Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/administración & dosificación , Bronquitis/tratamiento farmacológico , Colistina/administración & dosificación , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/tratamiento farmacológico , Respiración Artificial/efectos adversos , Traqueítis/tratamiento farmacológico , Administración por Inhalación , Anciano , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Colistina/farmacología , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple , Femenino , Bacterias Gramnegativas/efectos de los fármacos , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/microbiología , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Cachexia is derived from the Greek words "kakos" meaning "bad" and "hexis" meaning "condition". Cachexia is a debilitating state of involuntary weight loss complicating malignant, infectious and inflammatory diseases. Several hypotheses for its etiology have been suggested including cytokines, circulating hormones, neuropeptides, neurotransmitters, and tumor-derived factors. Cachexia syndrome is caused predominantly by cytokines either produced by cancer or released by the immune system cells as a response to the presence of cancer, as well as other tumor products that induce profound lipolysis or protein degradation. Several strategies have been applied in the management of cachexia and related immunodeficiency including: 1.hypercaloric feeding;2.administration of glucocorticoids;3.progrestational drugs;4.cyproheptadine and other antiserotonergic drugs;5.branched-chain aminoacids;6.prokinetic agents;7.eicosapentanoic acid (EPA);8.cannabinoids;9.5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine;10.emerging drugs: melatonin, thalidomide, beta2-agonists, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs);11.others:pentoxifylline, hydrazine sulfate, anabolic steroids. Better understanding of the mechanisms underlying cancer and cachexia leading to immune dysfunction has guided immunomodulatory strategies to reverse cachexia and immunodeficiency. The oncept is that the tumor itself may lead to cachexia and immune dysfunction but also cachexia is related and mediated with immune dysfunction. Thus the purpose is to affect the tumor itself and cachexia immune pathways in order to restore immune efficiency. However, more experimental and clinical studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy of immunomodulatory intervention in cancer cachexia and related immunodeficiency.
RESUMEN
AIM: Exercise induced arterial hypoxemia (EIAH) is a reduction in arterial oxygenation, which may result from a drop in arterial oxygen pressure and therefore in oxygen saturation. We examined EIAH in swimmers, while till now it was known to occur in cyclists and runners. METHODS: We studied 8 male highly trained swimmers (age: 23+/-1.7; (.-)VO(2peak), 5.3+/-0.1 l/min and 8 male ex-swimmers (age: 21.5+/-0.6; (.-)VO(2peak), 3.4+/-0.3 l/min). All subjects performed 200-meter freestyle at maximum effort. Hemoglobin saturation (SaO(2)%) was measured using a finger pulse oximeter before exercise in the water in an upright position and immediately after exercise, within 5 seconds. RESULTS: Highly trained swimmers developed a statistically significant decrease in SaO(2)% (from 98.3+/-0.3 to 94+/-0.9, p= or <0.01) after exercise, while ex-swimmers did not (from 98.4+/-0.3 to 96.8+/-0.3 ns). The 4% decrease in SaO(2)% observed in highly trained swimmers can be characterized as mild EIAH. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that highly trained swimmers but not ex-swimmers may develop mild EIAH after 200 meters freestyle swimming at maximum effort.