. Marketed tablet releases more than 95% drug in different media in 90 min. The 4% CA in acetone with DBP as a plasticizer (at a concentration of 15% w/w of polymer), with orifice diameter 565 µm, and 8.05% increase in weight on coating were found to control the drug release independent of pH and agitational intensity. The formulations were stable for 3 months as per the International Council for Harmonisation guidelines. CONCLUSION: Atenolol containing EOPs and process parameters on release studies were studied and confirmed based on osmotic technology.

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BACKGROUND: The host immune response to bacterial dental plaque determines periodontal disease susceptibility by increasing the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. The Epidermal Growth Factor family cytokines stimulate proliferation and keratinization of cells in dermis and oral epithelium. Epidermal Growth Factor family consists of Amphiregulin, Betacellulin, Epiregulin, Epigen, Heparin binding Epidermal Growth Factor like growth factor and transforming Growth Factor-alpha. AIM: The current study aimed to investigate expression of Betacellulin in chronic periodontitis patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus and thereby assessing role of betacellulin in periodontal health and disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Present study comprised of 90 participants, age ranges from 18 to 60-year-old, for the period of March 2010 to May 2011. Participants were categorized into three groups based Gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment loss (CA Loss). Group 1 consisted 30 individuals with clinically healthy periodontium, Group-2 consisted 30 individuals with GI>1, PD≥5 mm, and CA Loss>3 mm. Group-3 (Chronic Periodontitis with type 2 diabetes mellitus) consisted 30 with GI >1, PD≥5 mm, and CA Loss>3 mm. Immunohistochemical localization and quantification of Betacellulin was done in gingival tissue samples from all groups. RESULTS: Data showed expression of Betacellulin were higher in chronic periodontitis as compared to healthy. A positive correlation found in Betacellulin expression and Probing Depth in chronic periodontitis. CONCLUSION: This footmark study impacts the role of Betacellulin in pathogenesis and progression of periodontal disease which will help in exploration of novel immunotherapeutic strategies and immunological research activity in this field.

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BACKGROUND: Periodontitis, being a common inflammatory disease has a multifactorial origin , with smoking and gutkha as few of the causative entities. The role of smoking as a risk factor for periodontitis is been well documented in literature. Cigarette smoke also affects vitamin B12 and folic acid mechanisms. Nutritionally derived vitamin B12 occurs mainly as either hydroxycobalamin or deoxyadenosycobalmin. Folic acid is also heat sensitive and water soluble, closely linked to vitamin B12 in its metabolism. However, effect of smokeless tobacco in form of gutkha on serum levels of vitamin B12 and folic acid is yet to be explored. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To estimate and correlate serum vitamin B12 (VB12) and folic acid (FA) levels among periodontally healthy subjects and Chronic Periodontitis (CP) subjects with habit of smoking and gutkha chewing. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 111 subjects ranging in age from 18 to 60 y. Participants were divided into four groups: 30 healthy subjects (Group I), 29 subjects with CP (Group II), 25 smokers with CP (Group III) and 27 gutkha chewers with CP (Group IV). Clinical parameters included pocket probing depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL) & gingival index (GI) following which VB12 and FA levels were estimated through UV-spectrophotometry method and data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Scientists software, Mann-Whitney U-test and Pearson correlation coefficient. p-values less than 0.05 were considered as significant. Results : Pairwise comparison by Mann-Whitney U-test showed an increase in the serum VB12 in Group IV when compared to Group I (p=0.01) and Group II (p=0.01). Although serum FA levels were found to be low in Group III (7.61 ug/ml) & Group IV (8.64 ug/ml), Group III was found to be statistically significant (P=0.046). The clinical parameters GI, PPD and CAL among the four groups of patients were also statistically significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The study results suggested that among the patients with periodontal disease, serum VB12 levels are directly related while serum FA levels are inversely related to inflammation and tissue destruction in periodontium as occurred in Group IV.

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BACKGROUND: Proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines play a key role in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. Secretion of bioactive IL-35 has been described by T regulatory cells (T(regs)) and is required for their maximal suppressive activity. T(regs) are involved in the modulation of local immune response in chronic periodontitis patients. OBJECTIVE: Hence, the present study was aimed to investigate the expression of IL-35 mRNA in chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study was carried out in 60 subjects, which included 20 chronic periodontitis patients, 20 aggressive periodontitis patients, and 20 periodontally healthy controls. IL-35 mRNA expression in gingival tissue samples of all subjects was semiquantitatively analyzed using Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS: The present study demonstrated the expression of IL-35 mRNA in gingival tissues of all the three groups. IL-35 mRNA expression was highest in chronic periodontitis subjects (6.87 ± 2.32) as compared to the aggressive periodontitis group (4.71 ± 1.43) and least seen in healthy patients (3.03 ± 1.91). CONCLUSION: The increased expression of IL-35 in chronic and aggressive periodontitis suggests its possible role in pathogenesis of periodontitis. Future studies done on large samples with intervention will strengthen our result.

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The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C(21)H(27)NO, contains two mol-ecules (A and B). In mol-ecule A, the central ring of the anthrone unit adopts a shallow boat conformation and the dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 18.96 (7)°. In mol-ecule B, the central ring is close to being planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.078 Å) and the dihedral angle between the aromatic rings is 7.82 (7)°. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming zigzag C(7) chains of alternating A and B mol-ecules running parallel to [100]. The structure also features weak C-H⋯O and C-H⋯π inter-actions.

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BACKGROUND: It has been long recognized that periodontal diseases are infections of the periodontium, comprising the bacterial etiology, an immune response, and tissue destruction. Treatment strategies aiming primarily at suppressing or eliminating specific periodontal pathogens include adjunct use of local and systemic antibiotics as part of nonsurgical periodontal therapy. Unwanted side effects and resistance of microorganisms toward antibiotics due to their widespread use have modified the general perception about their efficacy. Research in phytosciences has revealed various medicinal plants offering a new choice of optional antimicrobial therapy. Cymbopogon citratus, Stapf. (lemongrass) is a popular medicinal plant. At a concentration ≤2%, lemongrass essential oil inhibits the growth of several kinds of microorganisms including periodontal pathogens, especially the reference strains Actinomyces naeslundii and Porphyromonas gingivalis, which were resistant to tetracycline hydrochloride. AIMS: To evaluate the efficacy of locally delivered 2% lemongrass essential oil in gel form as an adjunct to scaling and root planing, as compared to scaling and root planing alone for the treatment of chronic periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 2% Lemongrass essential oil gel was prepared and placed in moderate to deep periodontal pockets after scaling and root planing. RESULTS: Statistically significant reduction in probing depth and gingival index and gain in relative attachment level were noted in the experimental group as compared to the control group at 1 and 3 months. CONCLUSION: Locally delivered 2% lemongrass essential oil gel offers a new choice of safe and effective adjunct to scaling and root planing in periodontal therapy.

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BACKGROUND: C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase reactant that is produced in response to diverse inflammatory stimuli, and is known predictor of cardiovascular disease risk. Aggressive and chronic periodontitis are two main forms of periodontal disease, which differ mainly in the method of disease progression. This study aims at determining and comparing the relative levels of serum CRP and alveolar bone loss in aggressive and chronic periodontitis patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 45 subjects, which were divided into 3 groups diagnosed as having generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAP), chronic generalized periodontitis (CGP) and non-periodontitis controls (NP), were selected for the study. Venous blood samples were collected for quantitative CRP analysis using Turbidimetric immunoassay. Alveolar bone loss (ABL) was measured at proximal sites of posterior teeth on a panoramic radiograph. The relationship between the mean ratio of ABL to root length and serum CRP levels was statistically analyzed using Student unpaired t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Mean CRP levels were significantly greater in both GAP (7.49±2.31 mg/l) and CGP (4.88±1.80 mg/l) groups as compared to NP (0.68±0.23 mg/l) with P value <0.0001. The mean value of ABL (%) was 31.58 in CGP group and 36.77 in the GAP group, the difference being statistically significant (P=0.0079). Correlation coefficient between CRP and ABL is 0.9310 in CGP, and 0.9252 in GAP, which indicates a positive correlation between both variables. CONCLUSION: Both forms of periodontitis are associated with increased systemic inflammatory response with aggressiveness of disease progression determining the degree of response.