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According to official sources, the amounts of children-to-parent violence (CPV) in most advanced countries have been on an increasing trend for more than a decade, which generates great social concern. This phenomenon has also aroused enormous interest among researchers, who have identified risk and protective factors related to adolescent CPV in numerous studies. The aim of the present study was to analyse the relationship between offensive family communication and CPV in adolescence, and the moderating role that two psychosocial adjustment factors may be playing: a positive attitude towards the transgression of rules and psychological distress. A total of 7787 adolescents between 11 and 16 years of age (M = 13.37, SD = 1.34) from secondary schools in the state of Nuevo León (Mexico) participated in the study (51.5% boys, 48.5% girls). Structural equation modelling was performed using structural equation modelling software (EQS). The results showed that offensive family communication has a direct and significant relationship with CPV. It was also observed that there is an indirect relationship between both variables, through the relationships of psychological distress and a positive attitude towards the transgression of rules. The multigroup analysis performed showed gender differences in some of these relationships. Finally, the results and their implications in the field of family intervention are discussed.

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Bullying victimization is strongly associated with increased psychological distress and suicide in adolescents and poor family functioning. Knowledge of gender differences influencing these factors will improve the prevention of mental problems and suicide in victimized adolescents. A total of 1685 Mexican secondary students, 12-17 years old (m = 13.65), of whom 54% were girls, responded to a standardized scale questionnaire to analyze such differences. Based on the statistical analysis, girls reported significantly lower family functioning and higher psychological distress and suicidal ideation than boys. The cluster analysis classified adolescents into high (5.78%), moderate (24.07%), and no-victimization (69.76%) groups. Boys predominated in the high (3.1%) and moderate-victimization (12.4%) clusters, and girls in the no-victimization group (39.51%). Multivariate statistical analyses found significant differences between the three groups, with the highest means of psychological distress and suicidal ideation and lowest family functioning in the high-victimization group. Only for suicidal ideation, there was an interaction between gender and the degree of victimization, with girls showing a higher increase of suicidal ideation than boys in the same cluster. Conclusions: Early detection and intervention in bullying-victimized adolescents, aiming to decrease psychological distress and suicidal ideation and strengthen family functioning, should consider contextual gender differences for effective prevention of mental health problems and suicide in adolescents.

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The aim of the present study was to examine the mediating role of the problematic social networking sites use (PSNSU) in the relationship between both cybervictimization and offline victimization and cyberbullying in boys and girls. The sample consisted of 2,011 adolescents (50.67% boys and 49.32% girls), aged between 12 and 18 years old (M = 14.17, SD = 1.47), enrolled in schools in Andalusia, Spain. To examine this objective, moderated mediation model of the PROCESS macro was used. The results showed that both cybervictimization and offline victimization are positively related to cyberbullying directly and indirectly through PSNSU. Moreover, it was observed that boys victimized both online and offline demonstrated a higher involvement in cyberbullying, whereas girls reported a higher PSNSU. However, the PSNSU mediating effect was not moderated by gender. Finally, the results and their practical implications are discussed. (AU)

El objetivo del presente estudio fue examinar el papel mediador del uso problemático de las redes sociales virtuales (UPRSV) en la relación entre la cibervictimización, la victimización offline y el ciberbullying en chicos y chicas. Los participantes fueron 2,011 adolescentes (50.67% chicos y 49.32% chicas), con edades comprendidas entre los 12 y los 18 años (M = 14.17, DT = 1.47), escolarizados en centros educativos de Andalucía (España). Para examinar este objetivo se utilizó el modelo de mediación moderada de la macro de PROCESS. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que la cibervictimización y la victimización offline se relacionan positivamente con el ciberbullying de manera directa e indirecta, a través del UPRSV. Además, se observó que los chicos victimizados tanto online como offline mostraron una mayor implicación en el ciberbullying mientras que las chicas mostraron un mayor UPRSV. Sin embargo, el efecto mediador del UPRSV no era moderado por el género. Finalmente se discuten los resultados y sus implicaciones prácticas. (AU)

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The aim of this study was to analyze the relationships between sociometric types in the classroom-rejected, preferred, neglected, controversial and average-and psychological discomfort, life satisfaction and cyber-aggression, based on the adolescent's gender. 2398 adolescents of both sexes participated in the study (49.8% girls), aged between 12 and 18 years (M = 16.03, SD = 1.91). Multivariate analyses of variance were performed. The results showed significant relationships between sociometric types, life satisfaction and cyber-aggression. Rejected adolescents also showed less satisfaction with life and greater cyber-aggression. Furthermore, the boys, regardless of their sociometric type in the classroom, displayed less psychological distress and less involvement in cyber-aggression. Controversial adolescents also showed greater involvement in cyber-aggression. Finally, programs should be promoted for the prevention of social difficulties in the school, based on the promotion of social integration, not only in the classroom, but also on the Internet.

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This transversal study over a random representative sample of 1687 Mexican students attending public and private secondary schools (54% girls, 12-17 years old, M = 13.65. DT = 1.14) aimed to analyze psychosocial differences between victims and non-victims of bullying from the bioecological model. It included individual variables (ontosystem), familiar, community, and scholar factors (microsystem), and gender (macrosystem) to perform a multivariate discriminant analysis and a logistic regression analysis. The discriminant analysis found that psychological distress, offensive communication with mother and father, and a positive attitude toward social norms transgression characterized the high victimization cluster. For the non-victims, the discriminant variables were community implication, positive attitude toward institutional authority, and open communication with the mother. These variables allowed for correctly predicting membership in 76% of the cases. Logistic regression analysis found that psychological distress, offensive communication with the father, and being a boy increased the probability of high victimization, while a positive attitude toward authority, open communication with the mother, and being a girl decrease this probability. These results highlight the importance of open and offensive communication between adolescents and their parents on psychological distress, attitude toward authority, community implication, and bullying victimization.

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The objective of the present study is to analyse the relationships between parental socialization styles-indulgent, authoritarian, authoritative and negligent, school adjustment (social integration, academic competence and family involvement) and cyber-aggression (direct and indirect) in adolescents. Participating in this study were 1304 Spanish students of both sexes (53.1% girls), aged between 12 and 18 years (M = 13.87, SD = 1.33). Multivariate analyses of variance were performed. The results showed significant relationships between parental socialization styles, school adjustment and cyber-aggression. It was observed that adolescents from indulgent and authoritative families showed greater academic competence and greater family involvement. Additionally, the children from authoritarian families displayed greater involvement in direct and indirect cyber-aggression behaviours. The results obtained and their implications are discussed in the final section.

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Parents exert a strong influence on several adjustment outcomes. However, little is known about their influence on adolescents' connectedness with the environment. This study examined the relationships between parenting styles, empathy and connectedness with the environment. The two-dimensional socialization model was used with four resulting styles: Indulgent, authoritative, neglectful and authoritarian. The sample comprised 797 adolescents (52.7% girls) from six public secondary schools who were aged between 12 and 16 years (M = 13.94, SD = 1.28). The results showed significant relationships between parental socialization styles, empathy and connectedness with nature. It was also observed that adolescents from indulgent and authoritative families showed higher levels of empathy and connectedness with the environment than adolescents raised by authoritarian and neglectful parents, with males from such families consistently presenting the lowest levels of empathy and connectedness, which was not the case among women. Additionally, women, regardless of the parental style in which they had been educated, showed greater cognitive and emotional empathy with the natural environment, while adolescents raised in indulgent and authoritative families displayed higher levels of empathy and connectedness than those with authoritarian and neglectful parents. These results suggest that indulgent and authoritative styles are stronger enablers of empathy and connectedness with nature.

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Resumen Los estudios sobre percepción de inseguridad, victimización y restricciones en la vida cotidiana en países con altos índices de criminalidad son escasos. Objetivo: examinar la percepción de inseguridad, victimización y variaciones de las rutinas en función de la edad. Método: se ha realizado una adaptación de la Encuesta Nacional sobre Victimización y Percepción de Inseguridad (ENVIPE). Participaron 8.170 sujetos de ambos sexos (49,9 % mujeres y 50,1 % hombres), de entre 12 y 75 años, residentes en el Estado de Morelos, seleccionados a partir de un muestreo probabilístico estratificado y proporcional. Respecto a la edad, se establecieron los siguientes intervalos en función de las distintas etapas del ciclo vital: [12-17 años] 24 %, [18-20 años] 8 %, [21-30 años] 14 %, [31 y 40 años] 14 %, [41 y 60 años] 20 % y [61 o más años] 20 %. Resultados: indicaron diferencias significativas en la percepción de inseguridad, victimización y restricciones en las actividades cotidianas en función de la edad. Los adolescentes informaron de mayor percepción de inseguridad y de menos restricciones en su vida cotidiana. También, los adolescentes y los mayores de 61 años presentaron una menor victimización. Conclusión: los adolescentes constituyen el grupo de mayor vulnerabilidad para la victimización, perciben mayor inseguridad y realizan menos cambios en sus rutinas para protegerse de la delincuencia. Finalmente, se discuten los resultados.

Abstract Studies on the perception of insecurity, victimization and restrictions in daily life in countries with high crime rates are scarce. Objective: examining the awareness of insecurity and victimization, and the routine variations taking place according to age. Method: an adaptation has been made of the National Survey on Victimization and Perception of Insecurity (ENVIPE). A total of 8,170 subjects of both sexes (49.9% women and 50.1% men), between 12 and 75 years old, residents in the State of Morelos, selected from a stratified and proportional probabilistic sampling. Regarding age, the following intervals were established depending on the different stages of the life cycle: [12-17 years] 24%, [18-20 years] 8%, [21-30 years] 14%, [31 and 40 years] 14%, [41 and 60 years] 20% and [61 or above] 20%. Results: Significant differences in the perception of insecurity, victimization and restrictions in daily activities based on age were shown. Adolescents reported greater insight with respect to insecurity and fewer restrictions in their daily lives. Also, adolescents and those over 61 years of age presented lower victimization. Conclusion: adolescents are the most vulnerable group for victimization; they perceive higher uncertainty and generally introduce fewer changes in their routines to protect themselves from crime. Finally, the results are discussed.

Resumo Os estudos sobre a percepção da insegurança, vitimização e as limitações na vida diária nos países com índices elevados de criminalidade são escassos. Objetivo: examinar a percepção da insegurança, vitimização e as variações das rotinas baseadas na idade. Método: uma adaptação da Escola Nacional sobre Vitimização e Percepção de Insegurança (ENVIPE) foi realizada. 8.170 sujeitos de ambos os sexos participaram (49.9% mulheres e 50.1% homens), entre e 75 anos, residentes no estado de Morelos, selecionados de uma amostra probabilística estratificada e proporcional. Com respeito à idade, os seguintes intervalos baseados nos diferentes estágios do ciclo vital forma estabelecidos: [12-17 anos] 24%, [18-20 anos] 8%, [21-30 anos] 14%, [31 e 40 anos] 14%, [41 e 60 anos] 20% e [61 ou mais anos] 20%. Resultados: indicaram diferenças significativas na percepção de insegurança, vitimização e as limitações nas atividades diárias baseadas na idade. Os adolescentes informaram uma maior percepção de insegurança e de menos limitações em sua vida diária. Também, os adolescentes e maiores de 61 anos apresentaram uma vitimização menor. Conclusão: os adolescentes constituem o grupo de maior vulnerabilidade para a vitimização, percebem maior insegurança e fazem menos mudanças em suas rotinas para proteger-se da delinquência. Finalmente, os resultados são discutidos.

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Objective: The aim of this research was to obtain the views of young children regarding their reasons for rejecting a peer. Method: To achieve this goal, we conducted a qualitative study in the context of theory building research using an analysis methodology based on Grounded Theory. The collected information was extracted through semi-structured individual interviews from a sample of 853 children aged 6 from 13 urban public schools in Spain. Results: The children provided 3,009 rejection nominations and 2,934 reasons for disliking the rejected peers. Seven reason categories emerged from the analysis. Four categories refer to behaviors of the rejected children that have a cost for individual peers or peer group such as: direct aggression, disturbance of wellbeing, problematic social and school behaviors and dominance behaviors. A further two categories refer to the identities arising from the preferences and choices of rejected and rejecter children and their peers: personal identity expressed through preferences and disliking, and social identity expressed through outgroup prejudices. The "no-behavior or no-choice" reasons were covered by one category, unfamiliarity. In addition, three context categories were found indicating the participants (interpersonal-group), the impact (low-high), and the subjectivity (subjective-objective) of the reason. Conclusion: This study provides researchers and practitioners with a comprehensive taxonomy of reasons for rejection that contributes to enrich the theoretical knowledge and improve interventions for preventing and reducing peer rejection.

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OBJECTIVE: To examines the influence of victimization, perceived insecurity and restrictions on daily routines in life satisfaction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Participants were 7535 (50.2% men) aged between 12 and 60, selected from a proportional stratified sampling. MANOVA and polytomous logistic regression model were calculated. RESULTS: We found significant differences in victimization, perceived insecurity and restrictions on daily routines in relation with life satisfaction levels. Also, physical protective measures, control of personal information, perception of insecurity in public areas and restrictions on daily routines were related to lower levels of satisfaction with life. CONCLUSIONS: Lowest levels of satisfaction with life were associated with victimization, perception of insecurity in public areas, and restrictions on daily routines.

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Objetivo. Examinar la influencia que ejercen la victimización, la percepción de inseguridad y los cambios en las rutinas en la satisfacción con la vida. Material y métodos. Participaron 7 535 sujetos (50.2% hombres) de entre 12 y 60 años, seleccionados a partir de un muestreo estratificado proporcional. Se calculó un análisis multivariado de la varianza (Manova) y un análisis de regresión logística politómica. Resultados. Se observaron diferencias significativas en victimización, percepción de inseguridad y restricciones en actividades cotidianas en función del grado de satisfacción con la vida. Además, las medidas de protección, la percepción de inseguridad y las restricciones en actividades cotidianas se relacionaron con la satisfacción con la vida. Conclusiones. Un bajo nivel de satisfacción con la vida se asoció con haber sido víctima, con la percepción de inseguridad en espacios públicos y con la adopción de medidas de protección física y control de la información.

Objective. To examines the influence of victimization, perceived insecurity and restrictions on daily routines in life satisfaction. Materials and methods. Participants were 7535 (50.2% men) aged between 12 and 60, selected from a proportional stratified sampling. MANOVA and polytomous logistic regression model were calculated. Results. We found significant differences in victimization, perceived insecurity and restrictions on daily routines in relation with life satisfaction levels. Also, physical protective measures, control of personal information, perception of insecurity in public areas and restrictions on daily routines were related to lower levels of satisfaction with life. Conclusions. Lowest levels of satisfaction with life were associated with victimization, perception of insecurity in public areas, and restrictions on daily routines.

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BACKGROUND: The literature has rarely paid attention to the differential influence of intergroup contact on subtle and blatant prejudice. In this study, we hypothesized that the influence of intergroup contact on subtle prejudice will be smaller than its influence on blatant prejudice. METHOD: This hypothesis was tested with data from a cross-sectional design on 1,655 school-aged native Spanish adolescents. Prejudice was measured with a shortened version of the Meertens and Pettigrew scale of blatant and subtle prejudice adapted to Spanish adolescent population. RESULTS: Results from multivariate multilevel analyses for correlated outcome variables supported the hypothesis. Students tended to score higher on the subtle prejudice scale; contact with the outgroup was statistically related both to levels of blatant and subtle prejudice; and, the negative relationship of contact with the outgroup and prejudice is greater for blatant prejudice as compared to subtle prejudice. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, results provide statistical evidence supporting the greater resistance to change of subtle forms of prejudice

ANTECEDENTES: la literatura rara vez ha prestado atención a la diferente influencia que el contacto con el exogrupo ejerce en el prejuicio manifiesto y sutil. En este estudio hipotetizamos que el contacto con el exogrupo influye de forma más acusada en las formas manifiestas del prejuicio, por lo que el prejuicio sutil es más resistente al cambio. MÉTODO: se contrastaron estas tres hipótesis con un diseño correlacional en una muestra de 1.655 adolescentes españoles escolarizados. El prejuicio manifiesto y sutil se evaluó con una versión breve adaptada a la población adolescente española de la escala de prejuicio sutil y manifiesto de Meertens y Pettigrew. RESULTADOS: los resultados de los análisis multivariados multinivel para variables dependientes correlacionadas confirmaron las hipótesis. Los estudiantes tendieron a puntuar más en prejuicio sutil que en manifiesto; la relación estadística entre el contacto con el exogrupo y el prejuicio es negativa (a mayor contacto, menor prejuicio); y esta relación negativa es más acusada en el caso del prejuicio manifiesto. CONCLUSIONES: los resultados proporcionan evidencia estadística que apoya la mayor resistencia al cambio del prejuicio sutil en comparación con el prejuicio manifiesto

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BACKGROUND: The literature has rarely paid attention to the differential influence of intergroup contact on subtle and blatant prejudice. In this study, we hypothesized that the influence of intergroup contact on subtle prejudice will be smaller than its influence on blatant prejudice. METHOD: This hypothesis was tested with data from a cross-sectional design on 1,655 school-aged native Spanish adolescents. Prejudice was measured with a shortened version of the Meertens and Pettigrew scale of blatant and subtle prejudice adapted to Spanish adolescent population. RESULTS: Results from multivariate multilevel analyses for correlated outcome variables supported the hypothesis. Students tended to score higher on the subtle prejudice scale; contact with the outgroup was statistically related both to levels of blatant and subtle prejudice; and, the negative relationship of contact with the outgroup and prejudice is greater for blatant prejudice as compared to subtle prejudice. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, results provide statistical evidence supporting the greater resistance to change of subtle forms of prejudice.

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El objetivo del presente estudio fue realizar un análisis psicosocial del consumo de alcohol en adolescentes mexicanos, considerando de forma simultánea las variables personales, familiares, escolares y sociales. Se realizó un estudio de tipo explicativo. La muestra estuvo conformada por 1.245 adolescentes de ambos sexos, procedentes de dos centros educativos de secundaria y dos de preparatoria, con edades comprendidas entre los 12 y los 17 años. Se realizó un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales que explicó el 66 % de la varianza y se exploró el efecto moderador del género. Los resultados se discuten en función de los estudios más relevantes en la temática de esta investigación.

The objective of the present study was to analyze the psychosocial alcohol consumption in Mexican adolescents, taking into account simultaneously personal, family, school and social variables. The type of study is explanatory. The sample consisted of 1245 adolescents girls and boys form two secondary and preparatory schools, with ages between 12 and 17 years old. A structural equations model explained 66% of the variance and also it was explored the moderating effect of gender. The results are discussed in terms of the relevant studies on the subject of this investigation.

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El primer programa a gran escala contra el bullying fue implementado a principios de los ochenta por parte de Olweus y desde entonces, muchas otras estrategias anti-bullying se han desarrollado, aunque no en todos los casos se han llevado a cabo evaluaciones rigurosas de su efectividad. Son los programas multidisciplinares o whole-school que afectan a toda la comunidad educativa los que ofrecen mejores resultados tanto en la reducción del bullying como de la victimización. Sin embargo, estos programas son construidos para la comunidad y no por la comunidad. El objetivo de este estudio es conocer las soluciones propuestas por adolescentes, profesores y padres de 6 centros educativos andaluces para evitar el bullying en la escuela. Utilizando un diseño cualitativo y siguiendo los pasos propuestos por la Grounded Theory, se han realizado 16 grupos de discusión y 24 entrevistas en profundidad con una muestra total de 88 adolescentes, 22 profesores y 24 padres. Los tres grupos distribuyen sus propuestas de solución en seis áreas: agresores, víctimas, profesorado, padres, centro educativo y otras, acercándose a la estructura de los programas multidisciplinares y primando las estrategias interactivas basadas en la comunicación y la expresión afectiva (AU)

The first large-scale program against bullying was implemented in the early eighties by Olweus and since then, many other anti-bullying strategies have been developed, although not in all cases have been carried out rigorous evaluations of their effectiveness. Multidisciplinary (or whole-school) programs affecting the entire educational community offer better results both in reducing bullying and victimization. However, these programs are built for the community, not by the community. The aim of this study is to know the solutions proposed by teens, teachers and parents of 6 Andalusian secondary schools to prevent bullying at school. Following the steps proposed by the Grounded Theory, 16 focus groups and 24 in-depth interviews with a total sample of 88 adolescents, 22 teachers and 24 parents have been conducted. The three groups distribute their proposed solutions in six areas: bullies, victims, teachers, parents, school and other, approaching the multidisciplinary program structure and prioritizing the interactive strategies based on communication and emotional expression (AU)

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The present study aims to analyze the relationships between community involvement, perception of family and school climate, and emotional and social problems in adolescents (satisfaction with life, non-conformist social reputation, and school violence). The sample was composed of 1884 (52% boys and 48% girls) adolescents aged from 11 to 17 years old (M = 13.7, SD = 1.4) from the Valencia Community and Andalusia. A structural equation model was calculated to analyze the data. The results indicated that adolescent community involvement was associated with positive perceptions of family and school climate, and school violence. Associations between the variables of the study included in the structural model were also analyzed as a function of gender. The relationship between school climate and social reputation was significant only for boys. Likewise, the association between community involvement and violent behavior was found to be significant only for boys. Finally, the results and their possible implications are discussed.

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The present study aims to analyze the relationships between community involvement, perception of family and school climate, and emotional and social problems in adolescents (satisfaction with life, non-conformist social reputation, and school violence). The sample was composed of 1884 (52% boys and 48% girls) adolescents aged from 11 to 17 years old (M = 13.7, SD = 1.4) from the Valencia Community and Andalusia. A structural equation model was calculated to analyze the data. The results indicated that adolescent community involvement was associated with positive perceptions of family and school climate, and school violence. Associations between the variables of the study included in the structural model were also analyzed as a function of gender. The relationship between school climate and social reputation was significant only for boys. Likewise, the association between community involvement and violent behavior was found to be significant only for boys. Finally, the results and their possible implications are discussed (AU)

El presente estudio tiene como objetivo analizar las relaciones entre la implicación comunitaria, la percepción del clima familiar y escolar, y la problemática emocional y social en adolescentes. Las variables relacionadas con la problemática emocional y social fueron la satisfacción vital, la reputación social no conformista y la violencia escolar. La muestra se compuso de 1884 (52% chicos y 48% chicas) adolescentes de edades comprendidas entre los 11 y los 17 años (M = 13.7, SD = 1.4) pertenecientes a la Comunidad Valenciana y Andalucía. Para el análisis de los datos se calculó un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales. Los resultados indicaron que la implicación comunitaria de los adolescentes se relaciona con la percepción positiva del clima familiar y escolar, y con la violencia escolar. Las asociaciones entre las variables incluidas en el modelo estructural también se analizaron en función del género. La relación entre el clima escolar y la reputación social resultó ser significativa sólo para los chicos. Del mismo modo, la asociación entre la implicación comunitaria y la conducta violenta escolar mostró ser significativa únicamente para los chicos. Finalmente, se discuten los resultados obtenidos y sus posibles implicaciones (AU)

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El objetivo general del presente estudio es examinar si el vínculo entre los escenarios de socialización familiar y escolar y la violencia escolar difiere en alumnos aceptados y rechazados. Participaron 1068 adolescentes, de entre 11 y 16 años, pertenecientes a cuatro centros educativos de la Comunidad Valenciana (España). Se llevó a cabo un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales con el programa EQS y se efectuaron análisis multigrupo entre adolescentes rechazados y aceptados. Los resultados muestran que el apoyo parental se relaciona con la violencia escolar a través de la percepción de la escuela y la autoestima familiar y escolar. Así, la percepción negativa de la escuela se asocia positivamente con la violencia escolar, mientras que la autoestima escolar se encuentra negativamente asociada con la violencia. También se han encontrado diferencias entre adolescentes rechazados y aceptados en la relación entre el apoyo parental y la violencia escolar. La autoestima familiar se asocia con la violencia escolar únicamente en adolescentes rechazados mientras que el apoyo del padre se relaciona con la autoestima escolar únicamente en los alumnos aceptados. Finalmente, se discuten los resultados y sus posibles implicaciones.

The general aim of the present study is to examine whether the link between the family and school contexts, as well as school violence is different among peer accepted and peer rejected adolescents. Participants were 1068 adolescents, ages ranged from 11 to 16 years old, from four schools in Valencian Community (Spain). Structural equation modeling was carried out using the EQS program and multigroup analysis between peer accepted and peer rejected adolescents were conducted. Results show that parental support is related to school violence through perception of school, family and school self-esteem. So, perception of school is positive related to school-based violence, whereas academic and family self-esteem are negatively related. It is also found some differences between peer rejected and accepted adolescents on the relationship between parental support and school violence. Family self-esteem is negatively associated with school-based violence only on rejected adolescents, whereas parents support is related to academic self-esteem only on accepted adolescents. Finally, results and its possible implications are discussed.

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La investigación sobre la violencia escolar y la aceptación (o rechazo) de los adolescentes por su grupo de iguales resulta, todavía poco concluyente. No obstante, se ha observado que los adolescentes violentos y los rechazados informan de problemas en sus relaciones familiares y en la escuela. Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar la relación entre variables familiares, variables escolares y la violencia escolar, en adolescentes rechazados y populares. Participaron 1068 adolescentes de entre 11 y 16 años. Se han calculado modelos de ecuaciones estructurales. Los resultados muestran que las variables familiares se relacionan de modo diferente con la violencia escolar en rechazados y aceptados: la autoestima familiar ejerce un efecto directo en la violencia escolar en el grupo de rechazados y un efecto indirecto en adolescentes aceptados, mientras que el apoyo del padre se relaciona con la autoestima escolar en el grupo de aceptados pero no en el de rechazados.

Research on school violence and peer acceptance (or rejection) is still inconclusive. However, it has been observed violent and rejected adolescents report problems in their family relationships and school. The present study aims to analyse the relationship between particular family variables, school variables, and school based violence, on the basis of rejected and popular adolescents. Participants were 1068 aged from 11 to 16 years old. Statistical analyses were carried out using structural equation modelling. Results showed family variables are differently related to school-based violence: family self-esteem exerts a direct effect on school-based violence among rejected, and an indirect effect on accepted adolescents, whereas father support are related to school self-esteem among accepted.

A pesquisa sobre violência escolar e a aceitação (ou rejeição) dos adolescentes pelo seu grupo de pares ainda é pouco conclusiva. Entretanto, tem sido observado que os adolescentes violentos e os rejeitados apresentam problemas nas relações familiares e na escola. Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar a relação entre variáveis familiares, variáveis escolares e a violência escolar em adolescentes rejeitados e adolescentes populares. Participaram 1068 adolescentes entre 11 e 16 anos. Foram calculados modelos de equações estruturais. Os resultados mostram que as variáveis familiares se relacionam de modo diferente com a violência escolar em adolescentes rejeitados e aceitos: a autoestima familiar exerce um efeito direto na violência escolar no grupo de rejeitados e um efeito indireto em adolescentes aceitos, entretanto, o apoio do pais se relaciona com a autoestima escolar no grupo de aceitos, porém, não no grupo de rejeitados.

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The aim of the current study was to analyse the relationship among adolescents' social reputation--perceived and ideal--, relational violence at the school context and their specific psychosocial adjustment variables such as loneliness, self-esteem and life satisfaction. The sample comprised 1319 adolescents aged 11 to 16 years old. Results suggested that adolescents who wish for and seek a non-conforming social reputation (ideal) report more loneliness, have lower self-esteem and feel more dissatisfied with their lives, factors all linked to higher participation in behaviours involving relational violence. Conversely, adolescents who already have a non-conforming social reputation (perceived) report less feelings of loneliness and higher levels of self-esteem and life satisfaction, thus having less involvement in acts of relational violence. Associations among the variables included in the structural model were also analysed as a function of sex.

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