RESUMEN

The beneficial health properties of organic acids make them target compounds in multiple studies. This is the reason why developing a simple and sensitive determination and investigation method of organic acids is a priority. In this study, an effective method has been established for the determination of organic (lactic, glycolic, and malic) acids in saffron stigmas. N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide (MTBSTFA) was used as a derivatization reagent in gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometric detection (GC/MS). The saffron stigmas extract was evaporated to dryness with a stream of nitrogen gas. The derivatization procedure: 0.1 g of dried extract was diluted into 0.1 mL of tetrahydrofuran, then 0.1 mL MTBSTFA was orderly and successively added into a vial. Two different techniques were used to obtain the highest amount of organic acid derivatives from saffron stigmas. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the quantitative and qualitative GC/MS detection of organic acids in saffron stigmas using MTBSTFA reagent, also comparing different derivatization conditions, such as time, temperature and the effect of reagent amount on derivatization process. The identification of these derivatives was performed via GC-electron impact ionization mass spectrometry in positive-ion detection mode. Under optimal conditions, excellent linearity for all organic acids was obtained with determination coefficients of R2 > 0.9955. The detection limits (LODs) and quantitation limits (LOQs) ranged from 0.317 to 0.410 µg/mL and 0.085 to 1.53 µg/mL, respectively. The results showed that the highest yield of organic acids was conducted by using 0.1 mL of MTBSTFA and derivatization method with a conventional heating process at 130 °C for 90 min. This method has been successfully applied to the quantitative analysis of organic acids in saffron stigmas.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The present article is the first comprehensive review on the chemical composition and pharmacological activities of the raw materials of Crocus species. In the present review, data on chemical constituents and pharmacological profile of Crocus sativus stigmas, as well as of other plant parts (perianth, stamens, leaves, corms) of different Crocus spp. are given. This review discusses all the classes of compounds (carotenoids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, terpenoids, phenol carboxylic acids, etc.) detected in raw materials of Crocus plants providing information on the current state of knowledge on phytochemicals of Crocus species. Almost all structural formulas of the compounds identified and isolated from Crocus species are given; all compounds are presented in accordance with the types of the studied raw materials. The latest hypotheses relating to the biosynthesis pathways of the main biologically active compounds of saffron (crocin, picrocrocin, safranal), as well as chemotaxonomy of Crocus genus are briefly summarized. The present review discusses the most thoroughly studied pharmacological activities (namely, antioxidant, antiparasitic, hypolipidemic, antihypertensive, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, antitumor, cytotoxic, antidepressant) of saffron stigmas extracts, of its individual phytochemicals (safranal, crocin, crocetin), as well as pharmacological activities of raw materials of other Crocus species. This comprehensive review will be informative for scientists searching for new properties of saffron stigmas, as well as for saffron producers, since the present review highlights the prospects for the use of waste products in the production of the expensive spice. In addition, the present review provides information on pharmacological properties and composition of other Crocus species as promising medicinal and food plants. In the present review the emphasis will be put on the chemical constituents of Crocus species and the intraspecies variation in phytochemicals and pharmacological activities.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Different Iris species are a rich source of secondary metabolites and they are widely used due to their medicinal properties, i.e. such as antibacterial, cytotoxic, hepatoprotective, antiplasmodial, and immunomodulatory effects. Determination of the fatty acid composition is necessary to create complex phytopreparations on their basis, and also, it is important for understanding of the adaptive capabilities of the plant. In our study, a comparative analysis of fatty acids composition of total lipids of the leaves and rhizomes of Iris sibirica was carried out by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method. The degree of unsaturated fatty acids and the activity of acyl-lipid desaturases were determined by the Lyons method. 14 fatty acids were identified in the leaves of I. sibirica, their content being 6.1 mg/g; 18 acids were found in the rhizomes, their content being 6.9 mg/g. Among the saturated fatty acids palmitic acid dominates (C16:0), and among the unsaturated ones, it is linoleic (C18:2ω6) and α-linolenic (C18:3ω3) acids. The content of the unsaturated fatty acids in the leaves is higher (45%) due to a high content of the polyunsaturated fatty acids, as well as the reduced share of the saturated and the monounsaturated acids, compared to the rhizomes (the content of the unsaturated fatty acids is 40%), which causes a higher value of the double bonds index (1.10), and the coefficient of unsaturation (0.81), which indicate the relative cold resistance of the plants. By contrast, in the rhizomes the concentration of the saturated fatty acids increases and the level of the unsaturated fatty acids reduces. The fatty acids composition of the leaves and rhizomes of Iris sibirica was established for the first time.Key words: Iris sibirica fatty acids acyl-lipid desaturases gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: To qualitatively and quantitatively study the composition of essential oil from the dried rhizomes and leaves of Iris pallida Lam. from Ukraine for the first time. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Essential oils obtained by steam distillation were investigated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS: The essential oils were obtained from the leaves and rhizomes by yielding 0.03% and 0.20%, respectively. The analysis of the oil resulted in the identification of 26 components in the leaves and 18 components in the rhizomes. The dominant terpenes in the essential oil of the leaves of I. pallida were squalene (6%), hexahydrofarnesylacetone (8%) and neophytadiene (up to 6%). Among them, myristic acid (56%), capric acid (14.50%), lauric acid (15.42%), α-irone (2.85%) were found as the dominant compounds of the essential oil of the rhizomes of I. pallida. α-irone and γ-irone contents are accepted as the most significant criteria of the commercial quality of Iris essential oil. The compounds ß-damascenone and squalene were identified for the first time in plants of the genus Iris. CONCLUSION: I. pallida of Ukraine can be recommended as an additional source of raw materials for essential oil from the rhizomes and as a source of bioactive substances.

RESUMEN

Materials and methods: To establish by chemical and spectral methods for the structures of phenolic compounds, which were isolated from the rhizomes of Iris hungarica Waldst. et Kit. (Iridaceae family). Compounds were obtained by column chromatography on silica gel and their structures were determined by UV, IR, MS, 1H-NMR spectra methods. Preliminary screening of antibacterial activity was determined. Results: From the ethanolic extract of the rhizomes of I. hungarica, which is widespread in Ukraine, for the first time two new for this species isoflavones, teсtorigenin and tectoridin and xanthone mangiferin, together with known isoflavonoids daidzein, genistein, formononetin were isolated. The dry extract of the rhizomes of I. hungarica at a concentration of 1% has shown the highest inhibitory activity for Gram-positive bacteria and fungi

Objetivo: El objetivo del trabajo es el aislamiento y la identificación de los compuestos fenólicos de los rizomas de Iris hungarica. Materiales y métodos: Se utilizaron métodos químicos y espectrales para conocer las estructuras de compuestos fenólicos que se aislaron de los rizomas de Iris hungarica Waldst. et Kit. (Familia de Iridaceae). Los compuestos se obtuvieron mediante cromatografía en columna sobre gel de sílice y se determinaron sus estructuras mediante análisis de sus espectros por UV, IR, MS, 1H-RMN. Se determinó el cribado preliminar de la actividad antibacteriana. Resultados: Se aislaron por primera vez de los rizomas de Iris hungarica (común en Ucrania) dos isoflavonas, teсtorigenina y tectoridina (nuevas para esta especie), el xan-tonoide mangiferina y los isoflavonoides daidzeina, genisteina y formononetina. El extracto seco de los rizomas de I. hungarica a una concentración de 1% ha mostrado la actividad inhibitoria más alta para bacterias y hongos Gram-positivos

Asunto(s)