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INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE: Repairing massive rotator cuff tears (MRCTs) can often be technically challenging due to tendon retraction, bursal fibrosis, and muscular fatty infiltration that usually occurs, often resulting in poor outcomes and an unpredictable prognosis. Although some other surgical management options have been reported, there is a lack of literature supporting tendon transfers in the presence of combined anterior and posterior-superior irreparable rotator cuff tears. We describe a case where a combined transfer of the latissimus dorsi and lower trapezius tendons was employed to treat an MRCT affecting the anterior and posterior superior portions of the rotator cuff. CASE PRESENTATION: A 64-year-old male presented significant pain and limited range of motion in the right shoulder following a traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation seven months prior. MRI showed retracted tears (> 5 cm) of the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and subscapularis tendons with significant fatty infiltration (Goutallier IV). The patient underwent an open transfer of the lower trapezius tendon to the greater tuberosity and the latissimus dorsi to the lesser tuberosity. At the final follow-up, 2.5 years postoperatively, the patient exhibited a painless functional range of motion and could resume daily activities. CLINICAL DISCUSSION: Although there are alternative surgical options available, the positive outcomes observed in the presented case may be attributed to the restoration of rotational strength and the re-establishment of force coupling across the shoulder. CONCLUSION: This report describes the successful implementation of a surgical treatment option for managing MRCT affecting the anterior and posterior superior portions of the rotator cuff.

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Background: Clavicle fractures are among the most common upper limb fractures in adults, with the midshaft region being the most frequently affected site. Minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) has emerged as an alternative to the traditional open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) technique, offering potential advantages. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review to explore the results of this technique in the existing literature, with emphasis on the occurrence of surgical complications and functional outcomes and also to provide a comprehensive comparison of MIPO and ORIF in the management of midshaft clavicle fractures. Methods: We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the complication incidence and clinical outcomes of MIPO for midshaft clavicle fractures. We searched PubMed/Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), Scopus, the Cochrane Database of Controlled Trials, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews databases without language or date restrictions. Studies focusing on midshaft clavicle fractures treated with MIPO were included, while other clavicle fractures and nonclinical studies were excluded. The risk of bias was assessed using the Methodological Index for Nonrandomized Studies criteria and the Risk of Bias Tool 2 Cochrane tool. Data synthesis included qualitative analysis, and if applicable, quantitative analysis and meta-analysis. Adherence to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines ensured reporting quality. Results: A total of 107 studies were initially identified, after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 22 studies were included for data extraction. These studies involved the evaluation of 714 clavicles treated with the MIPO technique. Of the 714 MIPO cases, 11 cases of implant failure, 5 nonunions, 2 infections, and 28 cases with neurological impairment were observed. Quantitative analysis comparing MIPO with ORIF revealed that MIPO had significantly shorter surgery time (mean difference -12.95, 95% confidence interval [-25.27 to -0.63], P = .04) and lower occurrence of numbness (odds ratio 0.29, 95% CI [0.15-0.56], P = .0002) compared to ORIF. Time to bone union, functional outcomes, and other complications were similar between MIPO and ORIF at the final follow-up. An overall moderate risk of bias was found across the studies. Conclusion: The MIPO technique yields good and comparable results to ORIF for midshaft clavicle fractures. Additionally, the MIPO technique may offer advantages such as reduced surgical time and lower chances of neurological impairment.

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BACKGROUND: Clavicle fractures account for approximately 5% of all fractures in adults and 75% of clavicle fractures occur in the midshaft. Shortening greater than two centimeters is an indicative of surgical treatment. Radiographic exams are often used to diagnose and evaluate clavicle fractures but computed tomography (CT) scan is currently considered the best method to assess these deformities and shortening. GOAL: 1- To investigate whether different methods of performing the radiographic exam interfere on the measurement of the fractured clavicle length. 2- Compare the clavicle length measurements obtained by the different radiographic exam methods with the CT scan measurements, used as a reference. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-five patients with acute (< 3 weeks) midshaft clavicle fracture were evaluated. Patients underwent six radiographic images: PA Thorax (standing and lying), AP Thorax (standing and lying) and at 10° cephalic tilt (standing and lying), and the computed tomography was used as reference. RESULTS: The mean length (cm) obtained were: 14,930 on CT scan, 14,860 on PA Thorax Standing, 14,955 on PA Thorax Lying, 14,896 on AP Thorax Standing, 14,960 AP Thorax Lying, 15,098 on 10° cephalic tilt Standing and 15,001 on 10° cephalic tilt Lying, (p > 0,05). CONCLUSION: 1- There is no significant statistical difference in the clavicle fracture length measurement among the variety of radiographic exam performances. 2- The method that comes closest to computed tomography results is the PA thorax incidence, with the patient in the lying position.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the functional result of arthroscopic treatment in anterosuperior rotator cuff tears. METHODS: Fifty-six patients submitted to arthroscopic repair of anterosuperior rotator cuff tears were evaluated. The follow-up time was five year and five months. All the tears were diagnosed by detailed physical and imaging examination. Statistical analysis was used to compare the preoperative and postoperative results of range of motion and the UCLA score, with Wilcoxon signed-rank test, 5% significance level (p≤0.05), the relationship between the subscapularis tear and postoperative results using the Mann-Whitney test, and between the pain length and the UCLA scale using Spearman's correlation. RESULTS: A statistically significant improvement (p<0.001) was found, comparing the range of motion and the UCLA preoperatively and postoperatively. 39% of the cases were classified as excellent, 33.9% as good, 23.7% as regular and 3.4% as bad results. A statistically significant relationship was found between the subscapularis tear type and the functional state, the pain length and the postoperative UCLA scale. Five complications, four reruptures and one adhesive capsulitis were found. CONCLUSIONS: The arthroscopic treatment for anterosuperior tears presented satisfactory results, with 8.5% of complications. Level of Evidence IV, Case series.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o resultado funcional do tratamento artroscópico das lesões anterossuperiores do manguito rotado. MÉTODOS: Avaliação de 59 pacientes com lesão anterossuperior submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico. O tempo de seguimento foi de 5,5 anos. As lesões foram diagnosticadas por exame físico e de imagem. A análise estatística comparou os resultados pré e pós-operatórios de amplitude de movimento e da escala da UCLA, com teste de pontos sinalizados de Wilcoxon, nível de significância de 5% (p≤0,05), a relação entre a lesão do subescapular e o pós-operatório pela aplicação do teste de Mann-Whitney, e entre o tempo de dor e a escala da UCLA pela correlação de Spearman. RESULTADOS: Houve melhora estatisticamente significativa (p<0,001) comparando-se a amplitude de movimento e a escala da UCLA nos períodos pré e pós-operatórios. 39% dos casos foram classificados como excelentes resultados, 33,9% bons, 23,7% regulares e 3,4% ruins. Houve relação estatisticamente significativa entre o tipo de lesão do subescapular e o resultado funcional, entre o tempo de dor e a escala da UCLA pós-operatória. Registramos cinco complicações, quatro re-rupturas e uma capsulite adesiva. CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento artroscópico das lesões anterossuperiores apresentou resultados satisfatórios, com 8,5% de complicações. Nível de Evidência IV, Série de Casos.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the functional result of arthroscopic treatment in anterosuperior rotator cuff tears. Methods: Fifty-six patients submitted to arthroscopic repair of anterosuperior rotator cuff tears were evaluated. The follow-up time was five year and five months. All the tears were diagnosed by detailed physical and imaging examination. Statistical analysis was used to compare the preoperative and postoperative results of range of motion and the UCLA score, with Wilcoxon signed-rank test, 5% significance level (p≤0.05), the relationship between the subscapularis tear and postoperative results using the Mann-Whitney test, and between the pain length and the UCLA scale using Spearman's correlation. Results: A statistically significant improvement (p<0.001) was found, comparing the range of motion and the UCLA preoperatively and postoperatively. 39% of the cases were classified as excellent, 33.9% as good, 23.7% as regular and 3.4% as bad results. A statistically significant relationship was found between the subscapularis tear type and the functional state, the pain length and the postoperative UCLA scale. Five complications, four reruptures and one adhesive capsulitis were found. Conclusions: The arthroscopic treatment for anterosuperior tears presented satisfactory results, with 8.5% of complications. Level of Evidence IV, Case series.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o resultado funcional do tratamento artroscópico das lesões anterossuperiores do manguito rotado. Métodos: Avaliação de 59 pacientes com lesão anterossuperior submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico. O tempo de seguimento foi de 5,5 anos. As lesões foram diagnosticadas por exame físico e de imagem. A análise estatística comparou os resultados pré e pós-operatórios de amplitude de movimento e da escala da UCLA, com teste de pontos sinalizados de Wilcoxon, nível de significância de 5% (p≤0,05), a relação entre a lesão do subescapular e o pós-operatório pela aplicação do teste de Mann-Whitney, e entre o tempo de dor e a escala da UCLA pela correlação de Spearman. Resultados: Houve melhora estatisticamente significativa (p<0,001) comparando-se a amplitude de movimento e a escala da UCLA nos períodos pré e pós-operatórios. 39% dos casos foram classificados como excelentes resultados, 33,9% bons, 23,7% regulares e 3,4% ruins. Houve relação estatisticamente significativa entre o tipo de lesão do subescapular e o resultado funcional, entre o tempo de dor e a escala da UCLA pós-operatória. Registramos cinco complicações, quatro re-rupturas e uma capsulite adesiva. Conclusão: O tratamento artroscópico das lesões anterossuperiores apresentou resultados satisfatórios, com 8,5% de complicações. Nível de Evidência IV, Série de Casos.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the results of arthroscopic surgery in patients with traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed 76 patients with a mean age of 28 and mean postoperative follow-up period of 62 months. Evaluation consisted of physical examination, and X-rays; results were classified according to the UCLA and Rowe scales. Results: Patients showed decrease of range of motion in all planes, except elevation and lateral rotation with 90º abduction. According to the Rowe score, significant postoperative improvement was found compared with preoperative evaluations, with 89.4% of satisfactory results. According to the UCLA score, good or excellent results were observed in 97.4% of the cases. We found a 6.5% rate of recurrence. Conclusion: Arthroscopic treatment for traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation is effective, as long as indications are used. Level of Evidence IV, Case Series.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar os resultados da cirurgia artroscópica em pacientes com instabilidade traumática anterior do ombro. Métodos: Realizamos um estudo retrospectivo de 76 pacientes, com média etária de 28 anos e tempo médio de seguimento pós-operatório de 62 meses. A avaliação foi feita por meio de exame físico, radiográfico e classificação de resultados segundo as escalas funcionais da UCLA e Rowe. Resultados: Os pacientes apresentaram perda de amplitude de movimento em todos os planos, exceto elevação e rotação lateral em abdução de 90º. Na avaliação da escala de Rowe, observamos, em média, melhora estatisticamente significante dos resultados pós-operatórios comparadas às avaliações pré-operatórias, com 89,4% de resultados satisfatórios. Pela escala UCLA, observamos resultados satisfatórios em 97,4% dos casos. Encontramos um índice de recidiva de 6,5%. Conclusão: A cirurgia artroscópica para o tratamento da instabilidade traumática anterior do ombro é um método eficaz, desde que se respeitem as indicações. Nível de Evidência IV, Série de Casos.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the functional and radiographic results of patients who underwent surgical treatment for terrible triad-type elbow injuries (TTE). Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 20 patients, including one case with bilateral injuries (total of 21 elbows) that were surgically treated from January 2004 to July 2014. We evaluated the functional results of treatment by measuring the restored range of motion (ROM) of the elbow, using the DASH (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand) and MEPS (Mayo Elbow Performance Score) scores. Complications and the development of osteoarthritis and heterotopic ossification (HO) were also evaluated. Results: Eight elbows (38%) required additional surgical treatment; HO was observed in eight elbows (38%) and severe osteoarthritis (Broberg-Morrey type IV) was seen in only one case (4%). Nevertheless, we obtained good functional results, 14.27 on the DASH and 84 on the MEPS. The average ROM for flexion-extension was 101° (20-140°) and for pronation-supination was 112.85° (0-180°). Conclusion: When TTE injuries are treated systematically, even despite variations in these injuries, functional ROM and scores ranging from good to excellent can be obtained. Level of Evidence IV, Case Series.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar os resultados funcionais e radiográficos dos pacientes que sofreram lesões do tipo tríade terrível do cotovelo (TTC) e foram tratados cirurgicamente. Métodos: Foram avaliados retrospectivamente 20 pacientes, um caso com lesão bilateral (21 cotovelos), que foram tratados cirurgicamente no período de janeiro de 2004 a julho de 2014. Os resultados funcionais do tratamento foram avaliados pela medida da restauração do arco de movimento (ADM) do cotovelo, de acordo com os escores DASH (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand) e MEPS (Mayo Elbow Performance Score). Além da presença de complicações, avaliou-se osteoartrose e ossificação heterotópica (OH). Resultados: Oito cotovelos (38%) foram submetidos a novo procedimento cirúrgico; observou-se OH em oito cotovelos (38%) e apenas um caso (4%) de artrose grave (tipo IV de Broberg-Morrey). Apesar disso, foram obtidos bons resultados funcionais, DASH de 14,27 e MEPS de 84. E o ADM médio de flexão-extensão foi de 101o (20o e 140o) e de pronação-supinação, 112,85o (0o até 180o). Conclusão: Quando se realiza tratamento sistematizado nas lesões do tipo TTC, mesmo com suas variações, pode-se obter um ADM funcional e escore funcional entre bom e excelente. Nível de Evidência IV, Série de Casos.

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OBJECTIVE: To determine the current clinical practice in Latin America for treating midshaft clavicle fractures, including surgical and non-surgical approaches. METHODS: A cross-sectional study using a descriptive questionnaire. Shoulder and elbow surgeons from the Brazilian Society of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery and from the Latin American Society of Shoulder and Elbow were contacted and asked to complete a short questionnaire (SurveyMonkey®) on the management of midshaft fractures of the clavicle. Incomplete or inconsistent answers were excluded. RESULTS: The type of radiographic classification preferably used was related to description of fracture morphology, according to 41% of participants. Allman classification ranked second and was used by 24.1% of participants. As to indications for surgical treatment, only the indications with shortening and imminence of skin exposure were statistically significant. Conservative treatment was chosen in cortical contact. Regarding immobilization method, the simple sling was preferred, and treatment lasted from 4 to 6 weeks. Although the result was not statistically significant, the blocked plate was the preferred option in surgical cases. CONCLUSION: The treatment of midshaft clavicle fractures in Latin America is in accordance with the current literature.

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ABSTRACT Objective To determine the current clinical practice in Latin America for treating midshaft clavicle fractures, including surgical and non-surgical approaches. Methods A cross-sectional study using a descriptive questionnaire. Shoulder and elbow surgeons from the Brazilian Society of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery and from the Latin American Society of Shoulder and Elbow were contacted and asked to complete a short questionnaire (SurveyMonkey®) on the management of midshaft fractures of the clavicle. Incomplete or inconsistent answers were excluded. Results The type of radiographic classification preferably used was related to description of fracture morphology, according to 41% of participants. Allman classification ranked second and was used by 24.1% of participants. As to indications for surgical treatment, only the indications with shortening and imminence of skin exposure were statistically significant. Conservative treatment was chosen in cortical contact. Regarding immobilization method, the simple sling was preferred, and treatment lasted from 4 to 6 weeks. Although the result was not statistically significant, the blocked plate was the preferred option in surgical cases. Conclusion The treatment of midshaft clavicle fractures in Latin America is in accordance with the current literature.

RESUMO Objetivo Determinar a prática clínica atual na América Latina para o tratamento das fraturas do terço médio da clavícula, incluindo abordagens cirúrgicas e não cirúrgicas. Métodos Estudo transversal com aplicação de questionário descritivo. Cirurgiões de ombro e cotovelo da Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia do Ombro e Cotovelo e da Sociedade Latino-Americana de Ombro e Cotovelo foram contatados e convidados a completar um breve questionário (SurveyMonkey®) sobre o manejo das fraturas do terço médio da clavícula. Foram excluídas as respostas incompletas ou inconsistentes. Resultados O tipo de classificação radiográfica utilizada de preferência esteve de acordo com a descrição da morfologia da fratura, representando 41% do total dos participantes. Em segundo lugar, apareceu a classificação de Allman, que foi utilizada por 24,1% dos participantes. Nas indicações de tratamento cirúrgico, as indicações com encurtamento e iminência de exposição da pele foram estatisticamente significativas. Tratamento conservador foi prescrito em caso de contato entre as corticais. Como método de imobilização, a tipoia simples foi a preferência, e o tempo de tratamento foi de 4 a 6 semanas. Apesar do resultado sem significância estatística, a placa bloqueada foi a opção preferencial nos casos cirúrgicos. Conclusão A metodologia de tratamento das fraturas do terço médio da clavícula nos países da América Latina é semelhante, assim como com a literatura atual.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results of arthroscopic surgery in patients with traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation. METHODS: This retrospective study analyzed 76 patients with a mean age of 28 and mean postoperative follow-up period of 62 months. Evaluation consisted of physical examination, and X-rays; results were classified according to the UCLA and Rowe scales. RESULTS: Patients showed decrease of range of motion in all planes, except elevation and lateral rotation with 90º abduction. According to the Rowe score, significant postoperative improvement was found compared with preoperative evaluations, with 89.4% of satisfactory results. According to the UCLA score, good or excellent results were observed in 97.4% of the cases. We found a 6.5% rate of recurrence. CONCLUSION: Arthroscopic treatment for traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation is effective, as long as indications are used. Level of Evidence IV, Case Series.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os resultados da cirurgia artroscópica em pacientes com instabilidade traumática anterior do ombro. MÉTODOS: Realizamos um estudo retrospectivo de 76 pacientes, com média etária de 28 anos e tempo médio de seguimento pós-operatório de 62 meses. A avaliação foi feita por meio de exame físico, radiográfico e classificação de resultados segundo as escalas funcionais da UCLA e Rowe. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes apresentaram perda de amplitude de movimento em todos os planos, exceto elevação e rotação lateral em abdução de 90º. Na avaliação da escala de Rowe, observamos, em média, melhora estatisticamente significante dos resultados pós-operatórios comparadas às avaliações pré-operatórias, com 89,4% de resultados satisfatórios. Pela escala UCLA, observamos resultados satisfatórios em 97,4% dos casos. Encontramos um índice de recidiva de 6,5%. CONCLUSÃO: A cirurgia artroscópica para o tratamento da instabilidade traumática anterior do ombro é um método eficaz, desde que se respeitem as indicações. Nível de Evidência IV, Série de Casos.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the functional and radiographic results of patients who underwent surgical treatment for terrible triad-type elbow injuries (TTE). METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 20 patients, including one case with bilateral injuries (total of 21 elbows) that were surgically treated from January 2004 to July 2014. We evaluated the functional results of treatment by measuring the restored range of motion (ROM) of the elbow, using the DASH (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand) and MEPS (Mayo Elbow Performance Score) scores. Complications and the development of osteoarthritis and heterotopic ossification (HO) were also evaluated. RESULTS: Eight elbows (38%) required additional surgical treatment; HO was observed in eight elbows (38%) and severe osteoarthritis (Broberg-Morrey type IV) was seen in only one case (4%). Nevertheless, we obtained good functional results, 14.27 on the DASH and 84 on the MEPS. The average ROM for flexion-extension was 101° (20-140°) and for pronation-supination was 112.85° (0-180°). CONCLUSION: When TTE injuries are treated systematically, even despite variations in these injuries, functional ROM and scores ranging from good to excellent can be obtained. Level of Evidence IV, Case Series.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os resultados funcionais e radiográficos dos pacientes que sofreram lesões do tipo tríade terrível do cotovelo (TTC) e foram tratados cirurgicamente. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados retrospectivamente 20 pacientes, um caso com lesão bilateral (21 cotovelos), que foram tratados cirurgicamente no período de janeiro de 2004 a julho de 2014. Os resultados funcionais do tratamento foram avaliados pela medida da restauração do arco de movimento (ADM) do cotovelo, de acordo com os escores DASH (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand) e MEPS (Mayo Elbow Performance Score). Além da presença de complicações, avaliou-se osteoartrose e ossificação heterotópica (OH). RESULTADOS: Oito cotovelos (38%) foram submetidos a novo procedimento cirúrgico; observou-se OH em oito cotovelos (38%) e apenas um caso (4%) de artrose grave (tipo IV de Broberg-Morrey). Apesar disso, foram obtidos bons resultados funcionais, DASH de 14,27 e MEPS de 84. E o ADM médio de flexão-extensão foi de 101o (20o e 140o) e de pronação-supinação, 112,85o (0o até 180o). CONCLUSÃO: Quando se realiza tratamento sistematizado nas lesões do tipo TTC, mesmo com suas variações, pode-se obter um ADM funcional e escore funcional entre bom e excelente. Nível de Evidência IV, Série de Casos.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the evolution of injuries of the supraspinatus muscle by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and anatomopathological analysis in animal model (Wistar rats). METHODS: Twenty-five Wistar rats were submitted to complete injury of the supraspinatus tendon, then subsequently sacrificed in groups of five animals at the following periods: immediately after the injury, 24h after the injury, 48h after, 30 days after and three months after the injury. All groups underwent histological and IHC analysis. RESULTS: Regarding vascular proliferation and inflammatory infiltrate, we found a statistically significant difference between groups 1(control group) and 2 (24h after injury). IHC analysis showed that expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) showed a statistically significant difference between groups 1 and 2, and collagen type 1 (Col-1) evaluation presented a statistically significant difference between groups 1 and 4. CONCLUSION: We observed changes in the extracellular matrix components compatible with remodeling and healing. Remodeling is more intense 24h after injury. However, VEGF and Col-1 are substantially increased at 24h and 30 days after the injury, respectively. Level of Evidence I, Experimental Study.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the evolution of injuries of the supraspinatus muscle by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and anatomopathological analysis in animal model (Wistar rats). Methods: Twenty-five Wistar rats were submitted to complete injury of the supraspinatus tendon, then subsequently sacrificed in groups of five animals at the following periods: immediately after the injury, 24h after the injury, 48h after, 30 days after and three months after the injury. All groups underwent histological and IHC analysis. Results: Regarding vascular proliferation and inflammatory infiltrate, we found a statistically significant difference between groups 1(control group) and 2 (24h after injury). IHC analysis showed that expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) showed a statistically significant difference between groups 1 and 2, and collagen type 1 (Col-1) evaluation presented a statistically significant difference between groups 1 and 4. Conclusion: We observed changes in the extracellular matrix components compatible with remodeling and healing. Remodeling is more intense 24h after injury. However, VEGF and Col-1 are substantially increased at 24h and 30 days after the injury, respectively. Level of Evidence I, Experimental Study.

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OBJECTIVE: To determine the distance between the axillary nerve and the antero-lateral (AL) edge of the acromion, its anatomical variability and relationship to humeral length and body height. METHODS: Twenty-two shoulders were dissected. The anterosuperior (AS) approach was used; the deltoid was detached from the acromion and the distance between the AL portion and the axillary nerve was measured and submitted to statistical analysis. RESULTS: The distance varied from 4.3 to 6.4 cm (average 5.32 ± 0.60 cm). The axillary nerve distance increased as the humeral size (p<0.05) and the height of each cadaver increased. However, the correlation with the specimens height was not significant (p=0.24). CONCLUSIONS: The distance between the acromion and the axillary nerve on the AS approach was 5.32 ± 0.60 cm in both shoulders, and increasing the humeral length there is also an increase in the axillary nerve distance. Level of Evidence IV, Case Series - Anatomic Study.

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Objective: To determine the distance between the axillary nerve and the antero-lateral (AL) edge of the acromion, its anatomical variability and relationship to humeral length and body height. Methods: Twenty-two shoulders were dissected. The anterosuperior (AS) approach was used; the deltoid was detached from the acromion and the distance between the AL portion and the axillary nerve was measured and submitted to statistical analysis. Results: The distance varied from 4.3 to 6.4 cm (average 5.32 ± 0.60 cm). The axillary nerve distance increased as the humeral size (p<0.05) and the height of each cadaver increased. However, the correlation with the specimens height was not significant (p=0.24). Conclusions: The distance between the acromion and the axillary nerve on the AS approach was 5.32 ± 0.60 cm in both shoulders, and increasing the humeral length there is also an increase in the axillary nerve distance. Level of Evidence IV, Case Series - Anatomic Study.

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BACKGROUND: We aimed to establish values and parameters using multislice reconstruction in axial computerized tomography (CT) in order to quantify the erosion of the glenoid cavity in cases of shoulder instability. METHODS: We studied two groups using CT. Group I had normal subjects and Group II had patients with shoulder instability. We measured values of the vertical segment, the superior horizontal, medial and inferior segments, and also calculated the ratio of the horizontal superior and inferior segments of the glenoid cavity in both normal subjects and those with shoulder instability. These variables were recorded during arthroscopy for cases with shoulder instability. RESULTS: The mean values were 40.87 mm, 17.86 mm, 26.50 mm, 22.86 mm and 0.79 for vertical segment, the superior horizontal, medial and inferior segments, and the ratio between horizontal superior and inferior segments of the glenoid cavity respectively, in normal subjects. For subjects with unstable shoulders the mean values were 37.33 mm, 20.83 mm, 23.07 mm and 0.91 respectively. Arthroscopic measurements yielded an inferior segment value of 24.48 mm with a loss of 2.39 mm (17.57%). The ratio between the superior and inferior segments of the glenoid cavity was 0.79. This value can be used as a normative value for evaluating degree of erosion of the anterior border of the glenoid cavity. However, values found using CT should not be used on a comparative basis with values found during arthroscopy. CONCLUSIONS: Computerized tomographic measurements of the glenoid cavity yielded reliable values consistent with those in the literature.

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OBJECTIVES: To assess the outcomes of the arthroscopic margin convergence of the posterior cuff to the biceps tendon. METHODS: From October 2003 to December 2007, 20 patients with massive rotator cuff tear which include the rotator interval were treated with arthroscopic margin convergence of the posterior cuff to biceps tendon. Sixteen patients were female and four were male. The mean age was 58.95 years old. The dominant side was affected in 16 cases (80%). The outcomes were analysed according to the UCLA Score with a minimum follow-up period of two years. RESULTS: The UCLA score improved, on average, 14 points (p < 0.001). Six patients had excellent results; nine good; three fair and two poor results. The mean improvement of forward flexion was 33º (p < 0.001), 3º of external rotation (p < 0.396) and two vertebral levels for internal rotation (p < 0.025). CONCLUSION: The arthroscopic margin convergence of the posterior cuff to the biceps tendon leads to satisfactory results. .

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OBJECTIVES: To assess the outcomes of the arthroscopic margin convergence of the posterior cuff to the biceps tendon. METHODS: From October 2003 to December 2007, 20 patients with massive rotator cuff tear which include the rotator interval were treated with arthroscopic margin convergence of the posterior cuff to biceps tendon. Sixteen patients were female and four were male. The mean age was 58.95 years old. The dominant side was affected in 16 cases (80%). The outcomes were analysed according to the UCLA Score with a minimum follow-up period of two years. RESULTS: The UCLA score improved, on average, 14 points (p < 0.001). Six patients had excellent results; nine good; three fair and two poor results. The mean improvement of forward flexion was 33o (p < 0.001), 3o of external rotation (p < 0.396) and two vertebral levels for internal rotation (p < 0.025). CONCLUSION: The arthroscopic margin convergence of the posterior cuff to the biceps tendon leads to satisfactory results.

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OBJECTIVE: To determine if it is possible to measure glenoid bone loss by using the Bernageau view and to compare it to a 3D CT scan. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty healthy subjects with a mean age of 34 ± 8 years old and 31 (62 %) male were submitted to the Bernageau view X-ray of both shoulders. Three blinded evaluators measured the distance between the posterior and anterior glenoid rim. Ten patients with multiple episodes of unilateral traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation with a mean age of 34 ± 9.1 years old and 90 % male were submitted to the same X-ray technique to determine the percentage of glenoid bone loss. They were also submitted to a bilateral 3D CT scan to be compared to the radiographs. RESULTS: In the 50 asymptomatic subjects, the AP distance was 24.48 mm ± 3.32 mm in the left shoulder and 24.82 mm ± 3.16 mm in the right shoulder. Comparing the X-ray study and the 3D CT scan of the ten patients with multiple episodes, there was no significant statistical difference of the AP normal distance in both methods (p = 0.646), the AP erosion distance (p = 0.386), as well as the percentage of bone loss (p = 0.513). Moreover, the differences between the percentages of bone loss in the X-ray, compared with the 3D CT scan were, on average 2.28 % (range 0 to 6.05 %). CONCLUSIONS: The Bernageau radiographic view is an accurate and reproducible technique for measuring the presence of glenoid erosion, with similar results when compared to the 3D CT scan.

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BACKGROUND: The coracoid has been widely used as a graft to reconstruct anterior glenoid bone defects, as described by the Latarjet and Bristow procedures, with successful results. Nevertheless, at the present, there are no studies correlating the size of the coracoid graft and its relation to the glenoid. PURPOSE: To assess the mediolateral (M-L) and anteroposterior (A-P) thickness of the coracoid process as well as the widest anterior-to-posterior glenoid distance (glenoid width) and to analyze the correlation between these measurements, while comparing these with the A-P coracoid process thickness. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive laboratory study. METHODS: Sixty-one unpaired, adult human cadaveric scapulae were evaluated. Three examiners performed 3 independent measurements of the largest M-L thickness of the coracoid process and also the widest anterior-to-posterior distance of the glenoid. The A-P coracoid process thickness was also measured to compare for correlations with M-L coracoid thickness. RESULTS: The glenoid width was 26.38 ± 2.69 mm (range, 20.03-32.35 mm), and the M-L coracoid thickness was 14.51 ± 1.90 mm (range, 9.60-19.31 mm). Calculating the ratio between the M-L thickness of the coracoid and glenoid width, we observed that the coracoid represented 43% to 70% of the glenoid width (54% on average). The A-P coracoid process thickness was 8.37 ± 0.93 mm (range, 6.61-9.76 mm), representing 31% of the glenoid width on average. CONCLUSION: A strong positive and statistically significant relationship between the coracoid process M-L thickness and the anterior-to-posterior glenoid width exists; the coracoid represents, on average, 54% of the glenoid width. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Most cases of glenoid bone loss in recurrent shoulder dislocation can be reconstructed with the coracoid process to re-establish its anatomy.

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