RESUMEN
The reaction products of 1,2-indanedione (a new fluorescent fingerprint reagent) with glycine in methanol, at room temperature have been studied using excitation and emission and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) has also been used to determine which compounds are formed. Reaction products were identified using GC/MS as 2-carboxymethyliminoindanone (MW=203 g) and 1,2-di(carboxymethylimino)indane (MW=260 g). Identified compounds show room temperature fluorescence lifetimes of tau(1)=7.69 ns and tau(2)=1.27 ns. It is not clear yet which compound is having fluorescence lifetime of 7.69 ns and which one is showing 1.27 ns.
Asunto(s)
Dermatoglifia , Glicina/análisis , Indanos/análisis , Metanol/química , Solventes/química , Humanos , Indicadores y Reactivos/análisis , Espectrometría de Masas , Espectrometría de FluorescenciaRESUMEN
The chemical development of latent fingerprints by nanocomposites that involve photoluminescent cadmium sulfide nanoparticle aggregates with Starburst dendrimer is demonstrated. The dendrimer bonds to fingerprint residue via its terminal functional groups. When these are amino groups (generation 4 dendrimer), the binding is enhanced by fingerprint pre-treatment with diimide. The diimide converts carboxylic acid moieties of the fingerprint residue to esters that then react with the dendrimer amino groups to form amide linkages. The cadmium sulfide/generation 4 dendrimer development of fingerprints is enhanced by elevated temperature also. Finally, fingerprint development with carboxylate-functionalized cadmium sulfide/generation 3.5 dendrimer nanocomposites is examined. Here, diimide treatment of the dendrimer itself aids the subsequent fingerprint labeling, which involves amino acid of the figerprint residue. Nanocomposite fingerprint detection is compatible with time-resolved imaging for background fluorescence elimination.
Asunto(s)
Dermatoglifia , Medicina Legal/métodos , Compuestos de Cadmio , Humanos , Mediciones Luminiscentes , Manejo de Especímenes , SulfurosRESUMEN
CdS/dendrimer nanocomposites with a range of concentrations of the photoluminescent semiconductor nanocluster and the dendrimer are prepared in methanol and 1:9 methanol:water solutions. The solutions are utilized for detection of cyanoacrylate ester fumed and unfumed fingerprints on polyethylene and aluminum foil.
Asunto(s)
Dermatoglifia , Cristalización , Medicina Legal/métodos , Humanos , Mediciones Luminiscentes , SemiconductoresRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Many individuals with heartburn self-medicate with antacids for relief of their symptoms. AIM: To compare efficacy of effervescent ranitidine to as-needed calcium carbonate antacids in subjects who self-treat heartburn. METHODS: A total of 155 subjects with frequent antacid-responsive heartburn were randomized to receive effervescent ranitidine 150 mg tablets b.d., or as-needed calcium carbonate 750 mg for 12 weeks. Endoscopic oesophagitis severity and mucosal histology were assessed at baseline, and at weeks 6 and 12. Heartburn frequency, severity, and antacid consumption were recorded daily, and quality of life was assessed at baseline, and at weeks 6 and 12. RESULTS: Heartburn frequency and severity were significantly decreased after 1 day of ranitidine (P < 0.02). By week 6, ranitidine had significantly decreased rescue antacid consumption (7.3 tablets, P < 0.001) vs. antacids (14.1 tablets). Endoscopic oesophagitis healing (
Asunto(s)
Pirosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Ranitidina/uso terapéutico , Adulto , Anciano , Antiulcerosos/efectos adversos , Antiulcerosos/uso terapéutico , Esófago de Barrett/tratamiento farmacológico , Carbonato de Calcio/efectos adversos , Carbonato de Calcio/uso terapéutico , Método Doble Ciego , Esofagitis/tratamiento farmacológico , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Ranitidina/efectos adversos , Autoadministración , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
The concept of utilizing photoluminescent semiconductor nanocrystals for latent fingerprint detection, especially in concert with phase-resolved imaging for background fluorescence suppression, is reduced to practice with CdS nanocrystals that are capped with dioctyl sulfosuccinate. The nanocrystals are dissolved in heptane or hexane and are applied in much the same way as staining with fluorescent dye, on articles that have been pre-fumed with cyanoacrylate ester and also on the sticky side of electrical tape without pre-fuming. Since CdS can form a photoluminescent nanocomposite with dendrimers, a feasibility examination of dendrimer tagging of fingerprints has also been conducted.
Asunto(s)
Dermatoglifia , Medicina Legal/métodos , Semiconductores , Cristalización , Humanos , Luz , Mediciones Luminiscentes , Manejo de EspecímenesRESUMEN
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Azathioprine is effective for Crohn's disease but acts slowly. A loading dose may decrease the time to response. METHODS: A placebo-controlled study was conducted in patients with active Crohn's disease despite prednisone treatment. Patients were randomized to a 36-hour infusion of azathioprine, 40 mg/kg (51 patients), or placebo (45 patients) followed by oral azathioprine, 2 mg/kg, for 16 weeks. Prednisone was tapered over 5 weeks. The primary outcome measure was complete remission at week 8, defined by discontinuation of prednisone and a Crohn's Disease Activity Index of
Asunto(s)
Azatioprina/administración & dosificación , Enfermedad de Crohn/tratamiento farmacológico , Inmunosupresores/administración & dosificación , Administración Oral , Adulto , Azatioprina/uso terapéutico , Enfermedad de Crohn/sangre , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Método Doble Ciego , Eritrocitos , Femenino , Glucocorticoides/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Inmunosupresores/uso terapéutico , Infusiones Intravenosas , Recuento de Leucocitos , Masculino , Metiltransferasas/sangre , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prednisona/uso terapéutico , Inducción de Remisión , Tioguanina/sangreRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Many otherwise healthy individuals with episodic heartburn self-medicate with over-the-counter antacids. We evaluated clinical characteristics of subjects who had never been medically diagnosed as having any upper gastrointestinal tract disorder and who used antacids for symptomatic relief of heartburn. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Subjects with at least 3 months of frequent heartburn relieved by antacids, and with heartburn on at least 4 of 7 days during the week prior to study entry, had their medical history and gastrointestinal pathological characteristics recorded. Tests included esophagogastroduodenoscopy, esophageal motility and sensitivity studies, and 24-hour pH monitoring. RESULTS: Of 178 subjects screened, 13 were excluded on the basis of other gastrointestinal diseases at baseline, including diffuse esophageal spasm, peptic ulcer disease, dysplastic columnar metaplasia of the esophagus (Barrett's esophagus), and adenocarcinoma. Ten subjects were ineligible because of insufficient baseline heartburn. The remaining 155 eligible subjects had heartburn for an average of 11 years. Forty-seven percent had daily symptoms and 70% described heartburn severity as moderate, even though on endoscopy most (53%) had normal-appearing esophageal mucosa (grade 0 or 1). Esophageal acid sensitivity was present in 86% of subjects. Mean lower esophageal sphincter pressures and esophageal contractile amplitudes were at the lower limits of normal and total esophageal acid contact time was slightly increased. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic heartburn can reflect a wide range of diagnostic findings, including important underlying pathological features, and may warrant a full medical examination to detect such abnormal conditions and to permit selection of appropriate therapy.
Asunto(s)
Antiácidos/uso terapéutico , Pirosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Adenocarcinoma/diagnóstico , Adulto , Antiácidos/administración & dosificación , Esófago de Barrett/diagnóstico , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Endoscopía del Sistema Digestivo , Neoplasias Esofágicas/diagnóstico , Espasmo Esofágico Difuso/diagnóstico , Unión Esofagogástrica/fisiopatología , Esófago/fisiopatología , Reflujo Gastroesofágico/diagnóstico , Pirosis/diagnóstico , Pirosis/fisiopatología , Humanos , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Anamnesis , Membrana Mucosa/fisiopatología , Contracción Muscular/fisiología , Medicamentos sin Prescripción/uso terapéutico , Úlcera Péptica/diagnóstico , Peristaltismo/fisiología , Examen Físico , Presión , Automedicación , Sensación/fisiología , Índice de Severidad de la EnfermedadRESUMEN
Ranitidine 150 mg twice daily (BID) is an approved therapeutic approach for relieving the symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Ranitidine 150 mg four times daily (QID) and cimetidine 800 mg BID are indicated for endoscopically diagnosed erosive esophagitis. This 12-week, randomized, multicenter trial involving 696 patients compared ranitidine 150 mg BID and ranitidine 150 mg QID with cimetidine 800 mg BID in healing erosive esophagitis. Healing rates, as determined by endoscopy, at 4, 8, and 12 weeks were comparable with ranitidine 150 mg BID (38%, 56%, and 71%, respectively) and cimetidine 800 mg BID (37%, 52%, and 68%, respectively), as were reductions in heartburn frequency and antacid consumption. However, ranitidine 150 mg QID produced significantly higher healing rates (49%, 67%, and 77%, respectively) and greater reductions in heartburn frequency and antacid consumption than cimetidine 800 mg BID. All treatment regimens were well tolerated. Thus ranitidine 150 mg BID is as effective as cimetidine 800 mg BID, and ranitidine 150 mg QID is more effective than cimetidine 800 mg BID in healing erosive esophagitis and reducing heartburn frequency and antacid consumption.
Asunto(s)
Cimetidina/uso terapéutico , Esofagitis Péptica/tratamiento farmacológico , Antagonistas de los Receptores H2 de la Histamina/uso terapéutico , Ranitidina/uso terapéutico , Administración Oral , Adolescente , Adulto , Antiácidos/administración & dosificación , Antiácidos/uso terapéutico , Cimetidina/administración & dosificación , Cimetidina/efectos adversos , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Quimioterapia Combinada , Esofagitis Péptica/etiología , Esofagitis Péptica/patología , Esofagoscopía , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Reflujo Gastroesofágico/complicaciones , Reflujo Gastroesofágico/tratamiento farmacológico , Reflujo Gastroesofágico/patología , Pirosis/complicaciones , Pirosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Pirosis/patología , Antagonistas de los Receptores H2 de la Histamina/administración & dosificación , Antagonistas de los Receptores H2 de la Histamina/efectos adversos , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Ranitidina/administración & dosificación , Ranitidina/efectos adversos , Seguridad , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Ranitidine 150 mg q.d.s. is the currently recommended dosage in the United States for the treatment of erosive oesophagitis. To determine whether a higher dose of ranitidine administered less frequently would also be effective in healing erosive oesophagitis, we compared ranitidine 300 mg b.d. with ranitidine 150 mg q.d.s. in the treatment of erosive oesophagitis. METHODS: This multicentre, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study conducted in the United States compared two dosages of ranitidine in 772 patients with endoscopically diagnosed erosive oesophagitis. Patients were treated with ranitidine 300 mg b.d., ranitidine 150 mg q.d.s. or placebo for up to 12 weeks. Endoscopies were repeated after 4, 8 and 12 weeks of treatment. RESULTS: Ranitidine 300 mg b.d. was significantly more effective than placebo in healing erosive oesophagitis at weeks 8 and 12 (51 vs. 36% and 66 vs. 52%, respectively; P < or = 0.004). Significantly higher healing rates were also achieved with ranitidine 150 mg q.d.s. compared with placebo at 4, 8 and 12 weeks (37 vs. 21%, 62 vs. 36% and 77 vs. 52%, respectively; P < 0.001). Healing rates were significantly higher with ranitidine 150 mg q.d.s. than with ranitidine 300 mg b.d. at all scheduled endoscopies (P < or = 0.041). CONCLUSIONS: Ranitidine 300 mg b.d. is effective in healing erosive oesophagitis and may be appropriate as an alternative dosage regimen to ranitidine 150 mg q.d.s. in some patients with erosive oesophagitis.
Asunto(s)
Antiulcerosos/administración & dosificación , Antiulcerosos/uso terapéutico , Esofagitis/tratamiento farmacológico , Ranitidina/administración & dosificación , Ranitidina/uso terapéutico , Adulto , Anciano , Antiácidos/administración & dosificación , Antiácidos/uso terapéutico , Método Doble Ciego , Esofagitis/patología , Femenino , Pirosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
Two ranitidine dosages were compared for the treatment of erosive esophagitis in a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study. Adults with endoscopically verified erosive esophagitis were treated with either ranitidine 150 mg four times daily (n = 106), ranitidine 300 mg four times daily (n = 106), or placebo (n = 116) for up to 12 wk. Patients were also encouraged to adhere to lifestyle modifications (e.g., to elevate the head of bed, etc). Erosive esophagitis healing, determined by endoscopy, was achieved in 69% and 62% of ranitidine-treated patients by 8 wk and in 79% and 74% by 12 wk (150 mg and 300 mg, respectively) compared with 28% of placebo-treated patients by 8 wk and 40% by 12 wk (p < 0.001 ranitidine vs. placebo). Onset of heartburn relief occurred within 24 h of initiating either ranitidine dosage, and relief was maintained throughout the 12-wk study. Both ranitidine dosages displayed safety profiles similar to that of placebo. We conclude that ranitidine 150 mg or 300 mg administered four times daily is effective for healing erosive esophagitis and relieving its symptoms.
Asunto(s)
Esofagitis/tratamiento farmacológico , Ranitidina/administración & dosificación , Método Doble Ciego , Femenino , Humanos , Estilo de Vida , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
The effects of permanent circumflex coronary artery occlusion (PO) compared with reestablishing blood flow (OR) at 2 and 6 h after occlusion on the final extent of histological infarction (HI) was assessed in chronically instrumented awake dogs. The relationships between the extent of left ventricular ischemia measured by microsphere techniques and HI in the PO group were used as models to predict the expected infarction in the 2- and 6-h OR groups. Mean HI (+/-SD) in the PO and 6- and 2-h OR groups was 21 +/- 13, 19 +/- 10, and 13 +/- 12% of left ventricular weight, respectively; values were not significantly different. The extent of HI in samples grouped according to epicardial and endocardial layers and ischemic blood flow ranges (0-15, 16-30, 31-50, 51-75% of control region blood flow) was reduced in the 2-h but not 6-h OR group. Analysis of individual animals using total ischemic region blood flow to epicardial and endocardial layers demonstrated that OR at 2 h but not 6 h reduced infarction in most animals but not in certain animals with the largest ischemic regions.
Asunto(s)
Circulación Coronaria , Infarto del Miocardio/patología , Animales , Presión Sanguínea , Estado de Conciencia , Perros , Frecuencia Cardíaca , Microesferas , Infarto del Miocardio/fisiopatología , Miocardio/patología , Radioisótopos , Riesgo , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
The Animal Models for Protecting Ischemic Myocardium Study was undertaken for the purpose of developing reproducible animal models that could be used to assess interventions designed to limit infarct size. This paper describes the results obtained in an unconscious dog model and in a conscious dog model, developed in three participating laboratories. The unconscious dog model, involving reperfusion after 3 hours of ischemia in open-chest dogs, was intended to determine whether therapy followed by early reperfusion would limit infarct size more than reperfusion alone. The conscious dog model used chronically instrumented dogs and permanent coronary occlusion to better mimic myocardial infarction in man. In both models, the proximal circumflex artery was occluded, and the primary experimental endpoint was infarct size, as measured by histological techniques 3 days after the initial occlusion. Infarct size was analyzed in relation to baseline variables including the anatomic area at risk, collateral blood flow to the subepicardial zone of ischemia and hemodynamic determinants of myocardial metabolic demand. Most of the variation in infarct size in control dogs could be related to variation in the area at risk, collateral blood flow, and rate pressure product. Using multivariate analysis and groups of 15 dogs, an intervention that limited infarct size by 10-13% of the area at risk would have been detected 50% of the time. Larger treatment effects would be detected more readily, and smaller effects often would be missed, unless group sizes were larger. Two drugs, verapamil and ibuprofen, were evaluated in both models, with experimental group sizes averaging 13 and 20 dogs, in the unconscious and conscious models, respectively. Three of 15 verapamil-treated dogs in the unconscious model study had much smaller infarcts than expected from baseline parameters. With these exceptions, neither drug limited infarct size in either model.
Asunto(s)
Anestesia , Alternativas a las Pruebas en Animales , Enfermedad Coronaria/tratamiento farmacológico , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Animales , Arteriopatías Oclusivas/fisiopatología , Circulación Coronaria/efectos de los fármacos , Enfermedad Coronaria/mortalidad , Enfermedad Coronaria/fisiopatología , Perros , Femenino , Hemodinámica/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Ibuprofeno/uso terapéutico , Masculino , Infarto del Miocardio/tratamiento farmacológico , Infarto del Miocardio/fisiopatología , National Institutes of Health (U.S.) , Distribución Aleatoria , Estados Unidos , Verapamilo/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
The present study evaluates the transitional or border zone of intermediate blood flow reduction between nonischemic and ischemic regions after acute coronary artery occlusion in chronically instrumented dogs, using methods that minimize an admixture of ischemic and nonischemic myocardium in the tissue analyzed. The regions perfused by occluded and nonoccluded vessels were identified by tracing the extra and intramural distribution of the coronary vasculature from postmortem angiograms. Regional blood flow was evaluated in serial 3-mm-wide epicardial and endocardial zones from outside and inside the interface between occluded and nonoccluded vessels. The zone of intermediate reduction in blood flow between nonischemic and ischemic regions occurred in the first 3-mm section immediately inside the region supplied by the occluded vasculature. Mean blood flow in this region was reduced to 58 +/- 6% and 61 +/- 5% (+/- SEM) of nonischemic region blood flow at the lateral and medial epicardial margins, respectively, and 47 +/- 5% and 45 +/- 6% at the lateral and medial endocardial margins, respectively. In the remaining ischemic zone, significant differences in blood flow existed between epicardial and endocardial layers; these differences were highly variable between animals. The data indicate that when the analysis of regional blood flow following acute ischemia is based on the anatomic distribution of the coronary vasculature, the transitional or border zone of intermediate reduction in blood flow is limited to a narrow zone immediately inside the occluded vasculature. Studies performed in acutely anesthetized dogs in which the occluded region was perfused via a two-chamber blood reservoir that allowed maintenance of perfusion and exclusion of microspheres from the circumflex region indicate that intermediate reductions in blood flow at the border of the ischemic zone resulted from an admixture of normal myocardium and, thus, do not represent a border zone of intermediate ischemia.
Asunto(s)
Circulación Coronaria , Enfermedad Coronaria/fisiopatología , Animales , Colorantes , Angiografía Coronaria , Vasos Coronarios/fisiología , Perros , Corazón/fisiopatología , Humanos , Flujo Sanguíneo RegionalRESUMEN
Myocardial localization of thallium-201 was compared with direct measurements of myocardial perfusion in normal, acutely ischemic, and recently infarcted myocardium. Studies were performed in 6 chronically instrumented dogs that were subjected to myocardial infarction by occlusion of the proximal left circumflex coronary artery. Four days after myocardial infarction, thallium-201 and 9 +/- 1 micrometer niobium-95-labelled microspheres were injected simultaneously after acute left anterior descending coronary arterial occlusion; the animals were killed 5 minutes later and the entire left ventricle was sectioned into 1 to 2 g samples. Regression analyses between thallium-201 activity and regional myocardial blood flow using all myocardial samples demonstrated a very close linear relation in each dog; r values were 0.98 or greater, indicating that the initial localization of thallium-201 in acutely ischemic and recently infarcted myocardium as a function of regional blood flow was essentially identical. Consequently, in each dog the regional distribution of thallium-201 closely approximated myocardial perfusion over a wide range of blood flow and potentially different local metabolic conditions that may be encountered in the clinical use of the isotope.
Asunto(s)
Circulación Coronaria , Enfermedad Coronaria/diagnóstico por imagen , Infarto del Miocardio/diagnóstico por imagen , Radioisótopos , Talio , Animales , Enfermedad Coronaria/fisiopatología , Perros , Microesferas , Infarto del Miocardio/fisiopatología , Niobio , CintigrafíaRESUMEN
The present study assesses effects of acutely infarcted myocardium on apparent microsphere loss as a function of time, determines effects of apparent microsphere loss on blood flow measurements to ischemic regions, and determines to what extent apparent microsphere loss alters interpretation of serial measurements of collateral blood flow. Studies were performed in 35 awake mongrel dogs chronically instrumented with catheters in the aorta and left atrium and an occluder on the proximal circumflex coronary artery. Myocardial blood flow was measured before and 15 minutes after complete occlusion. Dogs were randomly divided into four groups to be killed at 6 and 24 hours, and 3 and 6 days. In the 3-day group, an additional blood flow measurement was made 24 hours postocclusion. The entire left ventricle was sectioned into 1- to 2-g samples and myocardial blood flow determined. The ratio of preocclusion blood flow in each ischemic sample to mean nonischemic flow was used to calculate apparent microsphere loss and to correct ischemic blood flow in each sample. Significant apparent microsphere loss occurred in epicardial layers at 24 hours and in epi- and endocardial layers at 3 and 6 days; maximum loss at each interval was 22.3, 19.4, and 22.2% respectively. Absolute blood flow corrections for ischemic myocardium were small, range -0.035 to 0.083 ml/min per g. Changes in flow to ischemic regions between 15 minutes and 24 hours were comparable before and after correction for apparent microsphere loss. Although infarction resulted in significant apparent microsphere loss, effects on ischemic blood flow measurements were very small and consequently did not prevent interpretation of serial blood flow measurements after infarction in animals killed at 3 days.