Asunto(s)
Educación de Postgrado en Medicina , Epidemiología/educación , Salud Global , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. , Países en Desarrollo , Epidemiología/tendencias , Promoción de la Salud/organización & administración , Cooperación Internacional , Programas Nacionales de Salud/organización & administración , Estados Unidos , Organización Mundial de la SaludRESUMEN
During an outbreak of meningococcal meningitis in Saudi Arabia, oral rifampicin (four doses in two days) was compared with a single intramuscular dose of ceftriaxone for prophylaxis in family contacts of patients with meningococcal disease. Pharyngeal samples were taken for culture before and 1 and 2 weeks after administration. Both follow-up cultures indicated that ceftriaxone was significantly more effective. At 1 week the eradication rates for ceftriaxone and rifampicin were 97% and 75%; at 2 weeks they were 97% and 81%, respectively. No serious side-effects were associated with either agent. Ceftriaxone may provide an effective alternative to rifampicin for prophylaxis in meningococcal contacts.
Asunto(s)
Portador Sano/prevención & control , Ceftriaxona/uso terapéutico , Brotes de Enfermedades , Meningitis Meningocócica/prevención & control , Neisseria meningitidis/efectos de los fármacos , Orofaringe/microbiología , Rifampin/uso terapéutico , Administración Oral , Adolescente , Adulto , Portador Sano/epidemiología , Ceftriaxona/administración & dosificación , Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto , Evaluación de Medicamentos , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Inyecciones Intramusculares , Masculino , Meningitis Meningocócica/epidemiología , Meningitis Meningocócica/transmisión , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Neisseria meningitidis/aislamiento & purificación , Distribución Aleatoria , Recurrencia , Rifampin/administración & dosificación , Arabia SauditaRESUMEN
During a severe drought Port-au-Prince, Haiti, lost hydroelectric power for 10 weeks. This led to water shortages in areas of the city dependent on water supplied from electrically driven pumps. In a study of the impact of water restriction on disease, 400 families were randomly selected from two urban areas differentially affected by the water shortage. Disease in children was found to be related to quantity of water used, socioeconomic status, employment of head of household, and family size. The methods used in this study are recommended for the investigation of the relationship between water quantity and health.
Asunto(s)
Estado de Salud , Salud , Privación de Agua , Abastecimiento de Agua , Ingestión de Líquidos , Composición Familiar , Femenino , Haití , Humanos , Masculino , Morbilidad , Mortalidad , Factores Socioeconómicos , Abastecimiento de Agua/normasRESUMEN
Two clinical trials were conducted to compare the efficacy of 3 antimicrobial agents often recommended for the treatment of typhoid fever. Chloramphenicol was more effective than parenteral ampicillin or oral co-trimoxazole (trimethaprim/sulphamethoxazole) in reducing the duration of fever. Oral chloramphenicol was more effective than parenteral chloramphenicol probably because oral doses resulted in higher blood concentrations of the drug. However, parenteral chloramphenicol was given during the initial period of acute illness, without loss of efficacy.
Asunto(s)
Ampicilina/uso terapéutico , Cloranfenicol/uso terapéutico , Fiebre Paratifoidea/tratamiento farmacológico , Sulfametoxazol/uso terapéutico , Trimetoprim/uso terapéutico , Fiebre Tifoidea/tratamiento farmacológico , Administración Oral , Adulto , Cloranfenicol/administración & dosificación , Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto , Combinación de Medicamentos , Evaluación de Medicamentos , Femenino , Humanos , Inyecciones Intramusculares , Masculino , Fiebre Paratifoidea/microbiología , Salmonella paratyphi A/aislamiento & purificación , Salmonella typhi/aislamiento & purificación , Fiebre Tifoidea/microbiologíaAsunto(s)
Vacunas contra el Cólera , Cólera/inmunología , Vibrio cholerae/inmunología , Administración Oral , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/análisis , Antitoxinas/análisis , Cólera/prevención & control , Vacunas contra el Cólera/administración & dosificación , Vacunas contra el Cólera/efectos adversos , Heces/microbiología , Pruebas de Hemaglutinación , Humanos , Esquemas de Inmunización , Inyecciones , Masculino , Pruebas de Neutralización , Toxoides , Vacunación , Vibrio cholerae/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
El Tor Ogawa C14-S5 and EW-6, two live vaccine candidate strains, were given to volunteers in varying doses with and without bicarbonate. Vibrios were found in the stool of one of 32 men given the vaccine strain, and only three men developed a significant titer rise (fourfold or greater) at 2 weeks of vibriocidal or antitoxic antibody. Five men who had previously received 10(9) organisms of the C14-S5 strain were challenged subsequently with virulent Ogawa 395 Vibrio cholerae. The rate of clinical infection in these men was no different than in unvaccinated controls. It was demonstrated that the live oral cholera vaccines did not remain viable in the intestine long enough to act antigenically.