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We conducted a systematic review of analytical epidemiological studies to assess the association between ChAdOx1-S vaccination and thromboembolic, thrombocytopenic, and hemorrhagic events. We searched Medline, Embase, Google Scholar, WHO-COVID-19 database, and medRxiv for studies evaluating the association between ChAdOx1-S and vascular events. Primary outcomes of interest were cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, peripheral venous thrombosis (PVT), and thrombocytopenia. Two independent reviewers screened for eligible studies, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias. The DerSimonian-Laird random effects model was used to pool the incidence rate ratios (IRRs) separately for the first and second doses. Heterogeneity was assessed using I2 statistics. Twenty studies were included, of which 11 were self-controlled case series, and nine were cohort studies (254 million participants). Pooling of 17 studies showed a higher risk of cerebrovascular thrombosis (IRR = 3.5, 95% CI = 2.2-5.4, I2 = 79%), PVT (IRR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.1-3.5, I2 = 95%) and thrombocytopenia (IRR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.4-1.9, I2 = 93%) among those who received ChAdOx1-S vaccination as compared to controls. No increased risk was seen after the second dose or for secondary outcomes. There is moderate-to-high certainty of the evidence for the increased risk of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, PVT, and thrombocytopenia following the first dose of the ChAdOx1-S vaccine. Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO CRD42022372768.

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The influx of fresh groundwater and re-circulated sea water into coastal ecosystem occurs through the submarine groundwater discharge (SGD). Measurement of salinity, radium tracers (224Ra, and 226Ra isotopes) and nutrients in estuarine water, coastal surface water and groundwater during December 2019 estimated the SGD and associated nutrient fluxes near the Karameniyar estuary (Gulf of Mannar) and surroundings of the Manapad region at southern part of Tamil Nadu state in India. The presence of excessive radium tracers revealed that the SGD was contributing to Ra desorption from the sediments and enrichment in the coastal waters. We estimated SGD of approximately 0.03-0.59 m3 m-2 d-1 for the Manapad region and relatively more homogeneous but comparatively less values in the Karameniyar estuary (0.03-0.34 m3 m-2 d-1). Higher average values of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN; 43.62 µmol L-1) and soluble reactive phosphate (SRP; 1.848 µmol L-1) suggested greater influence of SGD on the overall coastal water nutrient budget. This study also indicated simultaneous occurrence of fresh and saline SGD in this region.

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Incorporating C4 photosynthetic traits into C3 crops is a rational approach for sustaining future demands for crop productivity. Using classical plant breeding, engineering this complex trait is unlikely to achieve its target. Therefore, it is critical and timely to implement novel biotechnological crop improvement strategies to accomplish this goal. However, a fundamental understanding of C3 , C4 , and C3 -C4 intermediate metabolism is crucial for the targeted use of biotechnological tools. This review assesses recent progress towards engineering C4 photosynthetic traits in C3 crops. We also discuss lessons learned from successes and failures of recent genetic engineering attempts in C3 crops, highlighting the pros and cons of using rice as a model plant for short-, medium- and long-term goals of genetic engineering. This review provides an integrated approach towards engineering improved photosynthetic efficiency in C3 crops for sustaining food, fibre and fuel production around the globe.

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Fingerprick blood spotted onto filter paper offers an alternative to venous blood for use in population-based surveillance because it is comparatively inexpensive, acceptable, and easy to manage in the field. Prior studies have shown excellent agreement for immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody detection from dried blood spots (DBS) and venous blood samples. However, much of this evidence is from high-income settings or laboratories where the samples were unlikely to be exposed to extreme temperatures and humidity, factors known to degrade DBS. We report the diagnostic accuracy of DBS collected using HemaSpot HF devices against venous sera in measuring measles- and rubella-specific IgG antibodies in a household serosurvey conducted in two districts in India. Paired serum and DBS samples collected by fingerprick were collected from women aged 15 to 50 years enrolled in a serosurvey in Palghar District of Maharashtra and Kanpur Nagar District of Uttar Pradesh in India. Specimen quality and volume were assessed in the laboratory. Samples were tested for antimeasles and antirubella IgG antibodies by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Euroimmun). Sensitivity of antibody detection by DBS was greater than 98%, and specificity was 90% and 98%, for measles and rubella IgG, respectively. Antibody concentrations were strongly correlated between paired specimens with adequate volume (measles R2 = 0.94; rubella R2 = 0.89). Although correlation was poor if DBS specimens had lower volumes, impact on qualitative results was minimal. This study showed DBS collected with HemaSpot HF devices can generate highly accurate results of measles- and rubella-specific IgG compared to sera in community-based surveys when protocols are optimized for DBS specimens. IMPORTANCE Dried blood spot (DBS) collection provides an easy, practical, and acceptable alternative to venous blood collection, especially for community-based studies, provided that results from DBS are accurate. We demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity for measles- and rubella-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) with DBS collected via HemaSpot HF devices compared to serum samples. This is one of the largest community-based diagnostic accuracy studies of measles and rubella antibody testing with DBS and the first application we are aware of using HemaSpot HF device for measles and rubella serology. Results support the use of DBS in community-based serosurveillance.

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Cucumus sativus (cucumber) is one of the most widely consumed fruit vegetables worldwide. Recent discovery of iminosugars in commonly consumed fruits and vegetables has promoted the interest in isolating these compounds and understanding the potential benefits to human health. The objective of the present study was to investigate the general toxicity and mutagenic effects of an aqueous extract of cucumber (Q-Actin), standardized to ≥1% (1-2%) ido-BR1 iminosugar. Single dose of Q-Actin was well tolerated without mortality at 2000 mg/kg body weight (bw) in Sprague Dawley rats. Oral (gavage) administration of Q-Actin up to 1000 mg/kg bw/day was well tolerated followed by repeated administration for a maximum period of 90 days in Sprague-Dawley rats. There were no treatment related changes in clinical observations, ophthalmic examinations, body weights and body weight gains or feed consumption, clinical chemistry and pathological changes compared to control. The mutagenicity as evaluated by Ames assay, in vitro chromosomal aberration test and in vivo micronucleus assay did not reveal any potential of Q-Actin to induce genotoxicity. The results showed that Q-Actin is well tolerated in general toxicity studies and did not induce mutagenicity. The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of the standardized aqueous cucumber extract (Q-Actin) is considered to be ≥1000 mg/kg bw/day, followed by repeated administration for90 days.

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INTRODUCTION: Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy with more than 95% originating from follicular epithelial cells. Diagnostic dilemma may arise in occasional cases such as when an encapsulated nodule with a follicular growth pattern exhibits clear nuclei with grooves making it difficult to distinguish a follicular adenoma from encapsulated follicular variant papillary thyroid carcinoma. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic utility of an immunohistochemical marker, CD56, to distinguish between benign and malignant thyroid lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively studied CD56 expression in 54 benign and 54 malignant thyroid lesions using archival formalin fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks for the study period from January 2010 to December 2015, diagnosed in a tertiary hospital. RESULTS: CD56 was expressed in 52/54 (96.3%) of benign specimens and only 24/54 (44.4%) of malignant ones. The malignant specimens comprised 31 (57.4%) papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC), 11 (20.3%) follicular carcinomas (FC), seven (13%) medullary thyroid carcinomas (MC), one (1.9%) poorly differentiated carcinoma (PC) and four (7.4%) anaplastic carcinomas (AC). CD56 was not expressed in 28/31 (90.3%) of the PTCs, 1/11 (9.1%) FCs, 1/4 (25%) of ACs while all MCs and the PD were positive. The benign group comprised nodular hyperplasias (29/54), lymphocytic thyroiditis (10/54), follicular adenomas (FA) (14/54) and one hyalinising trabecular tumour. CD56 was expressed in all the benign cases except one FA and one nodular hyperplasia. Thirteen of the 14 FAs were CD56 positive. The difference in expression between benign and malignant tumours was statistically significant as the p value was <0.01. CONCLUSION: CD56 is a potentially good immunohistochemical marker for differentiating papillary thyroid carcinoma from other benign follicular lesions of the thyroid especially in differentiating follicular variant PTC from FA in equivocal cases.

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This report describes Newcastle disease in peacock and the isolation and characterization of the virus. The virus had an intracerbral pathogenicity index of 1.71 and mean death time of 47 h. The isolate had multiple basic amino acids at the fusion protein cleavage site sequence ((110)GGRRQRRFIG(119)) with a phenylalanine at residue 117. Biological and molecular characterization revealed that the virus is velogenic. Phylogenetic analysis placed the isolate in genotype II.

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Dimesitylketone O-oxide 1b was synthesized by photolysis of dimesityldiazomethane dissolved in an oxygen saturated CCl3F solution at 140 K. Conformation and geometry of 1b were determined by comparing measured NMR chemical shifts with the corresponding chemical shifts calculated at the DFT-IGLO level of theory where it had to be considered that the molecule exists in two enantiomeric forms. Measured and calculated 1H chemical shifts agree within 0.1 ppm while the calculated 13C shift of the COO carbon (210.6 ppm) differs by only 0.4 ppm from the measured shift of 211.0 ppm. The two mesityl rings are perpendicular to each other and enclose angles of 40 and 57 degrees with the COO plane. The preferred rearrangement process of 1b is an H migration from one of the ortho-methyl groups to the terminal O atom of the COO unit. The calculated activation enthalpy of this process is 12.7 kcal/mol (B3LYP/cc-pVTZ). In contrast, the activation enthalpy for isomerization to dioxirane is 5 kcal/mol higher. In CCl3F, the activation barrier for the thermal decay was determined to be 13.8 +/- 0.2 kcal/mol and in acetonitrile 13.1 +/- 0.4 kcal/mol. H migration initiates cleavage of the OO bond and the production of an OH and a benzyl radical. Recombination of the latter in the solvent cage leads to the formation of 2-methylhydroxy-pentamethylbenzophenone, while escape of the OH radical from the solvent cage yields a ketone. These results confirm the possibility of OH production from carbonyl oxides in the solution phase.

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Photodynamic induced cytotoxicity by porphyrin-DNA cross linker/intercalator hybrid diads and triads has been studied on the human leukemic cell line TF-1. Cells were incubated for 1 to 4 h with these new photosensitizers and irradiated with white light. Cell survival was assessed by the propidium iodide staining, using flow cytometry analysis. A comparison of the dark and light cell survival factor values suggests that irradiation has a significant effect on the toxicity at low concentrations for the porphyrin-chlorambucil diad and to a lesser extent at high concentrations for the porphyrin-acridone diad, the porphyrin-acridine diad and the porphyrin-cholic acid-chlorambucil triad. While the intrinsic antileukemic (via DNA cross-linking) activity of the chlorambucil moiety and the structural details may be responsible for the photoenhancement of the toxicity, the presence of acridine or acridone which are avid intercalators of DNA, is responsible for a similar effect seen for diads.

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