RESUMEN
Alzheimer's disease accounts for a high percentage of dementia cases in elderly individuals. This type of brain disease is caused by damage to the brain cells affecting the ability of the patients to communicate, as well as their thinking, behavior, and feelings. Although numerous research laboratories focus on advancements in treating Alzheimer's disease, the currently approved pharmacological approaches seem to only alleviate the symptoms. Consequently, there is an urgent need for alternative pharmacological options that can prevent the progressive impairment of neurons. Natural substances were used in ancient times to treat various disorders given their biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties. Besides, their cost-effectiveness and accessibility to anyone who needs them are their most significant characteristics. Therefore, the possible use of phytochemical compounds for the possible management or even prevention of Alzheimer's disease is currently under investigation. This review article summarizes the present status of Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and underlying mechanisms, the potential phytochemicals and their carriers, along with future perspectives. In the future, natural substances can play a role as an adjunct therapy for neurodegenerative forms of dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de Alzheimer , Anciano , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/diagnóstico , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/tratamiento farmacológico , Antiinflamatorios/uso terapéutico , Antioxidantes/uso terapéutico , Encéfalo , Humanos , Fitoquímicos/farmacología , Fitoquímicos/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Diabetes is a global health problem that has resulted in millions of deaths; one of the most common diabetes complications is that wounds of diabetic patients tend to heal more slowly or may not heal at all, resulting in undesirable outcomes. Diabetic wounds, if become chronic and infected, could provoke lower extremities amputation, sepsis, and even death. Hence, early detection, careful examination, debridement, cleaning, and prevention or controlling the infection of diabetic wounds are important factors for the successful outcome of the case. Over the years, various promising wound dressings incorporating antimicrobial molecules, growth factors, and wound healing agents have been developed, targeting diabetic wounds. Nonetheless, the choice of dressing is mainly based on the experience of each clinician. SUMMARY: This review summarizes the main points of diabetes complications, diabetic wounds, and infections. Further, an overview of the current drug delivery systems for topical wound delivery of various active ingredients has been performed. This update could be helpful for scientists and especially clinicians who desire to plan and work with new strategies for the healing of diabetic wounds.
Asunto(s)
Antiinfecciosos , Diabetes Mellitus , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Antiinfecciosos/uso terapéutico , Vendajes , Diabetes Mellitus/tratamiento farmacológico , Humanos , Cicatrización de HeridasRESUMEN
Alzheimer's disease is a neuropathological disease with symptoms such as language problems, confusion as to place or time, loss of interest in activities, which were previously enjoyed, behavioral changes, and memory loss. Alzheimer's disease and other types of dementia affect almost 46.8 million people globally and are estimated to strike about 131.5 million people in 2050. It has been reported that Alzheimer's is the sixth main cause of mortality. The most used drugs, which are currently approved by the Food, and Drug Administration for Alzheimer's disease are donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, memantine, and the combination of donepezil and memantine. However, most of the drugs present various adverse effects. Recently, the transdermal drug delivery route has gained increasing attention as an emerging tool for Alzheimer's disease management. Besides, transdermal drug delivery systems seem to provide hope for the management of various diseases, due to the advantages that they offer in comparison with oral dosage forms. Herein, the current advancements in transdermal studies with potent features to achieve better Alzheimer's disease management are presented. Many researchers have shown that the transdermal systems provide higher efficiency since the first-pass hepatic metabolism effect can be avoided and a prolonged drug release rate can be achieved. In summary, the transdermal administration of Alzheimer's drugs is an interesting and promising topic, which should be further elaborated and studied.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de Alzheimer/tratamiento farmacológico , Donepezilo/uso terapéutico , Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos , Memantina/uso terapéutico , Rivastigmina/uso terapéutico , Inhibidores de la Colinesterasa/uso terapéutico , HumanosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Dementia and its related types such as Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia and mixed dementia belong to brain associated diseases, resulting in long-term progressive memory loss. These diseases are so severe that can affect a person's daily routine. Up to date, treatment of dementia is still an unmet challenge due to their complex pathophysiology and unavailable efficient pharmacological approaches. The use of nanotechnology based pharmaceutical products could possibly improve the management of dementia given that nanocarriers could more efficiently deliver drugs to the brain. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to provide the current nanotechnology based drug delivery systems for the treatment of various dementia types. In addition, the current diagnosis biomarkers for the mentioned dementia types along with their available pharmacological treatment are being discussed. METHODS: An extensive review of the current nanosystems such as brain drug delivery systems against Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia and mixed dementia was performed. Moreover, nanotheranostics as possible imaging markers for such dementias were also reported. RESULTS: The field of nanotechnology is quite advantageous for targeting dementia given that nanoscale drug delivery systems easily penetrate the blood brain barrier and circulate in the body for prolonged time. These nanoformulations consist of polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, microemulsions, nanoemulsions, and liquid crystals. The delivery of the nanotherapeutics can be achieved via various administration routes such as transdermal, injectable, oral, and more importantly, through the intranasal route. Nonetheless, the nanocarriers are mostly limited to Alzheimer's disease targeting; thus, nanocarriers for other types of dementia should be developed. CONCLUSION: To conclude, understanding the mechanism of neurodegeneration and reviewing the current drug delivery systems for Alzheimer's disease and other dementia types are significant for medical and pharmaceutical society to produce efficient therapeutic choices and novel strategies based on multifunctional and biocompatible nanocarriers, which can deliver the drug sufficiently into the brain.