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Understanding the drivers of animal distributions is a fundamental goal of ecology and informs habitat management. The costs and benefits of colonial aggregations in animals are well established, but the factors leading to aggregation in territorial animals remain unclear. Territorial animals might aggregate to facilitate social behavior such as (1) group defense from predators and/or parasites, (2) cooperative care of offspring, (3) extra-pair mating, and/or (4) mitigating costs of extra-pair mating through kin selection. Using experimental and observational methods, we tested predictions of all four hypotheses in a tallgrass prairie in northeast Kansas, United States. Grasshopper Sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum) males formed clumps of territories in some parts of the site while leaving other apparently suitable areas unoccupied. Despite substantial sampling effort (653 territories and 223 nests), we found no support for any hypothesized social driver of aggregation, nor evidence that aggregation increases nest success. Our results run counter to previous evidence that conspecific interactions shape territory distributions. These results suggest one of the following alternatives: (1) the benefits of aggregation accrue to different life-history stages, or (2) the benefits of territory aggregation may be too small to detect in short-term studies and/or the consequences of aggregation are sufficiently temporally and spatially variable that they do not always appear to be locally adaptive, perhaps exacerbated by changing landscape contexts and declining population sizes.

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Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders in the general population and affects over 50 million people worldwide. Epilepsy is characterized by the presence of spontaneous recurrent seizures as a result of sudden and abnormal electrical activity in specific areas of the cerebral cortex. However, this condition encompasses much more than simply the presence of seizures. Cognitive problems and behavioral impairments are also frequent actors, as well as mood disorders. These must be precisely described in order to develop more successful pharmacological, or even behavioral, treatments. We review some of the fundamental behavioral experimental rodent protocols that have recently been applied to the study of behavioral impairments in epilepsy, particularly in epilepsy modeled by different chemoconvulsants, such as pilocarpine or kainic acid. These experimental protocols are classified into two categories: Tests designed for studying emotional factors, and those designed for studying cognitive impairments and social behavior. Behavioral impairments and adaptations identified by the use of these procedures are described.

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Objetivo: Evaluar la calidad de las intervenciones farmacéuticas que motivaron un inicio de tratamiento en un Servicio de Urgencias. Analizar el porcentaje de intervenciones sobre tratamientos agudos o crónicos, y el grupo ATC de los fármacos implicados. Método: Se analizaron y clasificaron las intervenciones farmacéuticas realizadas durante un año, asignándoles el grado de recomendación, nivel de evidencia y reducción de la morbimortalidad teórica asociada según las guías de práctica clínica. También fueron clasificadas según el objetivo del tratamiento de la intervención (agudo o crónico), y por el grupo ATC. Resultado: Se realizaron 2.776 intervenciones farmacéuticas durante el período de estudio, siendo el 47% intervenciones de inicio de tratamiento. El 73% pudieron ser clasificadas según la evidencia científica disponible en las guías de práctica clínica. El 84% obtuvo un grado de recomendación y nivel de evidencia IA, el 9% IC y 4% IB. El 67% tenían asociada una disminución teórica de la morbimortalidad. El 73% de las intervenciones estuvieron relacionadas con el tratamiento crónico del paciente, siendo los grupos ATC más frecuentes el N y C. Mientras que en los tratamientos agudos los más frecuentes fueron el grupo B y A. Conclusiones: Las intervenciones de inicio de tratamiento realizadas por un farmacéutico clínico en el Servicio de Urgencias muestran una elevada adherencia a las guías de práctica clínica con un alto grado de recomendación y evidencia, y reducción teórica de la morbimortalidad asociada. La mayoría de las intervenciones estuvieron relacionadas con laconciliación de tratamientos crónicos, fundamentalmente fármacos del grupo N y C

Objectives: To assess the quality of Pharmaceutical Interventions of starting a drug treatment based on the available scientific evidence, in an Emergency Department with a Clinical Pharmacist working full-time. To analyze the rate of Pharmaceutical Interventions over chronic or acute treatments and the ATC group of drugs involved. Method: The pharmacotherapy recommendations on Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) were classified and for every Pharmaceutical Intervention was assessed the quality of scientific evidence, strength of clinical recommendation, morbidity/mortality reduction, chronic or acute treatment and ATC group of drug involved. Results: During the study period 2776 Pharmaceutical Interventions were performed of which 47% were starting-drug interventions, being73% justified with scientific evidence. The 84% of starting-drug interventions were assessed with quality of evidence and strength of recommendation IA, 9% IC and 4% IB and 67% have been shown to reduce the morbidity/mortality according the CPG. 73% of interventions were related with patients' chronic treatment and ATC groups most fre-quently involved were N group (nervous system) and C group (cardio-vascular system). In acute treatment the most frequent were B groupand A group (Alimentary tract and metabolism).Conclusions:The starting-drug Pharmaceutical Interventions performedby an emergency department clinical pharmacist show a high adhe-rence to CPG for most frequent pathologies, with good quality of evi-dence and good strength of recommendation as well as an associated morbidity/mortality reduction. Most starting-drug interventions were related to chronic treatment reconciliation, being drugs of N and C ATCgroup the most frequent involved

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OBJECTIVES: To assess the quality of Pharmaceutical Interventions of starting a drug treatment based on the available scientific evidence, in an Emergency Department with a Clinical Pharmacist working full-time. To analyze the rate of Pharmaceutical Interventions over chronic or acute treatments and the ATC group of drugs involved. METHOD: The pharmacotherapy recommendations on Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) were classified and for every Pharmaceutical Intervention was assessed the quality of scientific evidence, strength of clinical recommendation, morbidity/mortality reduction, chronic or acute treatment and ATC group of drug involved. RESULTS: During the study period 2776 Pharmaceutical Interventions were performed of which 47% were starting-drug interventions, being 73% justified with scientific evidence. The 84% of starting-drug interventions were assessed with quality of evidence and strength of recommendation IA, 9% IC and 4% IB and 67% have been shown to reduce the morbidity/mortality according the CPG. 73% of interventions were related with patients' chronic treatment and ATC groups most frequently involved were N group (nervous system) and C group (cardiovascular system). In acute treatment the most frequent were B group and A group (Alimentary tract and metabolism). CONCLUSIONS: The starting-drug Pharmaceutical Interventions performed by an emergency department clinical pharmacist show a high adherence to CPG for most frequent pathologies, with good quality of evidence and good strength of recommendation as well as an associated morbidity/mortality reduction. Most starting-drug interventions were related to chronic treatment reconciliation, being drugs of N and C ATC group the most frequent involved.

Objetivo: Evaluar la calidad de las intervenciones farmacéuticas que motivaron un inicio de tratamiento en un Servicio de Urgencias. Analizar el porcentaje de intervenciones sobre tratamientos agudos o crónicos, y el grupo ATC de los fármacos implicados. Método: Se analizaron y clasificaron las intervenciones farmacéuticas realizadas durante un año, asignándoles el grado de recomendación, nivel de evidencia y reducción de la morbimortalidad teórica asociada según las guías de práctica clínica. También fueron clasificadas según el objetivo del tratamiento de la intervención (agudo o crónico), y por el grupo ATC. Resultado: Se realizaron 2.776 intervenciones farmacéuticas durante el período de estudio, siendo el 47% intervenciones de inicio de tratamiento. El 73% pudieron ser clasificadas según la evidencia científica disponible en las guías de práctica clínica. El 84% obtuvo un grado de recomendación y nivel de evidencia IA, el 9% IC y 4% IB. El 67% tenían asociada una disminución teórica de la morbimortalidad. El 73% de las intervenciones estuvieron relacionadas con el tratamiento crónico del paciente, siendo los grupos ATC más frecuentes el N y C. Mientras que en los tratamientos agudos los más frecuentes fueron el grupo B y A. Conclusiones: Las intervenciones de inicio de tratamiento realizadas por un farmacéutico clínico en el Servicio de Urgencias muestran una elevada adherencia a las guías de práctica clínica con un alto grado de recomendación y evidencia, y reducción teórica de la morbimortalidad asociada. La mayoría de las intervenciones estuvieron relacionadas con la conciliación de tratamientos crónicos, fundamentalmente fármacos del grupo N y C.

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INTRODUCTION: To determine the percentage of appearance of the H reflex and long latency reflexes (LLRs) in the thenar and hypothenar muscles of normal subjects to a fixed threshold mixed nerve electrical stimulus and variable degrees of muscle contraction. METHODS: Fifteen subjects aged 21 to 32 years of age without any prior history of central or peripheral neurological diseases volunteered for the study. The stimulation was a constant currrent given at the wrist with the cathode positioned proximally; started at 1 mA and it was gradually increased mA by mA until the M response appeared with the subject relaxed. The intensity of the stimulation was thereafter kept constant. The contraction was an abducting movement of the thumb in the case of the thenar muscle and abduction of the digiti minimi in the case of the hypothenar muscle and was sustained throughout the study. The reflexes were elicited with a repetition rate of 3 Hz, the stimulus was a square pulse of 0.5 ms. We used a low frequency pass filter of 10 Hz and a high frequency pass filter of 10 kHz. The sweep speed was set a 10 ms per division. The responses were averaged 200 times and then smoothed. RESULTS: The mean intensity of the stimulus that evoked the H response, for all subjects, was 7.5 2.8 mA. The mean latency of the H reflex elicited with stimulation of the median nerve was 26 ms 2.03 ms (std. error 0.28, maximum 28.2, minimum 22.0). The mean latency of the H reflex elicited with stimulation of the ulnar nerve was 25.1 ms 1.64 ms (std. error 0.230, maximum 28, minimum 22.3). The difference between the percentage of responses attained under a relaxed condition and with any kind of muscle contraction was highly significant statistically using the Chi square method (p < 0.001). When we compared the percentage of the H responses obtained with slight, moderate, strong contraction, and contraction against resistance, between them, we did no find a significant difference. The LLRs appeared only in the trials with strong contraction. CONCLUSIONS: The H reflexes and the LLRs of the thenar and hypothenar muscle were not obtained with threshold stimulation when these muscles were relaxed. With any degree of muscle contraction the H reflex in these muscles could be obtained in 94 percent of the trials. Maximal contraction and contraction against resistance were the best conditions to elicit long latency responses.

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Introducción: Determinar el porcentaje de aparición del reflejo H y de los reflejos de larga latencia (RLL) en los músculos tenares e hipotenares de sujetos sanos a un estímulo fijo a un nervio mixto con contracción muscular variable.Métodos: Quince sujetos con edades entre 21 y 32 años sin historia previa de enfermedad del sistema nervioso central periférico se ofrecieron voluntarios para el estudio. El estímulo fue dado en la muñeca con un estimulador de corriente constante con el cátodo posicionado proximalmente. El estímulo se inició a 1 mA y fue gradualmente incrementado mA por mA hasta que la respuesta M apareciese con el sujeto relajado. La intensidad del estímulo se mantuvo después constante a través del estudio. La contracción fue un movimiento isométrico de abducción del pulgar y del quinto dedo y fue mantenida constante durante la estimulación. Las respuestas fueron promediadas 200 veces y alisadas.Resultados: La intensidad promedio del estímulo que evocó el reflejo H en todos los sujetos fue 7,5 ñ 2,9 mA. La latencia promedio del reflejo H del nervio mediano fue 26 ñ 2,03 ms (EE 0.28, máximo 28,2, mínimo 22,0 ms). La latencia promedio del reflejo H estimulando el nervio cubital fue 25,1 ñ 1,64 ms (EE 0,230, máximo 28, mínimo 22,3 ms). Las diferencias en latencia entre estos dos nervios no fue significativa. La latencia no cambió con las diferentes intensidades de la contracción muscular. Con el músculo relajado se obtuvo el reflejo en 6 de las pruebas (6/60, 10 por ciento). En 227 de las 240 pruebas con contracción muscular de cualquier intensidad se obtuvo la respuesta (227/240, 94,5 por ciento). La diferencia fue altamente significativa (p < 0,001). Las respuestas de latencia larga sólo aparecieron con la contracción máxima o máxima contra resistencia.Conclusiones: Los reflejos H y los reflejos de larga latencia de los músculos tenares e hipotenares no fueron obtenidos con los músculos relajados. Con cualquier grado de contracción muscular estos reflejos fueron obtenidos en el 94 por ciento de las pruebas. La contracción muscular máxima y la contracción muscular contra resistencia fueron las condiciones óptimas para obtener las respuestas de larga latencia (AU)

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Se presenta la gran utilidad que ofrece la capacitación de los distintos sectores de la comunidad frente al doble rol de administrar y consumir los recursos hídricos existentes

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Seventy one patients with abnormal cervical cytology, were submitted to electrosurgical resection of the transformation zone, as part of diagnostic and therapeutic protocol. The resection was done at the office, on ambulatory basis and with local anesthesia with an average of 10 for its realization. The obtained specimen was 2 x 2 cm in area, and depth of one cm. Morbidity was 9.8%, and considered lesser. Only 2.8% required hospitalization. Procedure acceptability by the patient was more than 95%. It is concluded that it offers diagnostic precision with a technique easily done, and that it may be a therapeutic alternative.

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This paper describes the achievements and problems of a community participation model in health care, developed by the Mexican Social Security Institute since 1985. The health team involved between 10 and 20 percent of the personnel due to the slow adoption this program requires in new of the cultural change it implies. The community's answer has been satisfactory, as it can be seen by the ware of 100 neighbours and school committees, and around the 2,000 housewives and school students who are been working as promoters. This figures stand monthly. The self-care groups on chronic diseases constitute another form of participation. The community activities are progressively focused on causes of health and disease, embracing our 70 per cent of health promotion and disease prevention actions. The work realized by the community over cause one third of that realized by the preventive medicine personnel. This health community participation model represents a valuable and viable alternative.

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One hundred and fifty three patients with carcinoma of the cervix, stages IB and IIA, were treated with radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy, during the period from October 1978 to December, 1989; 85.6% were at stages IB and 14.4% at IIA. The most frequent histological type was the epidermoid one in 91.5%. Average age was 48 years; 94 patients out of 107 (87.8%) were followed up during five years at least. Total survival at five years, was 75.7%; with positive lymphatic nodes, 50% and with negative nodes, 77.2%. In 17.6% of the cases post-operative radiotherapy was required. Late morbidity was most frequent as vesical dysfunction (17.6%); there were vesicovaginal fistulae (1.3%); and operative mortality was 0.6%). The present study confirms that this type of surgery is justified, as to survival and morbi-mortality, and it allows a histopathological evaluation that shows risk factors, as to recurrence.

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