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OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of tibial compression on radiographic cranial tibial translation measurements in healthy dogs and those with cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture and establish specific criteria for the radiographic diagnosis of CCL rupture. ANIMALS: 60 dogs. PROCEDURES: Dogs were divided into 3 groups with 20 dogs each: group 1, healthy adult dogs; group 2, adult dogs with CCL rupture; and group 3, healthy young dogs. For each dog, 2 images of the stifle joint in mediolateral projection were taken, of which 1 was conventional and 1 was under tibial compression. Variables were measured in each radiographic projection: the patellar ligament angle, the patellar ligament insertion angle, the angle of tibial translation measured by 2 different methods, and the linear distance between the points of CCL origin and insertion (DPOI). Additionally, a novel variable, DPOI ratio, was evaluated. RESULTS: Regarding radiographic positioning, tibial compression significantly changed most of the variables in the within-group comparison. The variable DPOI were not different with and without tibial compression in the group of healthy adult dogs but were different for dogs with CCL rupture. Thus, these are important parameters in the diagnosis of CCL rupture. In the analysis of a novel variable, DPOI ratio, dogs with CCL rupture could be distinguished from healthy dogs at a high level of specificity and sensitivity. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: DPOI ratio values above 1.18 were consistently indicative of CCL rupture, thus allowing for a precise radiographic diagnosis of the condition.

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Background: Radius curvus is a clinical manifestation of the premature closure of the distal ulnar physis and the mostcommon physeal disease in dogs, representing 63% of all physeal injuries. There are few reports indicating the techniqueof stapling for treatment of radius curvus in squeletically immature dogs. The aim of this study is to report a case of radiuscurvus in a young dog successfully treated with a combination of 3 surgical tecniques: 1- Stapling the medial and cranialportions of the distal radial physis; 2- Oblique osteotomy of the proximal ulna and ostectomy of the distal ulna, and 3-Dynamic external skeletal fixation in the elbow joint.Case: A 5-month-old female dog was referred to the University Veterinary Hospital with a history of left thoracic limb deformity for 2 months. There was a history of possible traumatic event on the front limb, in addition to providing nutritionalsupplements daily. In the radiographic evaluation the changes were identified in the left thoracic limb: shortening of theulna, procurvatum and medial angulation of the distal radius, increased joint space and articular incongruity of the elbowjoint. The dog was subjected to surgical treatment by the combination of three main surgical techniques. For the staplingof the distal radial physis the surgical approach on the cranial-medial surface of the distal radius was made. Two surgicalstaples were positioned in the distal radial physis. Thereafter a caudal approach was made to the distal region of the ulnardiaphysis for the distal ostectomy of the ulna. A bone segment of 1 cm in length of the distal ulnar diaphysis was removed.Another caudal approach was made to the proximal region of the ulnar diaphysis and a proximal oblique osteotomy of theulna was performed. For the dynamic external skeletal fixation in the elbow joint two Steinmann pins were inserted. Thefirst pin was proximal to the supracondilar...

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Background: Radius curvus is a clinical manifestation of the premature closure of the distal ulnar physis and the mostcommon physeal disease in dogs, representing 63% of all physeal injuries. There are few reports indicating the techniqueof stapling for treatment of radius curvus in squeletically immature dogs. The aim of this study is to report a case of radiuscurvus in a young dog successfully treated with a combination of 3 surgical tecniques: 1- Stapling the medial and cranialportions of the distal radial physis; 2- Oblique osteotomy of the proximal ulna and ostectomy of the distal ulna, and 3-Dynamic external skeletal fixation in the elbow joint.Case: A 5-month-old female dog was referred to the University Veterinary Hospital with a history of left thoracic limb deformity for 2 months. There was a history of possible traumatic event on the front limb, in addition to providing nutritionalsupplements daily. In the radiographic evaluation the changes were identified in the left thoracic limb: shortening of theulna, procurvatum and medial angulation of the distal radius, increased joint space and articular incongruity of the elbowjoint. The dog was subjected to surgical treatment by the combination of three main surgical techniques. For the staplingof the distal radial physis the surgical approach on the cranial-medial surface of the distal radius was made. Two surgicalstaples were positioned in the distal radial physis. Thereafter a caudal approach was made to the distal region of the ulnardiaphysis for the distal ostectomy of the ulna. A bone segment of 1 cm in length of the distal ulnar diaphysis was removed.Another caudal approach was made to the proximal region of the ulnar diaphysis and a proximal oblique osteotomy of theulna was performed. For the dynamic external skeletal fixation in the elbow joint two Steinmann pins were inserted. Thefirst pin was proximal to the supracondilar...(AU)

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Background: Hip dysplasia (HD) is the most common non-traumatic orthopedic disease in large breed dogs. Treatment is chosen according to the severity of the condition, the age of the dog and the involvement of osteoarthritis (OA). For puppies up to 20-weeks-old, surgical treatment by the juvenile pubic symphysiodesis (JPS) technique can be performed. This procedure promotes the ventrolateral rotation of the acetabulum over the femoral head, which improves hip joint congruence and stability. The objective of this study is to report the case of a young dog with HD treated with JPS and pectineus myectomy. Clinical and radiographic outcomes were assessed for up to one year after surgery. Case: A 17-week-old Saint Bernard puppy was attended at the University Veterinary Hospital showing abnormal weight bearing and lameness in pelvic limbs, without history of previous trauma. On orthopedic examination, there was a marked hypotrophy of the pelvic limb muscles, severe pain and laxity in the hip joints, and positive feature in the Ortolani test. The hip joint subluxation angle (SA) and reduction angle (RA) were measured. A radiographic study was carried out to evaluate the hip joints and measure the Norberg angle (NA), distraction index (DI), acetabular angle (AA) and dorsal acetabular rim angle (DARA). The 20-week-old dog underwent surgical treatment by JPS technique. A ventral surgical approach to the pubis was performed and the pubic symphysis was cauterized with electrocautery. Partial pectineus myectomy technique was also performed. Drug therapy and restriction of physical activities were indicated in the early postoperative. The dog was evaluated by clinical and radiographic examinations at 4 months and 1 year after the surgical procedure. In the reassessment after 4 months of surgical treatment, the patient showed improvement in clinical signs, with mild lameness and absence of painful sensitivity in the movement of the hip joints. Radiographically, hip joint incongruity was observed, but with progressive improvement in the values of the measured variables. In the clinical examination 1 year after the procedure, the dog showed satisfactory weight bearing with slight lameness in pelvic limbs in the running gait. There was improvement in the thigh muscles and no painful signs were observed in the hip joints, but a positive result was detected in the Ortolani test. In the radiographic examination, bilateral articular incongruity was still observed, however, there was a mild improvement in the coverage of the acetabulum over the femoral head. The measured angles and indices showed favorable results regarding the recovery of hip joint stability and proper development. Discussion: Studies evaluating the JPS technique for the treatment of HD have shown to be a relatively simple and effective procedure, which allows altering the acetabular coverage, reducing the development of HD and the progression of OA. The need for an early diagnosis of this condition is essential, so that the JPS technique can be used in young dogs and offer effective results. In the present report, in the late postoperative period, the dog showed improvement in clinical signs, with favorable weight bearing and ambulation in pelvic limbs, recovery of limb muscles, absence of pain in the hip joints and decrease in RA and SA. Radiographically, the reduction in joint subluxation, improvement in acetabular coverage over femoral heads, increase in NA and AA, reduction in DI and DARA are evidence of the favorable outcome of ventrolateral rotation of the acetabulum after surgical treatment. The surgical technique used was effective, which enabled the dog to recover the functional use of the pelvic limbs and improve the quality of life.

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The present study evaluated the volume and function of the left atrium by two-dimensional echocardiographic feature-tracking imaging (2D-FTI) and Simpson's monoplanar modeling in dogs with asymptomatic degenerative mitral valve disease (DMVD). The study consisted of 80 dogs that were divided into the following three groups: Group 1, 21 dogs (A); Group 2, 30 dogs (B1) and Group 3, 29 dogs (B2). The variable strain (contraction phase) was significantly lower in Group 3 than in Group 1 (12.92±4.54 x 16.69±5.74, p=0.014), and significant differences in the contraction strain index (CSI) were observed between all of the groups that were evaluated (1 = 46.82±8.10, 2 = 39.88±8.03, 3 = 35.25±5.64, p<0.0001). The atrial diastolic volume index (AdVi) that was measured by 2D-FTI was significantly higher in Group 3 than in Group 1 (1.31±0.95 x 0.96±0.31, p=0.038), and the atrial cardiac index (ACI) was also higher in Group 3 than in Group 1 (102.38±80.18 x 78.19±33.38, p=0.030). Atrial function was assessed by Simpson's monoplanar method, which demonstrated an increase in the left atrial systolic volume, while the contractile function decreased with an increasing disease severity (Group 1 0.21±0.06; Group 2 0.25±0.06; Group 3 0.32±0.08, p<0.0001). The intraobserver and interobserver assessments showed low to moderate variability; most of the values for the coefficient of variation for the variables that were analysed with each method were below 25%. Thus, DMVD was determined to cause an alteration in atrial function, especially in the contraction phase, and even in asymptomatic animals, and the methods of 2D-FTI echocardiography and Simpson's monoplanar evaluation are sensitive and early methods for the detection of left atrial dysfunction.(AU)

O presente estudo avaliou o volume e a função atrial esquerda obtidos por meio da ecocardiografia bidimensional feature tracking (2D-FTI) e pelo método monoplanar de Simpson em cães saudáveis e cães com DMVD assintomáticos. Foram avaliados 80 cães distribuídos em três grupos: Grupo 1, 21 cães (classe A); Grupo 2, 30 cães (classe B1) e Grupo 3, 29 cães (classe B2). A variável strain (fase de contração) foi significativamente menor no Grupo 3 que no Grupo 1 (12,92±4,54 x 16,69±5,74, p=0,014) e para a variável índice de strain de contração (CSI), houve diferença estatística entre todos os grupos avaliados (1 = 46,82±8,10; 2 = 39,88±8,03; 3 = 35,25±5,64, p<0,0001). O índice de volume diastólico atrial (iVdA) mensurado por meio do 2D-FTI foi significativamente maior no Grupo 3 que no Grupo 1 (1,31±0,95 x 0,96±0,31, p=0,038), assim como para o índice cardíaco atrial (iCA) também foi maior no Grupo 3 (102,38±80,18 x 78,19±33,38, p=0,030). A função atrial avaliada pelo método monoplanar de Simpson demonstrou um aumento do volume atrial esquerdo e do volume sistólico do átrio esquerdo, enquanto que a função contrátil diminuiu com o aumento da gravidade da doença (Grupo 1 0,21±0,06; Grupo 2 0,25±0,06; Grupo 3 0,32±0,08; p<0,0001). A avaliação intraobservador e interobservador, demonstrou variabilidade baixa a moderada, uma vez que a maioria dos valores de coeficiente de variação se concentraram abaixo de 25% para as variáveis analisadas em ambos os métodos. Dessa forma, conclui-se que a DMVD causa alteração na função atrial, principalmente na fase de contração, mesmo em animais assintomáticos e que a ecocardiografia 2D-FTI e o método monoplanar de Simpson são métodos sensíveis e precoces na detecção da disfunção atrial esquerda.(AU)

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The present study evaluated the volume and function of the left atrium by two-dimensional echocardiographic feature-tracking imaging (2D-FTI) and Simpson's monoplanar modeling in dogs with asymptomatic degenerative mitral valve disease (DMVD). The study consisted of 80 dogs that were divided into the following three groups: Group 1, 21 dogs (A); Group 2, 30 dogs (B1) and Group 3, 29 dogs (B2). The variable strain (contraction phase) was significantly lower in Group 3 than in Group 1 (12.92±4.54 x 16.69±5.74, p=0.014), and significant differences in the contraction strain index (CSI) were observed between all of the groups that were evaluated (1 = 46.82±8.10, 2 = 39.88±8.03, 3 = 35.25±5.64, p<0.0001). The atrial diastolic volume index (AdVi) that was measured by 2D-FTI was significantly higher in Group 3 than in Group 1 (1.31±0.95 x 0.96±0.31, p=0.038), and the atrial cardiac index (ACI) was also higher in Group 3 than in Group 1 (102.38±80.18 x 78.19±33.38, p=0.030). Atrial function was assessed by Simpson's monoplanar method, which demonstrated an increase in the left atrial systolic volume, while the contractile function decreased with an increasing disease severity (Group 1 0.21±0.06; Group 2 0.25±0.06; Group 3 0.32±0.08, p<0.0001). The intraobserver and interobserver assessments showed low to moderate variability; most of the values for the coefficient of variation for the variables that were analysed with each method were below 25%. Thus, DMVD was determined to cause an alteration in atrial function, especially in the contraction phase, and even in asymptomatic animals, and the methods of 2D-FTI echocardiography and Simpson's monoplanar evaluation are sensitive and early methods for the detection of left atrial dysfunction.(AU)

O presente estudo avaliou o volume e a função atrial esquerda obtidos por meio da ecocardiografia bidimensional feature tracking (2D-FTI) e pelo método monoplanar de Simpson em cães saudáveis e cães com DMVD assintomáticos. Foram avaliados 80 cães distribuídos em três grupos: Grupo 1, 21 cães (classe A); Grupo 2, 30 cães (classe B1) e Grupo 3, 29 cães (classe B2). A variável strain (fase de contração) foi significativamente menor no Grupo 3 que no Grupo 1 (12,92±4,54 x 16,69±5,74, p=0,014) e para a variável índice de strain de contração (CSI), houve diferença estatística entre todos os grupos avaliados (1 = 46,82±8,10; 2 = 39,88±8,03; 3 = 35,25±5,64, p<0,0001). O índice de volume diastólico atrial (iVdA) mensurado por meio do 2D-FTI foi significativamente maior no Grupo 3 que no Grupo 1 (1,31±0,95 x 0,96±0,31, p=0,038), assim como para o índice cardíaco atrial (iCA) também foi maior no Grupo 3 (102,38±80,18 x 78,19±33,38, p=0,030). A função atrial avaliada pelo método monoplanar de Simpson demonstrou um aumento do volume atrial esquerdo e do volume sistólico do átrio esquerdo, enquanto que a função contrátil diminuiu com o aumento da gravidade da doença (Grupo 1 0,21±0,06; Grupo 2 0,25±0,06; Grupo 3 0,32±0,08; p<0,0001). A avaliação intraobservador e interobservador, demonstrou variabilidade baixa a moderada, uma vez que a maioria dos valores de coeficiente de variação se concentraram abaixo de 25% para as variáveis analisadas em ambos os métodos. Dessa forma, conclui-se que a DMVD causa alteração na função atrial, principalmente na fase de contração, mesmo em animais assintomáticos e que a ecocardiografia 2D-FTI e o método monoplanar de Simpson são métodos sensíveis e precoces na detecção da disfunção atrial esquerda.(AU)

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Background: Angular deformity is characterized by the deviation of part of the bone that can occur in three different planes, frontal, sagittal and transverse. Trauma on physeal plates is the most common cause of angular deviations of the limbs in dogs. Currently the CORA (Center of Rotation of Angulation) methodology is the best way to evaluate and surgically correct these deformities. The objective of this study is to describe the surgical procedures performed to treat the uniapical valgus deviation affecting both tibial bones in a dog, comparing the outcomes of hybrid external skeletal fixator used in the right pelvic limb in relation to the locking plate used in the left pelvic limb. Case: A 10-month old Border Collie dog was attended at the University Veterinary Hospital with history of lameness and deviation of both pelvic limbs. In the orthopedic examination, it was possible to identify bilateral valgus deviation in the region of the tibio-tarsal joints and moderate lameness, with absence of pain or joint crepitation. Radiographic examination showed that the deformity was only uniapical in the frontal plane, affecting both tibial bones of the dog. Signs of osteoarthrosis were not observed and the preoperative examinations were within the normal limits for the species. The deformities were corrected in two surgical times starting with the procedure in the right tibia, which appeared to be clinically worse. Due to the fact that it was a bilateral affection and there was not a healthy pelvic limb to obtain the normal angles values of this dog, for planning according to the CORA methodology, the values of the tibial mechanical angles for dogs of similar size were taken from the literature. For surgical correction of the right tibia, a closed wedge osteotomy was performed following the second rule of Paley

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Background: Angular deformity is characterized by the deviation of part of the bone that can occur in three different planes, frontal, sagittal and transverse. Trauma on physeal plates is the most common cause of angular deviations of the limbs in dogs. Currently the CORA (Center of Rotation of Angulation) methodology is the best way to evaluate and surgically correct these deformities. The objective of this study is to describe the surgical procedures performed to treat the uniapical valgus deviation affecting both tibial bones in a dog, comparing the outcomes of hybrid external skeletal fixator used in the right pelvic limb in relation to the locking plate used in the left pelvic limb. Case: A 10-month old Border Collie dog was attended at the University Veterinary Hospital with history of lameness and deviation of both pelvic limbs. In the orthopedic examination, it was possible to identify bilateral valgus deviation in the region of the tibio-tarsal joints and moderate lameness, with absence of pain or joint crepitation. Radiographic examination showed that the deformity was only uniapical in the frontal plane, affecting both tibial bones of the dog. Signs of osteoarthrosis were not observed and the preoperative examinations were within the normal limits for the species. The deformities were corrected in two surgical times starting with the procedure in the right tibia, which appeared to be clinically worse. Due to the fact that it was a bilateral affection and there was not a healthy pelvic limb to obtain the normal angles values of this dog, for planning according to the CORA methodology, the values of the tibial mechanical angles for dogs of similar size were taken from the literature. For surgical correction of the right tibia, a closed wedge osteotomy was performed following the second rule of Paley…(AU)

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ABSTRACT: The present study evaluated the volume and function of the left atrium by two-dimensional echocardiographic feature-tracking imaging (2D-FTI) and Simpsons monoplanar modeling in dogs with asymptomatic degenerative mitral valve disease (DMVD). The study consisted of 80 dogs that were divided into the following three groups: Group 1, 21 dogs (A); Group 2, 30 dogs (B1) and Group 3, 29 dogs (B2). The variable strain (contraction phase) was significantly lower in Group 3 than in Group 1 (12.92±4.54 x 16.69±5.74, p=0.014), and significant differences in the contraction strain index (CSI) were observed between all of the groups that were evaluated (1 = 46.82±8.10, 2 = 39.88±8.03, 3 = 35.25±5.64, p 0.0001). The atrial diastolic volume index (AdVi) that was measured by 2D-FTI was significantly higher in Group 3 than in Group 1 (1.31±0.95 x 0.96±0.31, p=0.038), and the atrial cardiac index (ACI) was also higher in Group 3 than in Group 1 (102.38±80.18 x 78.19±33.38, p=0.030). Atrial function was assessed by Simpsons monoplanar method, which demonstrated an increase in the left atrial systolic volume, while the contractile function decreased with an increasing disease severity (Group 1 0.21±0.06; Group 2 0.25±0.06; Group 3 0.32±0.08, p 0.0001). The intraobserver and interobserver assessments showed low to moderate variability; most of the values for the coefficient of variation for the variables that were analysed with each method were below 25%. Thus, DMVD was determined to cause an alteration in atrial function, especially in the contraction phase, and even in asymptomatic animals, and the methods of 2D-FTI echocardiography and Simpsons monoplanar evaluation are sensitive and early methods for the detection of left atrial dysfunction.

RESUMO: O presente estudo avaliou o volume e a função atrial esquerda obtidos por meio da ecocardiografia bidimensional feature tracking (2D-FTI) e pelo método monoplanar de Simpson em cães saudáveis e cães com DMVD assintomáticos. Foram avaliados 80 cães distribuídos em três grupos: Grupo 1, 21 cães (classe A); Grupo 2, 30 cães (classe B1) e Grupo 3, 29 cães (classe B2). A variável strain (fase de contração) foi significativamente menor no Grupo 3 que no Grupo 1 (12,92±4,54 x 16,69±5,74, p=0,014) e para a variável índice de strain de contração (CSI), houve diferença estatística entre todos os grupos avaliados (1 = 46,82±8,10; 2 = 39,88±8,03; 3 = 35,25±5,64, p 0,0001). O índice de volume diastólico atrial (iVdA) mensurado por meio do 2D-FTI foi significativamente maior no Grupo 3 que no Grupo 1 (1,31±0,95 x 0,96±0,31, p=0,038), assim como para o índice cardíaco atrial (iCA) também foi maior no Grupo 3 (102,38±80,18 x 78,19±33,38, p=0,030). A função atrial avaliada pelo método monoplanar de Simpson demonstrou um aumento do volume atrial esquerdo e do volume sistólico do átrio esquerdo, enquanto que a função contrátil diminuiu com o aumento da gravidade da doença (Grupo 1 0,21±0,06; Grupo 2 0,25±0,06; Grupo 3 0,32±0,08; p 0,0001). A avaliação intraobservador e interobservador, demonstrou variabilidade baixa a moderada, uma vez que a maioria dos valores de coeficiente de variação se concentraram abaixo de 25% para as variáveis analisadas em ambos os métodos. Dessa forma, conclui-se que a DMVD causa alteração na função atrial, principalmente na fase de contração, mesmo em animais assintomáticos e que a ecocardiografia 2D-FTI e o método monoplanar de Simpson são métodos sensíveis e precoces na detecção da disfunção atrial esquerda.

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Background: Shearing wounds on the limbs of dogs usually affect the regions distally from the radiocarpal joint at thethoracic limb and from the tibiotarsal joint at the pelvic limb. The tissue coverage and re-epithelialization of the injuredregion are important factors that should be considered in the definitive surgical treatment. The hydrocolloid membranepromotes selective autolytic debridement and accelerates the formation of granulation tissue and epithelialization. Thepresent study aims to describe the treatment with hydrocolloid membrane dressing of three cases of shearing wounds withconcomitant orthopedic injuries in the pelvic limbs of dogs.Case: Three dogs with pelvic limb injuries after vehicular trauma were selected for treatment. Two patients had shearinglesions on the medial aspect of the pelvic limb with exposure of the tibia and fibula, the talus and the tibiotarsal joint,associated with bone loss on the medial surface of the limb and rupture of the medial collateral ligament of the tarsus.Another patient had a shearing wound on the dorsal surface of the distal region of the pelvic limb, with injury of the digitalextensor tendons and bone exposure of the second and third metatarsals. Initially, the surgical debridement of the lesionwas performed and during the first five days after trauma the wound was cleansed with chlorhexidine solution and topicalapplication of crystallized sugar daily. In this initial period a dry adherent dressing was used on the lesions, without bandagesfor immobilization of the pelvic limb. In all dogs, the hydrocolloid membrane was applied from the sixth day after initialwound management. Immediately after the application of the hydrocolloid membrane, temporary immobilization of theaffected pelvic limb with a padded Robert Jones bandage was performed. The first changes of the hydrocolloid membraneswere performed after five days of their use. Subsequently, the membranes changes...(AU)

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Background: The most common conditions that compromise the stifle joint in dogs are medial patellar luxation (MPL) and cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture. Surgical procedures are usually indicated for the treatment of these diseases. One ordinarytechnique for the treatment of MPL is the tibial tuberosity transposition, and one prominent technique for CCL rupture is the tibialtuberosity advancement. These techniques can be associated in one surgical procedure called tibial tuberosity transposition andadvancement (TTTA) for the simultaneous treatment of both stifle diseases. The aim of this study is to report the surgical treatmentof a dog with MPL and CCL rupture affecting the same joint by the TTTA technique with the use of a TTA-Maquet cage-only.Case: A 3-year-old Pitbull dog weighing 39 kg was attended at Veterinary Hospital with a history of marked lameness in theleft pelvic limb. The orthopedic examination showed positive results for cranial drawer motion and tibial compression tests,and a complete CCL rupture was diagnosed. The presence of patellar luxation was evaluated by manual pressure on the patella, and grade 3 of MPL was diagnosed. Both conditions were affecting the same stifle joint. In addition, survey radiographsof the affected joint were performed. Surgical treatment was indicated by the TTTA technique. Radiographic measurementswere taken to calculate the cranial tibial tuberosity advancement by the tibial plateau and the common tangent methods, and atitanium TTA-Maquet cage-only of 10.5 x 20.0 mm was selected. Linear osteotomy was performed on the tibial tuberosity withthe aid of an oscillating saw, based on the Maquet hole technique. The tibial tuberosity was carefully displaced cranially and thecage was inserted at the site of osteotomy. The cage ears were molded on the tibial surface and fixed with 2.4 mm self-tappingcortical screws...

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Background: Uterine twisting in bitches is an uncommon disease in which the difficulty of diagnosis is due to non specific clinical signs. This condition is more commonly observed in pluriparous females and is usually associated with a pregnant uterus close to birth, or associated with hemometra, pyometra and neoplasms in non-pregnant bitches. This study reports a case of an 11-year-old Poodle bitch with a rare case of uterine twisting in a non-pregnant womb. Case: A 11-year-old Poodle dog, weighing 3.2 kg, was admitted at the institution with a history of anorexia, oligodipsia and apathy during one day. There was no information on the last phase of estrus or previous pregnancies. The patient arrived at the emergency room of the veterinary hospital with cardiorespiratory arrest and was resuscitated with mechanical ventilation, cardiac massage and administration of adrenaline (0.1 mg/kg IV, 1 mg/ml concentration), tramadol hydrochloride (2mg/kg via IV) and oxygen therapy. Clinical examination revealed a distended and tense abdomen with a palpable mass inthe mesogastric region. Ultrasound examination showed a heterogeneous structure (> 10cm. in diameter), with cavitary areas filled with heterogeneous anechoic content and septations, located between the liver and urinary bladder. It was notpossible to identify in which organ or structure the mass originated, and the possibility of gestation and fetal death was discarded. The female died six hours after admission. The patient was submitted to necropsy and histopathological analysis revealed a dark red and enlarged segment of the uterine horn with a 360º twist, occupying most of the abdominal cavity.The left uterine horn was about 10 cm in diameter and firm, and cystic areas were observed on a reddish-black surface containing a large amount of bloody fluid. The right uterine horn was normal in appearance, but with a small amount of fluid...

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Background: Shearing wounds on the limbs of dogs usually affect the regions distally from the radiocarpal joint at thethoracic limb and from the tibiotarsal joint at the pelvic limb. The tissue coverage and re-epithelialization of the injuredregion are important factors that should be considered in the definitive surgical treatment. The hydrocolloid membranepromotes selective autolytic debridement and accelerates the formation of granulation tissue and epithelialization. Thepresent study aims to describe the treatment with hydrocolloid membrane dressing of three cases of shearing wounds withconcomitant orthopedic injuries in the pelvic limbs of dogs.Case: Three dogs with pelvic limb injuries after vehicular trauma were selected for treatment. Two patients had shearinglesions on the medial aspect of the pelvic limb with exposure of the tibia and fibula, the talus and the tibiotarsal joint,associated with bone loss on the medial surface of the limb and rupture of the medial collateral ligament of the tarsus.Another patient had a shearing wound on the dorsal surface of the distal region of the pelvic limb, with injury of the digitalextensor tendons and bone exposure of the second and third metatarsals. Initially, the surgical debridement of the lesionwas performed and during the first five days after trauma the wound was cleansed with chlorhexidine solution and topicalapplication of crystallized sugar daily. In this initial period a dry adherent dressing was used on the lesions, without bandagesfor immobilization of the pelvic limb. In all dogs, the hydrocolloid membrane was applied from the sixth day after initialwound management. Immediately after the application of the hydrocolloid membrane, temporary immobilization of theaffected pelvic limb with a padded Robert Jones bandage was performed. The first changes of the hydrocolloid membraneswere performed after five days of their use. Subsequently, the membranes changes...

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Background: Uterine twisting in bitches is an uncommon disease in which the difficulty of diagnosis is due to non specific clinical signs. This condition is more commonly observed in pluriparous females and is usually associated with a pregnant uterus close to birth, or associated with hemometra, pyometra and neoplasms in non-pregnant bitches. This study reports a case of an 11-year-old Poodle bitch with a rare case of uterine twisting in a non-pregnant womb. Case: A 11-year-old Poodle dog, weighing 3.2 kg, was admitted at the institution with a history of anorexia, oligodipsia and apathy during one day. There was no information on the last phase of estrus or previous pregnancies. The patient arrived at the emergency room of the veterinary hospital with cardiorespiratory arrest and was resuscitated with mechanical ventilation, cardiac massage and administration of adrenaline (0.1 mg/kg IV, 1 mg/ml concentration), tramadol hydrochloride (2mg/kg via IV) and oxygen therapy. Clinical examination revealed a distended and tense abdomen with a palpable mass inthe mesogastric region. Ultrasound examination showed a heterogeneous structure (> 10cm. in diameter), with cavitary areas filled with heterogeneous anechoic content and septations, located between the liver and urinary bladder. It was notpossible to identify in which organ or structure the mass originated, and the possibility of gestation and fetal death was discarded. The female died six hours after admission. The patient was submitted to necropsy and histopathological analysis revealed a dark red and enlarged segment of the uterine horn with a 360º twist, occupying most of the abdominal cavity.The left uterine horn was about 10 cm in diameter and firm, and cystic areas were observed on a reddish-black surface containing a large amount of bloody fluid. The right uterine horn was normal in appearance, but with a small amount of fluid...(AU)

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Background: The most common conditions that compromise the stifle joint in dogs are medial patellar luxation (MPL) and cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture. Surgical procedures are usually indicated for the treatment of these diseases. One ordinarytechnique for the treatment of MPL is the tibial tuberosity transposition, and one prominent technique for CCL rupture is the tibialtuberosity advancement. These techniques can be associated in one surgical procedure called tibial tuberosity transposition andadvancement (TTTA) for the simultaneous treatment of both stifle diseases. The aim of this study is to report the surgical treatmentof a dog with MPL and CCL rupture affecting the same joint by the TTTA technique with the use of a TTA-Maquet cage-only.Case: A 3-year-old Pitbull dog weighing 39 kg was attended at Veterinary Hospital with a history of marked lameness in theleft pelvic limb. The orthopedic examination showed positive results for cranial drawer motion and tibial compression tests,and a complete CCL rupture was diagnosed. The presence of patellar luxation was evaluated by manual pressure on the patella, and grade 3 of MPL was diagnosed. Both conditions were affecting the same stifle joint. In addition, survey radiographsof the affected joint were performed. Surgical treatment was indicated by the TTTA technique. Radiographic measurementswere taken to calculate the cranial tibial tuberosity advancement by the tibial plateau and the common tangent methods, and atitanium TTA-Maquet cage-only of 10.5 x 20.0 mm was selected. Linear osteotomy was performed on the tibial tuberosity withthe aid of an oscillating saw, based on the Maquet hole technique. The tibial tuberosity was carefully displaced cranially and thecage was inserted at the site of osteotomy. The cage ears were molded on the tibial surface and fixed with 2.4 mm self-tappingcortical screws...(AU)

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O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever os resultados a longo prazo do uso da técnica extracapsular TightRope (TR) modificada no tratamento da doença do ligamento cruzado cranial (LCCr) em oito cães (10 articulações) com peso corporal variando entre 4kg e 28kg. Todos os animais selecionados foram submetidos aos exames ortopédicos específicos, sendo diagnosticada ruptura completa do LCCr pelos testes de gaveta e de compressão tibial. Realizaram-se exames radiográficos convencionais e em posição de estresse das articulações. A técnica TR foi modificada utilizando-se o fio de náilon substituindo o fio de fibra empregado na técnica original, facilitando a disponibilidade de obtenção do material. Houve também modificação na origem da perfuração do túnel tibial, sendo realizada imediatamente cranial ao sulco do tendão extensor digital longo. Todos os cães foram submetidos ao exame radiográfico tanto no pós-operatório imediato como no tardio. Aos 30 dias após a intervenção cirúrgica, os pacientes apresentavam claudicação nos membros pélvicos operados de grau discreto a moderado. Foi observado discreto movimento de gaveta cranial em 60% das articulações acometidas. Aos três meses após o procedimento cirúrgico, os animais apresentaram ausência de dor e discreta redução na amplitude dos movimentos articulares. Em duas articulações (20%) observou-se discreto deslocamento cranial da tíbia no teste de gaveta. Nesta fase, 80% dos membros avaliados apresentavam apoio normal. Um ano após a intervenção cirúrgica, observou-se ao exame radiográfico discreta progressão da doença articular degenerativa em 50% das articulações operadas. Das oito articulações avaliadas a longo prazo, em apenas um membro operado observou-se discreta claudicação com reduzida transferência de peso para o membro contralateral. Os demais membros pélvicos avaliados (87,5%) demonstraram ausência de claudicação e adequada recuperação da função articular. Concluiu-se que a técnica cirúrgica extracapsular TR modificada mostrou-se efetiva como opção de tratamento para doença do LCCr em cães de porte pequeno e médio, não apresentando complicações. As modificações do fio cirúrgico e da perfuração da tíbia na técnica TR parecem ter efeitos positivos na estabilização da articulação do joelho.(AU)

The aim of the study was to describe the long term outcomes of the modified extracapsular TightRope (TR) technique in the treatment of the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) disease in eight dogs (10 joints) with a body weight ranging from 4kg to 28kg. The animals were submitted to specific orthopedic examinations and were diagnosed with total CCL rupture by drawer and tibial compression tests. Conventional and stress positional radiographic examinations of the affected joints were performed. The TR technique was modified using the nylon suture thread replacing the fiber suture used in the original technique, which facilitated the availability of obtaining the material. There was also modification in the origin of the tibial tunnel perforation that was performed immediately cranial to the groove of the long digital extensor tendon. The dogs underwent radiographic examination in the immediate postoperative and in later periods. At one month after surgical procedure, the animals showed mild or moderate lameness in the affected pelvic limbs. Mild cranial tibial drawer was observed in 60% of the operated joints. At three months after the procedure, the animals have mild decrease in the range of joint motion, but without signs of pain. Two stifle joints (20%) showed a slight cranial displacement of the tibia in the drawer test. In this period, 80% of the affected joints showed normal limb support. At one year after the procedure, radiographic examination showed a discrete progression of the degenerative joint disease in 50% of the operated joints. The long term outcomes were obtained from eight joints and in only one pelvic limb was observed mild lameness with slight weight transfer to the normal contralateral limb. All other evaluated pelvic limbs (87.5%) showed no lameness and proper recovery of joint function. In conclusion, the modified TR extracapsular surgical technique proved to be effective as a treatment option for CCL disease in small and medium dogs, with no complications. Modifications of the surgical suture thread and the tibial site perforation of the TR technique seem to have positive effects on stabilization of the stifle joint.(AU)

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O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever os resultados a longo prazo do uso da técnica extracapsular TightRope (TR) modificada no tratamento da doença do ligamento cruzado cranial (LCCr) em oito cães (10 articulações) com peso corporal variando entre 4kg e 28kg. Todos os animais selecionados foram submetidos aos exames ortopédicos específicos, sendo diagnosticada ruptura completa do LCCr pelos testes de gaveta e de compressão tibial. Realizaram-se exames radiográficos convencionais e em posição de estresse das articulações. A técnica TR foi modificada utilizando-se o fio de náilon substituindo o fio de fibra empregado na técnica original, facilitando a disponibilidade de obtenção do material. Houve também modificação na origem da perfuração do túnel tibial, sendo realizada imediatamente cranial ao sulco do tendão extensor digital longo. Todos os cães foram submetidos ao exame radiográfico tanto no pós-operatório imediato como no tardio. Aos 30 dias após a intervenção cirúrgica, os pacientes apresentavam claudicação nos membros pélvicos operados de grau discreto a moderado. Foi observado discreto movimento de gaveta cranial em 60% das articulações acometidas. Aos três meses após o procedimento cirúrgico, os animais apresentaram ausência de dor e discreta redução na amplitude dos movimentos articulares. Em duas articulações (20%) observou-se discreto deslocamento cranial da tíbia no teste de gaveta. Nesta fase, 80% dos membros avaliados apresentavam apoio normal. Um ano após a intervenção cirúrgica, observou-se ao exame radiográfico discreta progressão da doença articular degenerativa em 50% das articulações operadas. Das oito articulações avaliadas a longo prazo, em apenas um membro operado observou-se discreta claudicação com reduzida transferência de peso para o membro contralateral. Os demais membros pélvicos avaliados (87,5%) demonstraram ausência de claudicação e adequada recuperação da função articular. Concluiu-se que a técnica cirúrgica extracapsular TR modificada mostrou-se efetiva como opção de tratamento para doença do LCCr em cães de porte pequeno e médio, não apresentando complicações. As modificações do fio cirúrgico e da perfuração da tíbia na técnica TR parecem ter efeitos positivos na estabilização da articulação do joelho.(AU)

The aim of the study was to describe the long term outcomes of the modified extracapsular TightRope (TR) technique in the treatment of the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) disease in eight dogs (10 joints) with a body weight ranging from 4kg to 28kg. The animals were submitted to specific orthopedic examinations and were diagnosed with total CCL rupture by drawer and tibial compression tests. Conventional and stress positional radiographic examinations of the affected joints were performed. The TR technique was modified using the nylon suture thread replacing the fiber suture used in the original technique, which facilitated the availability of obtaining the material. There was also modification in the origin of the tibial tunnel perforation that was performed immediately cranial to the groove of the long digital extensor tendon. The dogs underwent radiographic examination in the immediate postoperative and in later periods. At one month after surgical procedure, the animals showed mild or moderate lameness in the affected pelvic limbs. Mild cranial tibial drawer was observed in 60% of the operated joints. At three months after the procedure, the animals have mild decrease in the range of joint motion, but without signs of pain. Two stifle joints (20%) showed a slight cranial displacement of the tibia in the drawer test. In this period, 80% of the affected joints showed normal limb support. At one year after the procedure, radiographic examination showed a discrete progression of the degenerative joint disease in 50% of the operated joints. The long term outcomes were obtained from eight joints and in only one pelvic limb was observed mild lameness with slight weight transfer to the normal contralateral limb. All other evaluated pelvic limbs (87.5%) showed no lameness and proper recovery of joint function. In conclusion, the modified TR extracapsular surgical technique proved to be effective as a treatment option for CCL disease in small and medium dogs, with no complications. Modifications of the surgical suture thread and the tibial site perforation of the TR technique seem to have positive effects on stabilization of the stifle joint.(AU)

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The influence of the proximal tibial angles in the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture in dogs is still controversial, and little is known regarding this topic in cats. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the angles of the proximal portion of the tibia in dogs and cats with and without CCL rupture. Retrospective and prospective radiographs of the stifle joints were obtained and divided into four groups. Group 1 was composed of 70 stifle joint images of dogs without orthopedic disorders (healthy dogs), group 2 had 70 stifle joint images of dogs with CCL rupture, group 3 had 50 stifle joint images of cats without orthopedic disorders (healthy cats) and group 4 had 25 stifle joint images of cats with CCL rupture. Radiographs were taken with the stifle joint in the mediolateral projection, positioned at the angle of hind limb support. Between the two groups of dogs evaluated, the dogs with CCL rupture had statistically greater tibial plateau angle (TPA) compared with healthy dogs. No difference was shown in relation to the TPA between healthy cats and cats with CCL rupture. In relation to the patellar ligament angle by tibial plateau method the values for the healthy dogs were significantly higher than those for the CCL ruptured dogs. Similarly, healthy cats had significantly higher mean values than cats with CCL rupture. In the patellar ligament angle by common tangent method there was no significantly difference between the two groups of dogs. Between the two groups of cats, animals with CCL rupture had statistically higher mean values than healthy cats. In general, the groups of dogs showed higher mean values than the groups of cats. For the patellar ligament insertion angle (PLIA) healthy dogs showed a significantly higher mean than dogs with CCL rupture. There was no significant difference between the groups of cats. In conclusion, the TPA and the PLIA possibly influence the etiology of CCL rupture in dogs but not in cats. The low patellar...(AU)

A influência dos ângulos da parte proximal da tíbia sobre a ruptura do ligamento cruzado cranial (LCC) em cães é ainda controversa, e pouco é descrito sobre este tópico em gatos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e comparar os ângulos da tíbia proximal em cães e gatos, ambas as espécies com e sem ruptura do LCC. Foram obtidos exames radiográficos retrospectivos e prospectivos das articulações do joelho e divididos em quatro grupos: no grupo 1 foram incluídas 70 imagens radiográficas da articulação do joelho de cães sem distúrbios ortopédicos (cães saudáveis), no grupo 2 foram 70 imagens radiográficas articulação do joelho de cães com ruptura do LCC, no grupo 3 foram 50 imagens radiográficas da articulação do joelho de gatos sem distúrbios ortopédicos (gatos saudáveis), e no grupo 4 foram 25 imagens radiográficas articulação do joelho de gatos com ruptura do LCC. As imagens radiográficas da articulação do joelho foram obtidas na projeção mediolateral, mantendo-se a articulação posicionada na angulação de apoio do membro pélvico. Em relação ao ângulo do platô tibial (APT), os cães com ruptura do LCC tiveram estatisticamente maiores valores médios do APT quando comparados aos cães saudáveis. Não foi observada diferença significativa em relação ao APT entre os gatos saudáveis e os gatos com ruptura do LCC. Em relação ao ângulo do ligamento patelar mensurado pelo método do platô tibial, os valores médios observados para os cães saudáveis foram significativamente mais elevados do que os valores encontrados para os cães com ruptura do LCC. De forma semelhante, os gatos saudáveis também apresentaram valores médios mais elevados do que os gatos com ruptura do LCC. Para o ângulo do ligamento patelar mensurado pelo método da tangente comum, não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os dois grupos de cães...(AU)

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The influence of the proximal tibial angles in the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture in dogs is still controversial, and little is known regarding this topic in cats. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the angles of the proximal portion of the tibia in dogs and cats with and without CCL rupture. Retrospective and prospective radiographs of the stifle joints were obtained and divided into four groups. Group 1 was composed of 70 stifle joint images of dogs without orthopedic disorders (healthy dogs), group 2 had 70 stifle joint images of dogs with CCL rupture, group 3 had 50 stifle joint images of cats without orthopedic disorders (healthy cats) and group 4 had 25 stifle joint images of cats with CCL rupture. Radiographs were taken with the stifle joint in the mediolateral projection, positioned at the angle of hind limb support. Between the two groups of dogs evaluated, the dogs with CCL rupture had statistically greater tibial plateau angle (TPA) compared with healthy dogs. No difference was shown in relation to the TPA between healthy cats and cats with CCL rupture. In relation to the patellar ligament angle by tibial plateau method the values for the healthy dogs were significantly higher than those for the CCL ruptured dogs. Similarly, healthy cats had significantly higher mean values than cats with CCL rupture. In the patellar ligament angle by common tangent method there was no significantly difference between the two groups of dogs. Between the two groups of cats, animals with CCL rupture had statistically higher mean values than healthy cats. In general, the groups of dogs showed higher mean values than the groups of cats. For the patellar ligament insertion angle (PLIA) healthy dogs showed a significantly higher mean than dogs with CCL rupture. There was no significant difference between the groups of cats. In conclusion, the TPA and the PLIA possibly influence the etiology of CCL rupture in dogs but not in cats. The low patellar ligament angle measured by common tangent method may favorably influence the reduced incidence of CCL rupture in cats.(AU)

A influência dos ângulos da parte proximal da tíbia sobre a ruptura do ligamento cruzado cranial (LCC) em cães é ainda controversa, e pouco é descrito sobre este tópico em gatos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e comparar os ângulos da tíbia proximal em cães e gatos, ambas as espécies com e sem ruptura do LCC. Foram obtidos exames radiográficos retrospectivos e prospectivos das articulações do joelho e divididos em quatro grupos: no grupo 1 foram incluídas 70 imagens radiográficas da articulação do joelho de cães sem distúrbios ortopédicos (cães saudáveis), no grupo 2 foram 70 imagens radiográficas articulação do joelho de cães com ruptura do LCC, no grupo 3 foram 50 imagens radiográficas da articulação do joelho de gatos sem distúrbios ortopédicos (gatos saudáveis), e no grupo 4 foram 25 imagens radiográficas articulação do joelho de gatos com ruptura do LCC. As imagens radiográficas da articulação do joelho foram obtidas na projeção mediolateral, mantendo-se a articulação posicionada na angulação de apoio do membro pélvico. Em relação ao ângulo do platô tibial (APT), os cães com ruptura do LCC tiveram estatisticamente maiores valores médios do APT quando comparados aos cães saudáveis. Não foi observada diferença significativa em relação ao APT entre os gatos saudáveis e os gatos com ruptura do LCC. Em relação ao ângulo do ligamento patelar mensurado pelo método do platô tibial, os valores médios observados para os cães saudáveis foram significativamente mais elevados do que os valores encontrados para os cães com ruptura do LCC. De forma semelhante, os gatos saudáveis também apresentaram valores médios mais elevados do que os gatos com ruptura do LCC. Para o ângulo do ligamento patelar mensurado pelo método da tangente comum, não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os dois grupos de cães. No entanto, entre os dois grupos de gatos, os animais com ruptura do LCC apresentaram valores médios significativamente mais elevados do que os gatos saudáveis. Em geral, os grupos de cães demonstraram valores médios mais elevados quando comparados aos grupos de gatos. Em relação ao ângulo de inserção do ligamento patelar (AILP), os cães saudáveis apresentaram valores médios significativamente mais elevados do que os cães com ruptura do LCC. No entanto, não foi observada diferença significativa entre os dois grupos de gatos. Em conclusão, o APT e o AILP possivelmente exercem influência na etiologia da ruptura do LCC em cães, mas não influenciam nos gatos. Em gatos, os reduzidos ângulos do ligamento patelar observados pelo método da tangente comum podem influenciar favoravelmente na baixa incidência da ruptura do LCC nessa espécie.(AU)

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Background: Articular cartilage has a limited capacity for regeneration and of the various treatments proposed, none have reached appropriate therapeutic effectiveness. This study aimed to evaluate autogenous osteochondral grafts in intact or macerated format, in association with or without insulin-like growth factor type-1 (IGF-1) in the repair of osteochondral defects induced in the femoral trochlear groove of rabbits.Materials, Methods & Results: Seventeen healthy White New Zealand rabbits were selected for this study. The rabbits were female, six months old, and had an average body weight of 4.5 kg. All 34 stifle joints were subjected to autogenous osteochondral grafting in the femoral trochlear groove. The joints were divided into four groups designated as intact osteochondral graft with IGF-1 (INT + IGF), intact osteochondral graft with physiological solution (INT + FIS), macerated osteochondral graft with IGF-1 (MAC + IGF), and macerated osteochondral graft with physiological solution (MAC + FIS). Serial evaluations were performed by orthopedic and radiographic examination. After 6 and 12 weeks postoperatively, the grafted area was subjected to macroscopic, histological, and immunohistochemical analyses. Although no statistically significant differences were found between the groups in relation to clinical, macroscopic, histological, and immunohistochemical aspects, a tendency of IGF-1 to promote tissue repair was evident. In the radiographic evaluation, the articular surface and the recipient site in both groups with IGF-1 showed significantly more effective filling (P ≤ 0.05). Regardless of the group, collagen type 2 production, as assessed by immunohistochemistry, was found to be appropriate on the grafted articular surface.[...]

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